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An Economic Analysis of Production and Marketing of major Flowers in Urban Flower Nurseries of Jammu District
(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, 2023-09-13) Thakur, Abhishek; Singh, Sanjay Prakash
The present study entitled “An Economic Analysis of Production and Marketing of Major Flowers in Urban Flower Nurseries of Jammu District” was conducted inJammu district of Union Territory of J&K during the year 2022-2023. The Jammu districtwas selected purposively based on availability of maximum flower nurseries. A total sample size of 100 and5 flowers was selected randomly. The main objectives of the study were to examine the cost and returns, marketing channels, efficiency and constraints faced by the growers in the study area. The primary data was gathered by survey method using a pre-tested schedule. The results revealed that per nursery cost for different flowers likeMarigold, Rose, Chrysanthemum, Carnation and Gerbera was ₹67115.81, 29103.24, 37558.70, 46385.94 and 52256.98 respectively. The cost-benefit ratio was 1:2.39, 1:2.75, 1:2.06, 1:2.63 and 1:2.71 respectively. In the study area there were three marketing channels for selected flowersviz., channel I (Producer-Consumer), channel II (Producer-Retailer-Consumer) and channel III (Producer-Wholesaler-Retailer- Consumer). The highest quantity supplied in channel III with the range of 55-60 per cent for all flower in nursery. The net price received by the growers under different marketing channels i.e., channelI, II &III were to be ₹17.77, ₹15.89 and ₹10.89 forMarigold flower, ₹68.29, ₹67.89 and ₹47.89 forRose flower, ₹48.29, ₹48.29 and ₹33.29 forChrysanthemum, ₹68.29, ₹47.89 and ₹57.89 forCarnation and ₹118.28, ₹87.88 and ₹102.88 per plant forGerbera flower respectively.The study revealed that channel I had higher marketing efficiency than other channels due to no intermediaries involvement. The major production constraints faced by the growers were the high cost on inputs like seed, seedling etc. followed by high cost of labour and unfavourable weather condition. The major marketing constraints faced by the growers were price fluctuations followed by perishable nature of flowers and delay in payment.
Open Access
MYCOSYNTHESIS OF NANOPARTICLES AND ASSESSMENT OF THEIR ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES
(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, 2023-09-18) Sharma , Nitika; Gupta, Sachin
In the present study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were mycosynthesized using fruit body of Pleurotusfloridaand Agaricus bisporusas reducing and capping agent. The mycosynthesized AgNPs were characterized visually by observing change in colour of solution from light yellowish to dark brownish red, by UV-Visible Spectrophotometer for Surface plasmon resonance peak between 400-450 nm. DLS (Dynamic Light Scattering) showed the average particle size of mycosynthesized nanoparticlesto be 15.44 nm and 77.7 nm for 1:9 and 1:1 ratio of mushroom extract (Pleurotus florida) to silver nitrate respectively. FTIR(Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) analysis showed the presence of mainly( O-H), (C=O), (N-H) functional groups,amide I and II group and (C-N) stretching vibrations of aromatic ringfor the reduction of silver ions to metallic silver and acted as capping agents for the stabilization of synthesized AgNPs. SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) showed the shape of synthesized nanoparticles as spherical. XRD (X-Ray Diffraction) spectrum exhibited the 2θ values corresponding to face centered cubic crystal packaging of silver.The synthesized AgNPs showed effective antimicrobial activity against the test pathogenic bacterial strainsviz. Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonellasp. The AgNPs synthesized using Pleurotus florida in 1:9 ratio of mushroom extract to silver nitrate showed the highest antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis with 17.6 mm mean zone of inhibition at 30 µg/ml followed by Salmonella sp. and Escherichia coliandwith 16.3 mm and 16.0 mm respectively.
Open Access
EFFECT OF NITROGEN LEVEL ON PRODUCTIVITY OF MULBERRY (Morus spp.) BASED INTERCROPPING SYSTEM
(AAU, Jorhat, 2017) Bora, Nilkamal; Shrama, K. K.
