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Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Dist. - Nadia, West Bengal PIN - 741 252

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Open Access
NDRI Annual Report-2023
(ICAR-NDRI, Karnal, 2024-07-26) ICAR-NDRI, Karnal
Open Access
STUDIES ON ARTHROPOD PESTS OF APPLE AND THEIR NATURAL ENEMIES IN DIFFERENT FARMING SYSTEMS
(UHF Nauni, 2024-07-09) NIKITA CHAUHAN; P L Sharma
The present investigations entitled “Studies on arthropod pests of apple and their natural enemies in different farming systems” were conducted during the year 2022 and 2023 at Dr. Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh. The diversity of apple pests and natural enemies varied with different combinations of variety, planting density and farming system. Aphis pomi De Geer, Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann), Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), Panonychus ulmi (Koch) and Tetranychus urticae Koch, Dorysthenus huegelii (Redtenbacher), Apriona cinera (Chevrolat), Zeuzera multistrigata (Moore), Archips termias (Meyrick), Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner), Anomala dimidiata (Hope), Anomala lineatopennis (Blanchard), Brahmina coriacea (Hope) and Brahmina flavoserica (Bost) was found across a wide range of apple varieties (Jeromine, Red Velox, Super Chief, Auvial Early Fuji, Gale Gala, Scarlet Spur and Royal Delicious) and natural enemies recorded on all studied varieties, planting densities and farming systems were Coccinella septempunctata (Linnaeus), Hippodamia variegata (Goeze), Chrysoperla zastrowi sillemii (Esben-Peterson), Harmonia dimidiata (Fabricius), Oenopia sauzeti (Mulsant), Oenopia kirbyi Mulsant, Cheilomenes sexmaculata (F.), Scymnus posticalis Sicard, Chilochorus infernalis Mulsant, Ischiodon scutellaris (Fabricius), Sphaerophoria indiana Bigot, Episyrphus viridaureus (Wiedemann), Eupeodes corollae (Fabricius) and Aphelinus mali (Haldeman). In laboratory studies on demographics of pests and related natural enemies of apple, showed that all pests and natural enemies completed their life cycle on all the varieties successfully. Predatory potential and density responsiveness of natural enemies like O. kirbyi, S. posticalis, C. zastrowi sillemi, N. longispinosus and A. mali showed promising results against respective apple pests. The predatory potential increased with predator age. For all natural enemies, significant negative linear coefficients were obtained after logistic regression analysis between proportion of prey nymphs consumed (Na/N) and initial prey density (N) which indicated the Type-II functional response for all the stages of natural enemies. The attack rate decreased and increasing handling time with the advancement of the development stage of the prey in all the cases.
Open Access
MANAGEMENT OF EUROPEAN RED MITE, Panonychus ulmi (Koch) AND PESTICIDE RESIDUE DYNAMICS ON HIGH DENSITY APPLE PLANTATIONS
(UHF Nauni, 2024-07-10) PANKAJ; Sapna Katna
The present investigation entitled “Management of European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch) and pesticide residue dynamics on high density apple plantations” was carried out during 2021-22 and 2022-23 in high-density apple orchards at Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Tabo (Lahaul and Spiti II) and Department of Fruit Science, Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (HP). The effect of European red mite feeding on yield attributes and physico-chemical parameters of apple cv. Jeromine, at different treatments of target threshold viz. 0 (control), 250, 500, 750 and 1000 cumulative mite days (CMDs) per leaf was evaluated. Studies on percentage fruit set, return bloom, fruit load, fruit size, mean fruit weight and total soluble solids revealed that these parameters were not significantly affected at 250 CMDs and remained at par with control. However, significant losses in these parameters were reported at ≥500 CMDs. Whereas titratable acidity, fruit firmness and fruit colour showed no significant effect at any level of mite feeding. Thereby, an economic threshold level of 250 CMDs can be suggested to implement management strategies for avoiding significant losses due to European red mite infestation in HDP apples. For persistence studies pesticide formulations were