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ThesisItem Open Access DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPEUTIC STUDIES ON SUBCLINICAL KETOSIS IN GOATS(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR-585226, 2023-12-01) RAHUL; SANDEEP HALMANDGE; VIVEK R. KASARALIKARSubclinical ketosis (SCK) in goats causes greater losses than clinical ketosis because it occurs more frequently and often cannot be detected by farmers. A total of 100 pregnant goats in last 4-6 weeks gestation were included in the study. The overall prevalence was 26.00 per cent of SCK by urine reagent strips.Whereas, prevalence of 56.00 per cent was observed based on blood BHBA test. The prevalence was highest in the goats belonging to unorganized farms. Age wise prevalence of SCK in pregnant goats was highest in 2-4 years and least in 4-6 years of age groups based on blood BHBA test. Blood samples and serum samples from affected goats were analysed for haematology and biochemical parameters. Haematological analysis showed mild erythrocytopenia and leucocytosis. Biochemical parameters like serum glucose, calcium, total protein and albumin were significantly lower, whereas blood BHBA and AST activities were significantly higher in subclinical ketosis affected goats. SCK affected goats were divided randomly into three groups consisting of 6 goats in each group and were subjected for different treatment regimens: Group I (Propylene glycol), Group II (Ketonil gel®) and Group III (25% Dextrose). After therapy haematological and biochemical parameters were found to be in normal physiological range in all treatment animals. Though all the three treatment regimes in the present study yielded improvement in various haematological and biochemical parameters. Treatment with propylene glycol and ketonil gel® revealed 100 per cent efficacy in combating SCK in pregnant goats. Keywords: Goats subclinical ketosis, Prevalence, Haemato-biochemical, Therapy.ThesisItem Open Access COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF INTRADERMAL VIS-A-VIS INTRAMUSCULAR PRE-EXPOSURE PROPHYLACTIC VACCINATION AGAINST RABIES IN CATTLE(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2022) SWATHI, G.; M. A. KshamaThe present study was conducted to evaluate efficacy of rabies pre-exposure prophylactic vaccine administered through different routes and to sequentially monitor level of rabies virus neutralizing antibody titres in cattle. The study was carried out in Department of Veterinary Medicine utilising 30 cattle from LFC, Veterinary College, Bengaluru. These cattle were divided into five groups of six animals each. Animals of Group I and III were immunized with 1 ml and 0.2 ml of rabies vaccine through intramuscular (IM) and intradermal (ID) route respectively, on day 0 with booster dose on day 21. Animals of Group II and IV were immunized with 1 ml and 0.2 ml of rabies vaccine through IM and ID route respectively, on day 0 alone without booster dose. Group V cattle were not vaccinated and maintained as control. Serum samples were collected on day 0, 14, 28 and 90 to estimate rabies virus neutralizing antibody (RVNA) titre by RFFIT. RVNA titres were above adequate level (≥ 0.5 IU/ml) in all cattle administered with rabies vaccine through IM and ID route by day 14 and maintained for 90 days until completion of study. The results of this study indicated that both routes of vaccination are safe and effective in providing protection against rabies. Even without booster dose, adequate level of immune response (≥ 0.5 IU/ml) was maintained for a minimum of 90 days. Hence, both routes can be considered for pre-exposure prophylaxis. However, ID route proved to be more economical due to its dose sparing effect.