A field experiment was conducted at the Instructional cum Research (ICR) Farm of Assam Agricultural University; Jorhat during 2016-2017 to study the effect of nitrogen level on productivity of mulberry based intercropping system. The treatment comprises of three levels of nitrogen (75kg, 100kg and 125kg N/ha) and five cropping system (sole mulberry, sole setaria, sole cowpea, mulberry + setaria and mulberry + cowpea intercropping system). The experiment was conducted in split plot design taking cropping system as main plot treatment and nitrogen level allotted to sub plot treatment replicated thrice. Experimental results showed that mulberry intercropped with cowpea (C5) recorded significantly higher plant height, maximum number of leaves, leaf area, leaf area index, leaf yield, dry matter percentage, dry matter yield and crude protein yield as compared to rest of the treatments. However, the sole mulberry recorded significantly higher growth and yield parameters as compared to mulberry planted in intercropping system with Setaria (C4). Crude protein, Crude fibre, Crude fat content (%) in mulberry intercropped with cowpea and Setaria varied significantly with respect to nitrogen levels. Results showed that Mulberry +cowpea (C5) intercropping system recorded significantly better leaf quality parameters compared to rest of the treatments. The growth and yield attributes of component crop (Setaria and Cowpea) were studied and the component crop planted/ sown as intercropped with mulberry recorded significantly higher plant height, tiller/tussack of Setaria, leaf stem-ratio of cowpea, dry matter percentage. The green forage yield of sole Setaria and sole Cowpea were found to be significantly higher than their green forage yield as a component crop in intercropping system with mulberry. In terms of quality parameters of both Setaria and cowpea in respect of crude protein, crude fibre and crude fat content recorded significantly higher in the Setaria when intercropped with mulberry. Same trend has also been observed in cowpea when intercropped with mulberry. As far as the interaction effect of cropping system with nitrogen levels are concerned only the green forage yield of cowpea was found to be significant. On dry matter yield of cowpea in the first and second crop were found to be significant. Considering the cropping system as whole mulberry + cowpea intercropping system was found to be better among all the cropping system which resulted in the highest land equivalent ratio (1.67), higher gross return (Rs. 145638.00) , net return (Rs 74536.63) and B: C ratio (3.65).
Open Access
Effect Of Organic Manure And Inorganic Fertilizers On Growth, Yield And Nutrient Uptake Of Rice (Oryza Sativa L.)
(2023-08-09) Ajay Kumar Yadav; Dr Ravindra Kumar
Rice (Oryza sativa) is a vital staple crop that plays a crucial role in global food security. To meet the increasing demand for rice production, farmers often utilize a combination of organic manure and inorganic fertilizers. This research investigated that the field experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with eleven treatments and replicated thrice. The rice variety PB-1509 was transplanted in puddle soil. The important findings are the plant height in (cm), Number of tillers, Dry matter accumulation of rice and leaf area index of rice 30, 60, 90 DAT at harvest stage was investigated in Treatment T11 (100% NPK + FYM + S + Zn) given the highest. The yield attributes like panicle length (cm), panicle weight (g), number of grain per panicle, grain weight per panicle and 1000 seed weight (g) was investigated in T11 (100% NPK + FYM + S + Zn) given the highest. The grain yield varied from 23.49 - 43.38 q ha-1, Straw yield varied from 32.42 - 57.24 q ha-1, the biological yield varied from 55.91 - 100.62 q ha-1, the harvest index varied from 42.01 - 43.95 % and the maximum protein content in rice grain was recorded in the treatment combination T11 (100% NPK + FYM + S + Zn) gave the highest. The nitrogen content in grain ranged from 1.13 – 1.22 %, P content from 0.22 - 0.26 %, K from 0.31 – 0.41 %, sulphur content varied from 0.07- 0.19 kg ha-1 and Zinc varied from 15.35 - 22.37 ppm. The minimum and maximum was observed in the T1 [Control] and T11 (100% NPK + FYM + S + Zn), respectively. The uptake values of nutrients in grain and straw increased due to