applied at recommended (X dose) and 1.25 times recommended dose (1.25X dose) respectively i.e., propargite 42%+hexythiazox 2% EC (420 + 20 and 525 + 25 g a.i./ha), spirotetramat 11.01%+imidacloprid 11.01% SC (110.1 +110.1 and 137.63 + 137.63 g a.i./ha), spinosad 45% SC (225 and 281.25 g a.i./ha) and cyenopyrafen 30% SC (90 and 112.5 g a.i./ha). Residue dynamics studies using the QuEChERS method after validating, gave initial deposits of 1.877 and 2.190 mg/kg for propargite, 0.353 and 0.440 mg/kg for hexythiazox, 0.983 and 1.263 mg/kg for spirotetramat, 0.897 and 1.270 mg/kg for imidacloprid, 1.690 and 2.057 mg/kg for spinosad, 0.923 and 1.2 mg/kg for cyenopyrafen at X and 1.25X dose respectively. These residues reached below limit of quantification (LOQ) (0.01 mg/kg) on 15th and 20th day for propargite, imidacloprid, spinosad and cyenopyrafen with a half-life of 1.653-2.395, 1.781-2.280, 1.570-2.279 and 1.697-2.419 days at X and 1.25X dose, respectively. For spirotetramat, residues reached
Open Access
POPULATION DYNAMICS OF INSECT PESTS INFESTING BROCCOLI AND TO EVALUATE MAJOR INSECTICIDES FOR THEIR BIOEFFICACY AND RESIDUES
(UHF Nauni, 2024-07-24) SAKSHI SHARMA; Sapna Katna
The present investigation entitled “Population dynamics of insect pests infesting broccoli and to evaluate major insecticides for their bioefficacy and residues” was carried out during 2021-2022 and 2022-2023 at Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (HP). Results of this investigation revealed that broccoli was found to be infested mainly with aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae (L.), diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) and flea beetle, Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze). Incidence of aphid and flea beetle was found to be present throughout the cropping season of broccoli (48th SMW to 10th SMW) while diamondback moth appeared from 4th to 6th SMW which persisted till 10th SMW. Weather parameters showed non-significant correlations with aphid population buildup; maximum and minimum temperature significantly affected diamondback moth larvae population; and maximum temperature, minimum temperature and rainfall significantly affected population buildup of flea beetles. Bioefficacy studies indicated that acetamiprid 20% SP at recommended dose (X) resulted in 75.50-76.52 per cent efficacy in controlling aphid populations, flubendiamide 20% WG at X dose showed efficacy of 76.97-79.62 per cent against diamondback moth and lambda-cyhalothrin 4.90% SC at X dose showed highest efficacy to the tune of 73.95-76.12 per cent in managing flea beetle populations. The average initial residues of cyantraniliprole (60 and 75 g a.i./ha), acetamiprid (15 and 18.75 g a.i./ha), flubendiamide (18.24 and 22.80 g a.i./ha), lambda-cyhalothrin (15 and 18.75 g a.i./ha) and novaluron (75 and 93.75 g a.i./ha) were in the range of 0.562-0.762, 0.757-1.069, 0.231-0.358, 0.473-0.687 and 1.172-1.494 mg/kg, respectively with a half-life of 1.873-2.354, 1.525-1.930, 1.371-1.620, 1.975-2.484 and 1.678-2.170 days in broccoli heads, respectively. No residues were detected in broccoli cropped soil at harvest time. No appreciable risk to consumers from rural and urban households was observed on the basis of acute hazard quotient (HQ) and chronic HQ values being less than 1 for all the insecticides
Open Access
BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF SERPENTINE LEAF MINER, LIRIOMYZA TRIFOLII (ORDER: DIPTERA, FAMILY: AGROMYZIDAE) IN TOMATO
(UHF Nauni, 2024-07-19) LALIT KALIA; Anil Sood
The present investigations entitled “Bio-ecology and Management of Serpentine Leaf Miner, Liriomyza trifolii (Order: Diptera, Family: Agromyzidae) in Tomato” were carried out during 2022 and 2023 under laboratory and field conditions at the Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni at an altitude of 1200 m asl. Survey studies on the host range of L. trifolii revealed the infestation of 39 plants belonging to 15 families. Maximum plants from the Cucurbitaceae family were found to be infested by this pest followed by Asteraceae, Solanaceae and Malvaceae family. Survey studies were conducted to record the observations on the pest incidence of L. trifolii in all the four agro-climatic zones comprising 18 different locations of Himachal Pradesh revealed that Zones 1 and 2 