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON ASCITES OF HEPATIC ORIGIN IN DOGS(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2022) SALMAN MUSTAFA GHODESAWAR; Anil Kumar M. C)The present study was undertaken to investigate the different haematological and biochemical changes in ascites of hepatic origin in dogs. The study also aimed at studying different physical and biochemical changes in ascitic fluid of affected dogs. Dogs presented with the clinical signs of distended abdomen and fluid thrill during tactile percussion were considered irrespective of age, breed and gender. Dogs with ascites of cardiac origin and renal origin were ruled out. The highest occurrence of ascites in liver affected dogs was common among 1 to 4 years old, male Labrador dogs. Most common clinical signs were anorexia, dullness and depression, fever and vomiting. Leucocytosis, anaemia, thrombocytopenia, Hypocholestrolemia, increased levels of ALT, AST, GGT, PT duration hypoproteinemia and hypoalbuminemia were all the haemato-biochemical findings of liver affected ascitic dogs. On ultrasonography, diffuse increase in echogenicity of liver, rounding and irregularity of liver margins and anechoic peritoneal fluid in the abdomen were the consistent findings. Peritoneal fluid was clear, 6.5 to 9 pH, 1.005 to 1.020 specific gravity, 0.2 to 3.6 g/dL TP, 0.1 to 1.0 g/dL albumin. Mesothelial cells, neutrophils and few erythrocytes were observed on ascitic fluid cytology. Mean ± SE of serum ascites albumin gradients (SAAG) is 1.79 ± 0.082 (≥1.1g/dL). SAAG can be used as a screening test in ascites due to chronic liver disease and portal hypertension. Key Words: Ascites, serum ascites albumin gradient (SAAG), portal hypertensionThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON DIAGNOSIS OF HEPATIC INJURY IN DOGS(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCESUNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2022) POOJA, H. V.; M. A. KshamaThe present study titled “Studies on diagnosis of hepatic injury in dogs” carried out at Veterinary College Hospital, Bengaluru with objective to study biomarkers and ultrasonographic changes in hepatic injury in dogs and to determine the efficacy of biomarkers in early diagnosis of hepatic injury. Based on ALT values, dogs were divided into 3 groups of 6 animals each. Group I comprised of animals with clinical signs of liver disorder with elevated ALT (>102 IU/L), Group II with clinical signs of liver disorder with normal ALT levels (≤ 102 IU/L) and Group III was healthy control. Clinical signs exhibited in Group I and II were anorexia, depression, lethargy, weight loss, vomiting, diarrhea, polydipsia, polyuria, abdominal enlargement, behavioural changes and head pressing. Haematological changes were reduced Hb, TEC, PCV, platelet count and increased TLC in Group I, II compared to III. Biochemical changes were increased ALT, AST, ALP, GGT, total and direct bilirubin and decreased total protein and albumin in Group I, II compared to III. MicroRNA 122 was assessed by RT PCR in animals of Group I, II, III. No significant difference in ct values of MicroRNA122 in all Groups. Ultrasonography revealed marked changes in Group I, II compared to III. It was concluded that combination of biomarkers should be used for early diagnosis and progression of hepatic injury could be evaluated by any one or all of the biomarkers along with ultrasonography. It was also found that MicroRNA 122 did not prove useful for early diagnosis of hepatic injury in dogs. Keywords: Hepatic injury, ALT, GGT, Hb, TEC, MicroRNA122, RT PCRThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON FELINE PANLEUKOPENIA IN AND AROUND BENGALURU(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2022) MANIKANTASWAMY B M; Anil Kumar, M. C.)The present study was undertaken to investigate the occurrence and haematobiochemical changes of FPL in and around Bengaluru. The study also aimed at comparing immunochromatography with PCR for detection of FPLV from faecal samples of FPL suspected cats. PCR assay detected DNA of feline panleukopenia virus in 73.08 per cent faecal samples of suspected cats. FPL was shown to be more common among cats under six months old, males and nondescript breed of cats based on epidemiological data. Outdoor cats and non-dewormed cats were more likely to be infected. The most common clinical findings were noticed includes vomiting, diarrhoea, pyrexia/low temperature, dehydration, dullness/weakness, and anorexia. Leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, anaemia, increased AST and creatinine, hypoproteinemia and hypoalbuminemia were the haemato-biochemical findings of cats affected with FPL. Immunochromatographic strips (IC) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were used to detect FPLV from faecal samples of FPL suspected cats. PCR showed positive results in 73.08 per