concentration of these nutrients and biological yield of grain and straw. It was recorded that N uptake 26.54 – 52.92 kg ha-1, P from 5.17 – 11.28 kg ha-1, K from 7.28 - 17.79 kg ha-1, S from 1.64 – 8.24 kg ha-1 and Zn from 36.06 – 97.04 g ha-1 in T11 (100% NPK + FYM + S + Zn). Studies have shown that the combined application of organic manure and inorganic fertilizers produces synergistic effects on rice growth and yield. The organic manure enhances soil structure, moisture retention, and microbial activity, thereby promoting root development and nutrient uptake. Inorganic fertilizers supplement these benefits by providing immediate nutrient availability to support vigorous vegetative growth, improved tillering, and increased grain formation. The combined application of organic manure and inorganic fertilizers offers substantial benefits for rice cultivation.
Embargo
ASSESSMENT OF GENETIC VARIATION AND ALLELE MINING FOR QUALITY TRAITS IN AROMATIC RICE LANDRACES FROM INDO-GANGETIC PLAINS OF INDIA
(DIVISION OF PLANT GENETIC RESOURCES ICAR - INDIAN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE NEW DELHI – 110 012, 2023) BAIRWA, RAKESH KUMAR; Yadav, Mahesh C.
Rice crop is vital for food security of half of the global population. India has rich genetic diversity for both aromatic and non-aromatic rice landraces. We characterized 92 accessions of aromatic landrace germplasm collected from Indo-Gangetic region including 10 popular aromatic landraces of other states of India using 26 morphological characters. Landrace accessions displayed significant variation for plant height, culm length, flag-leaf length, panicle length, panicle exsertion, panicle bearing tillers, grain size, husk colour, pericarp colour and 1000-grain weight. First four principal components contributed 79% of phenotypic variation. Very high positive correlations found between plant height and culm length (r = 0.83), peduncle length and panicle length (0.66), grain length and TGW (0.78), and grain breadth and TGW (0.59). However, number of panicle bearing tillers showed negative association with grain length (-0.32), grain breadth (-0.33) and TGW (-0.43). Similarly, culm length also showed significant negative correlation with grain breadth (-0.48), grain length (-0.43) and TGW (-.046). Cluster analysis grouped all 92 landrace accessions into four clusters. Molecular analysis using 48 hypervariable microsatellite loci revealed the amplification of 11.0 alleles per locus, which clearly showed that a high level of DNA polymorphism exists between landrace accessions. The structure analysis showed the presence of four subpopulations in 96 accessions with numerous accessions showing allele sharing with other groups. The gene diversity analysis revealed the presence of high amount of expected heterozygosity (0.83), Shannon's Information index (1.99) and high gene flow (1.51). This was also supported by high polymorphism information content (0.806). The landraces revealed the presence of private alleles. The unique and rare alleles could be used for DNA fingerprinting and differentiation of genotypes. A high number of multiple alleles were observed in number of landrace accessions, which showed the presence of heterogeneity and heterozygotes in the landrace materials studied. The allele mining in BADH2 gene found that the desirable allele (8 bp deletion) was present in homozygous condition in 57.29% accessions, whereas it was in heterozygous state in 15.63% accessions. The C-A SNP mutation in GS3 gene was detected in Jeera Sail (IC0419046) and Champaran Basmati (IC0569188). The results of present study are useful for utilization of the landraces in genetic enhancement programmes specially designed for rice quality improvement and consumer's preference and conservation of diverse constellation of alleles of rice landrace germplasm
Embargo
Molecular marker based assessment of population structure and dispersal potential of Cheilomenes sexmaculata (F.)
(DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY ICAR-INDIAN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE NEW DELHI -110 012, 2023) S., RAKSHITH, H.; Suroshe, Sachin Suresh