i.e. Nalagarh from Zone 1 showed the maximum overall pest infestation of 62.28 per cent during 2022 while Oachghat from Zone 2 showed the maximum pest infestation (56.23%) during 2023. Studies on seasonal abundance of eggs and larvae of L. trifolii on Solan Lalima and BSS 816 varieties of tomato during 2022 and 2023 revealed the fluctuating pest population with overall maximum activity from 21st to 35th standard week during 2022 and from 20th to 27th standard week during 2023. The pest incidence data were correlated with weather parameters and were found to have a significant positive correlation of eggs and larvae with temperature during 2022 and non-significant correlation during 2023. However, a negative correlation was recorded with both humidity and rainfall during both the years. Spatial distribution studies of L. trifolii on two tomato varieties viz. Solan Lalima and BSS 816 revealed that the pest was aggregately distributed on both crops throughout the cropping season. Biology and population growth parameter studies of L. trifolii on tomato revealed that the eggs were translucent white whereas, larvae were shiny yellow. The adults were yellowish-black with red eyes and black spots on the thorax region. Females were larger than males. Studies on different stages of leafminer on two tomato varieties revealed that incubation period of the leafminer on both verities was 2.4 ± 0.1 and the larval period ranged from 1.6 ± 0.1 and 1.6 ± 0.1 for I instar, 2.5 ± 0.1 days and 2.4 ± 0.1 days for II instar, 2.3 ± 0.1 and 2.5 ± 0.1 days for III instar. However, notable distinctions emerged in respect to the pupal period, with Solan Lalima showing 10.9 ± 0.2 days compared to BSS 816 as 7.6 ± 0.1 days. Female longevity for Solan Lalima was 16.7 ± 0.1 days, whereas on BSS 816 it was 19.5 ± 0.2 days. The life fertility data of L. trifolii on tomato revealed that female L. trifolii started egg laying on 21st day of the pivotal age with an average fecundity of 0.17 female eggs per day on Solan Lalima and 18th day of the pivotal age with an average fecundity of 0.70 female eggs per day on BSS 816. Studies on Phenol content estimation for tomato varieties revealed that for Solan Lalima, the phenolic content remained high across all replications with mean phenol content 0.984 AU compared to 0.606 in case of BSS 816. Four insecticides (Cyantraniliprole 10.26 % OD, Chlorantraniliprole 18.50 % SC, Thiamethoxam 25 % WG, Imidacloprid 17.80% SL) and four botanicals (NSKE, Azadirachtin 1%, Melia azedarach, NSKE + Teepol) were evaluated for their efficacy against L. trifolii during the year 2022 and 2023. The studies revealed that during the study period on both the crops Cyantraniliprole showed the maximum mortality of (70.26 %), followed by Chlorantraniliprole (64.60), Imidacloprid (59.02%), Thiamethoxam (57.33%), NSKE + Teepol (31.03%), NSKE (24.65%), Azadirachtin 1% (20.02%), Melia azedarach (17.67%).
Open Access
STUDIES ON DEFENCE PRIMING OF SEED AND SEED CROP IN CAULIFLOWER
(UHF Nauni, 2024-07-15) AKHILESH KOUNDAL; Narender K Bharat
The present investigation titled, “Studies on defence priming of seed and seed crop in cauliflower” was carried out in the laboratory and experimental farm of Department of Seed Science and Technology, Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (HP) during 2021 to 2023. Three experiments were conducted using cauliflower cv. Pusa Snowball K-I. In the first experiment conducted in vitro, seed priming was done with three plant defence activators viz., SA, JA, BABA each @ 0.50, 1.00, 1.50 and 2.00 mM; three salts viz., KNO3 @ 1.0 %, 1.5 %, 2.0 % and 2.5 %, CaCl2 @ 0.25 %, 0.5 %, 0.75 % and 1.0 % and NaCl @ 0.5 %, 0.75 %, 1 % and 1.25 % each for 12, 18, 24 and 36 hours and four biocontrol agents viz., Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma viride, Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas fluorescens for 4, 6, 8 and 10 hours. Based on different seed quality parameters best treatment from each plant defence activator, salt and biocontrol agent were selected. In the second experiment, the seeds were primed with the best selected treatments along with their combination and sown in nursery. The maximum values for total emergence (76.13 %), speed of germination (10.90), seedling height (20.36 cm) and minimum values for damping off (4.53 %) and virus