cent samples examined. The VP2 gene of FPV was targeted with PCR, which yielded 698 bp amplicons that were sequenced. BLAST analysis of the sequence revealed 99.85 homology to FPLV sequences available in the NCBI GenBank. The sensitivity and specificity of IC strip test was determined by comparing its results with PCR. Based on statistical analysis, the specificity of IC was good (100 %), whereas the sensitivity was poor (47.6 %) when compared to PCR. Thus, it is concluded that PCR is more sensitive than the IC in detecting FPLV in faeces. Key Words: Feline panleukopenia (FPL), Immunochromatography (IC), PCRThesisItem Open Access CERTAIN STUDIES ON OCULAR DISEASES IN CANINES(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2022) WANKHEDE MAMTA SANTOSHRAO; P. T. RameshThe present study was undertaken to ascertain the epidemiological features of ocular affections in dogs, to isolate the bacteria from affected cornea, sclera and eyelids and ABST pattern for bacteria. The overall incidence of ocular affections during December 2019 to November 2021 was 2.35 per cent. The year-wise incidence of ocular affections during these two years was 2.62 and 2.14 per cent, respectively. Conjunctivitis (15.86%), corneal ulcer (15.32%), cherry eye (11.94 %), were the most common affections observed. The prevalence of ocular affections was highest in younger dogs (0 to 3 years) and lowest in >10 years aged dogs. The male dogs were mostly affected by ocular affections than female. Among different breeds, the maximum prevalence was seen in Shih Tzu followed by Pug, Pomeranian, Saint Bernard, Labrador Retriever, Non- descript, Beagle and least in Lhasa Apso, Chihuahua and Basset Hound. E. coli (66.66%) was the predominant microflora in healthy normal dogs and Staphylococcus spp. (32.60%) was in affected cornea. Gram negative bacteria was predominant in normal cornea and Gram positive in affected cornea of dogs. Aerobic bacteria was sensitive to Ciprofloxacin (83.33%) and resistant to Kanamycin and Tobramycin (50.00% for each) from normal cornea and from affected cornea exhibited most sensitivity to Ciprofloxacin (56.52%) and least sensitivity to Kanamycin (69.56%).ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF CERTAIN PARAMETERS FOR DETECTION OF HEPATIC DISORDERS IN DOGS(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2022) DEEPIKA, H. M.; Anil Kumar, M. C.)The present study was conducted at Veterinary College Hospital, Hebbal, Bengaluru to study the haemato-biochemical changes and to assess the efficacy of alpha GST in the diagnosis of hepatic disorders in dogs. Ten apparently healthy dogs (control group) and 20 dogs with clinical signs suggestive of hepatic disorders were selected for the present study. All the animals were subjected to detailed clinical examination, haemato-biochemical analysis, α GST estimation and ultrasonography. The clinical signs exhibited by dogs with hepatic disorders were partial/complete anorexia, lethargy, ascites, vomiting, fever, polydipsia, polyuria, icterus, weight loss, diarrhoea, limb oedema and melena. The major haematological changes observed were reduced Hb concentration, TEC, PCV, platelet count and increased TLC in dogs with hepatic disorders compared to control group. The major biochemical changes recorded were increased ALT, GGT, Total bilirubin and decreased Total Protein and Albumin. There was a significant elevation in α GST levels in dogs with hepatic disorders compared to control group. Among the dogs confirmed for hepatic disorders, twelve dogs were selected and divided into Group I and Group II, each consisting of six dogs. Group I dogs were treated with Silybin and S-adenosyl methionine and Group II dogs with herbal preparations containing Chicory (Kasani) and Caper Bush for 15 days along with symptomatic therapy. Though both the therapeutic regimens were efficacious in treating hepatic disorders in dogs, Silybin and S-adenosyl methionine was found to be more efficacious due to faster clinical recovery and lesser time for the restoration of haemato-biochemical parameters to near normalcyThesisItem Open Access EFFICACY OF DIFFERENT CEPHALOSPORINS ON RESPIRATORY DISEASE OF BACTERIAL ORIGIN IN BUFFALOES(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR-585226, 2023) MOHAMMED ZAHEER; N. A. PATIL)The aim