In India, farmers use various pesticides to manage the dreaded pests. The wide and indiscriminate use of pesticides causes destruction of beneficial organisms. Biological control considered as backbone of any IPM programme. The zigzag beetle, Cheilomenes sexmaculata which is most important and abundant of all ladybird beetles. C. sexmaculata were collected from five different zones contained from 25 subpopulations. We have identified 109,585 contigs, 304,784 SNPs, 46,583 INDELs. We observed 5 INDELs and 9 SSRs were polymorphic. We observed highly significant genetic diversity for West Zone followed by North Zone, Centre Zone, East Zone and South Zone respectively. Further analysis of genetic differentiation was highest gene flow (Nm) and FST was high in South Zone and East Population (FST=1) populations and Centre, North and West zones recorded FST=0. Mantel correlation revealed genetic distances decreases with the increasing geographical distance SNPs (Rxy= -0.184 and P= 0.07); INDELs (Rxy= -0.204 and P= 0.05) and SSRs (Rxy= -0.339 and P= 0.06). Released beetles for the most part left the released area (0m) within 24 hours. Beetles (39) from West zone reached border of 30m from the center of release at very early in the evening of 2nd day of release. Diffusion coefficient (D) was recorded the highest for beetles from North zone (1.99 m2 h-1) followed by West (1.95 m2 h-1), Centre (1.59 m2 h-1), South (1.41 m2 h-1) and East Zone (1.14 m2 h-1) populations. Relative departure rate (λ) was recorded the maximum for North zone (0.26 h-1), and the lowest in East Zone (0.07 h-1) population. Markers generated from this study will helps in analysing population structure and genetic diversity of same and related species of Coccinellidae and also the outcome of this study helps in selecting better strains for classical and augmentative biological control
Open Access
EVALUATION OF AJWAIN (Trachyspermum ammi L.) GENOTYPES FOR GROWTH, YIELD AND QUALITY UNDER EASTERN DRY ZONE OF KARNATAKA
(University of Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkot. (College of Horticulture, Bengaluru)., 2020-12) R., RANJEETHA; VISHNUVARDHANA; J., VENKATESH; R. K., RAMACHANDRA; G. K., RAMEGOWDA; C. G., SANGEETHA
The present experiment was conducted at College of Horticulture, University of Horticultural Sciences Campus, GKVK, Bengaluru during rabi season of 2019-20 to evaluate ajwain genotypes for growth, yield and quality traits under Eastern dry zone of Karnataka. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications and fourteen genotypes. The genotype GA-1 exhibited highest plant height (120.81 cm) at harvest, maximum fresh and dry weight (383.52 and 46.80 g plant-1 ) at 120 DAS, number of umbels per plant (207.20), number of seeds per umbel (415.73) and seed yield (13.37 q/ha). The maximum number of primary (11.33) and secondary branches (43.67) at harvest and minimum days to seed maturity (136.67 days) was registered in the genotype AA-93. The genotype AA-1 registered maximum leaf area (26.45 cm2 ) and number of umbellet per umbel (20.00), test weight was maximum in DAC-6 (1.15 g) and the genotype DAC-7 exhibited highest oil content (3.60 %). The pest infestation during the crop growth period ranged from 1.87 to 2.67 semi looper/ leaf roller per plant, stem fly 3.00-6.66 per cent/ 3.8 m2 plot and aphid infestation was minimum in Lam Sel-1 (43.37/ 5 cm apical shoot). The high B:C ratio (3.54) was registered in the genotype GA-1. Plant height, primary branches per plant, umbels per plant, umbellet per umbel, seeds per umbel and harvest index were significant and positively associated with seed yield per plant at both genotypic and phenotypic levels. Meanwhile, Primary branches per plant, umbels per plant, umbellet per umbel, seeds per umbel, test weight and harvest index exhibited direct positive effects on seed yield per plant.
Open Access
EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT PROPAGATING STRUCTURES FOR MULTIPLICATION OF GUAVA (Psidium guajava L.)
(University of Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkot. (College of Horticulture, Bengaluru)., 2020-12) U. P., AKSHATHA; RAO, VENKAT; M. K., HONNABYRAIAH; G. K., HALESH; R., RAJESHWARI
The present investigation entitled on “Evaluation of different propagating structures for multiplication of guava (Psidium guajava L.)” was carried out during the year 2019-20 at University of Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkot, Post Graduation Research block, College of Horticulture, Mysore. The results of the investigation revealed that, the highest graft success (81.33 %), graft survival percentage (62.66 %) were registered in seven months old rootstock. The maximum number of leaves per graft (15.80), number of sprouts per graft (3.68) was recorded in six months old rootstock, when the grafts kept under the shade net condition at 90 days after softwood grafting. The highest graft height (23.53 cm), days taken for sprouting (12.75), sprout length (5.75cm) was noticed in seven months old rootstock. The maximum scion diameter (6.33 mm) was recorded in six months old rootstock under polyhouse condition at 90 days after softwood grafting. Among different scions Sardar variety performed better over other scions. Graft success (84.44 %) and percentage of graft survival (64.44 %), graft height (23.74 cm) was recorded highest in seven months old rootstock at 90 days after softwood grafting. The growth parameters like highest number of leaves per graft (19.66) and number of sprouts per graft (3.783) was recorded in Arka Rashmi by using six months old rootstock. The interaction effect between the different growing conditions and scions showed maximum graft success (96.66 %), graft survivability (76.66 %) under shade net condition and graft height (26.56 cm) under open condition with the use of Sardar scion, by using seven months old rootstock. Arka Rashmi recorded maximum number of leaves per graft (19.66), sprouts per graft (3.87) under shade net condition by using six months old rootstock.
Open Access
Selection for hard endosperm, Tryptophan content and yield contributing traits in F3:4 QPM families
(College of Post Graduate Studies in Agricultural Sciences, Central Agricultural University, Imphal, 2018) S. Mariyappan; Sen, Devyani
The present investigation was undertaken for selection of QPM inbred lines with hard endosperm and high tryptophan content in a set of 60 F 3:4 QPM families shortlisted from four QPM crosses V341 X V 373, CML 165 X V 373, CML 161 X V 341and CML 161 X V 373. A total of 681 cobs harvested from sib matings within different families were screened for opacity and sixty lines with index scores of 2 and 3 (hard endosperm) and high seed index value was further selected for determining tryptophan content using Hopkins-Cole reaction. The % tryptophan was found to range from amaximum of 0.095% to a minimum of 0.020%. Twenty two lines with tryptophan % inthe range of 0.095% to 0.073% could be identified. Differences in tryptophan content between normal and QPM lines were significant. High genetic gain and realized heritability could be recorded for % tryptophan increase in most of these twenty two lines studied. These lines were further charcterized at the DNA level along with dive low QPM and two normal maize genotypes using twenty o2 specific reported SSR markers. Distinct polymorphism was observed between the normal and a majority QPM inbred lines with respect to all the three gene specific SSR markers phi 057, phi 112 and umc 1066 validating the identity of the lines. Cluster analysis using Unweighted Neighbour Joining based on allelic data grouped the lines into three major clusters.QPM lines with high % tryptophan grouped into Clusters I and II while QPM lines with low % tryptophan grouped into Cluster III. The genetic distance based on dissimilarity matrix ranged from a minimum of 0.10 to a maximum of 0. 47. The polymorphism information content (PIC) ranged from 0.19 to 0.65 with an average of 0.44. Yield/plant calculated for the different families as total kernel weight (g) was the most variable traits and ranged from 88 to 28 g for the twenty two high QPM families. Based on these studies, QPM lines with more than 0.090% tryptophan can be shortlisted for further use to initiate a hybrid breeding programme for QPM.

Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur

Agriculture University, Kota

Banda University of Agriculture and Technology, Banda

Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture & Technology, Ayodhya

Anand Agricultural University, Anand

Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Nadia

Agriculture University, Jodhpur

Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat

Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour

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