of present study was to record the clinical and haemato-biochemical findings, to identify the bacterial causative agent, antibiogram of isolated bacteria and efficacy of different cephlosporins in respiratory disease of bacterial origin in buffaloes. The present study revealed that the occurrence of respiratory disease of bacterial origin in buffaloes was 6 per cent. Graded buffaloes and buffaloes of 6-9 years aged groups were commonly affected. The most predominant clinical signs observed in the study were anorexia, pyrexia, respiratory distress, congested mucous membrane, nasal discharge, depression, ocular discharge, coughing and open-mouth breathing. The most predominant physical examination findings were tachypnoea, tachycardia, crackles, wheezes and dyspnoea. Significant increase was recorded in parameters of rectal temperature, respiratory rate and heart rate. Haematological examination revealed a decrease in hemogram values, leucocytosis with neutrophilia and lymphopenia. Serum biochemical examination revealed an increase in total protein, aspartate aminotransferase and blood urea nitrogen followed by a decrease in albumin levels. Thoracic radiography revealed pneumonic changes in lungs of affected buffaloes. Isolation and identification of nasal swab samples revealed E.coli, Pasteurella spp, Staphylococcus spp, Streptococcus spp, Klebsiella spp, Pseudomonas spp, Diplococci spp and Bacilli spp. Bacterial isolates were found to be sensitive to ceftriaxone (66.67%). Therapeutic trial in affected buffaloes revealed the efficacy of cefquinome was proved to be superior followed by ceftiofur in comparison with ceftriaxone. Cefquinome along with supportive therapy was effective in the treatment of respiratory disease of bacterial origin in buffaloes caused by multiple bacteria.ThesisItem Open Access DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT OF CONTAGIOUS ECTHYMA IN GOATS(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR-585 226, 2023) PAVAN; (SANDEEP HALMANDGE)Contagious ecthyma is an infectious, emerging viral disease of goats caused by Orf virus (ORFV). The present study reports prevalence of CE in goats in and around Bidar was 11.87 per cent. Clinical signs, hemato-biochemical alterations, gross pathology, PCR, sequencing and phylogenetic analysis and histopathology were recorded. Occurrence of CE in goats was more in the age group between 0-6 months and occurrence was more in females than in males. Clinical signs observed in goats with CE in the present study were pyrexia, anorexia, depression, painful scabby lesions around mouth leading to inappatence and debilitation. Grossly contagious ecthyma lesions were observed around the mouth involving lips, oral commissures, muzzle and mouth. There was a significant increase in the TLC values and significant decrease in platelet value. There was significant decrease in the AST values and significant increase in ALT values in goats. PCR for B2L gene of ORFV was carried out on scab/skin biopsy samples to confirm the disease. Detection of ORFV infection using polymerase chain reaction revealed, out of 25 tissue samples 24 (96%) were found positive for B2L gene with 1206 bp. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis revealed ORFV isolates were close to one another followed by other Indian isolates and more closely related to China compared to other global isolates from other countries. Histopathology revealed hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis, acanthosis, ballooning degeneration, degeneration of epithelial cells, presence of intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusions in affected stratum spinosum cells, vesicle, pustule and ulcer formation. A clinical study was done on CE affected goats evaluating the efficacy of topical application of Thuja oint, aloevera gel and turmeric (1:1 ratio) and Thuja occidentalis mother tincture per orally for reducing the clinical severity along with parenteral antibiotic and anti-inflammatory. The response shown to different treatment protocols indicated that the topical application of Thuja oint and oral Thuja occ. mother tincture showed better results compared to herbal mixture of aloe-vera gel and turmeric powder paste, considering the number of days taken for complete resolution of scabby lesions.