infection (1.63 %) were recorded in the treatment SA @ 0.5 mM + KNO3 @ 1.5 % for 18 h. In the third experiment, healthy seedlings from each treatment sown in the nursery were transplanted in the field and a foliar application of the same was done at bolting and flower initiation stage. The minimum days to curd initiation (79.01) were observed in treatment T5 (SA @ 0.5 mM + KNO3 @ 1.5 % for 18 hours) and minimum days to curd maturity (115.22) were observed in treatment T14 (SA @ 0.5 mM + KNO3 @ 1.5 % for 18 hours & its spray). The maximum curd compactness (26.61), curd weight (746.70 g) and curd yield per plot (22.40 kg) were recorded in the treatment T14. The maximum plant height upto curd maturation (42.99 cm) and number of leaves per plant (16.56) were recorded in treatment T5. The maximum number of branches per plant (10.89) and plant height during seed set (78.85 cm), minimum number of days to flower initiation (132.42), maximum number of seeds per siliqua (14.98), minimum days to seed maturity (189.27), maximum seed yield per plant (18.09 g), maximum seed yield per plot (542.65 g), maximum seed yield per hectare (584.67 kg) and maximum 1000 seed weight (3.984 g) were all recorded in treatment T14. The minimum severity of diseases such as Alternaria blight (10.86 %) and black rot (30.76 %) was recorded in treatment T14 as well. The minimum incidence of diseases i.e. downy mildew (4.49 %), stalk rot (15.95 %) and yellows (5.15 %) were also found in the treatment T14. The maximum germination percentage (85.88 %), seedling length (14.41 cm), seedling dry weight (2.96 mg), seed vigour index – I (1237.93), seed vigour index – II (254.06), speed of germination (65.51), germination after accelerated ageing (83.00 %) and minimum total seed mycoflora (2.63 %) were all recorded in treatment T14. While untreated control was found to be the worst among all.The present investigation titled, “Studies on defence priming of seed and seed crop in cauliflower” was carried out in the laboratory and experimental farm of Department of Seed Science and Technology, Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (HP) during 2021 to 2023. Three experiments were conducted using cauliflower cv. Pusa Snowball K-I. In the first experiment conducted in vitro, seed priming was done with three plant defence activators viz., SA, JA, BABA each @ 0.50, 1.00, 1.50 and 2.00 mM; three salts viz., KNO3 @ 1.0 %, 1.5 %, 2.0 % and 2.5 %, CaCl2 @ 0.25 %, 0.5 %, 0.75 % and 1.0 % and NaCl @ 0.5 %, 0.75 %, 1 % and 1.25 % each for 12, 18, 24 and 36 hours and four biocontrol agents viz., Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma viride, Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas fluorescens for 4, 6, 8 and 10 hours. Based on different seed quality parameters best treatment from each plant defence activator, salt and biocontrol agent were selected. In the second experiment, the seeds were primed with the best selected treatments along with their combination and sown in nursery. The maximum values for total emergence (76.13 %), speed of germination (10.90), seedling height (20.36 cm) and minimum values for damping off (4.53 %) and virus infection (1.63 %) were recorded in the treatment SA @ 0.5 mM + KNO3 @ 1.5 % for 18 h. In the third experiment, healthy seedlings from each treatment sown in the nursery were transplanted in the field and a foliar application of the same was done at bolting and flower initiation stage. The minimum days to curd initiation (79.01) were observed in treatment T5 (SA @ 0.5 mM + KNO3 @ 1.5 % for 18 hours) and minimum days to curd maturity (115.22) were observed in treatment T14 (SA @ 0.5 mM + KNO3 @ 1.5 % for 18 hours & its spray). The maximum curd compactness (26.61), curd weight (746.70 g) and curd yield per plot (22.40 kg) were recorded in the treatment T14. The maximum plant height upto curd maturation (42.99 cm) and number of leaves per plant (16.56) were recorded in treatment T5. The maximum number of branches per plant (10.89) and plant height during seed set (78.85 cm), minimum number of days to flower initiation (132.42), maximum number of seeds per siliqua (14.98), minimum days to seed maturity (189.27), maximum seed yield per plant (18.09 g), maximum seed yield per plot (542.65 g), maximum seed yield per hectare (584.67 kg) and maximum 1000 seed weight (3.984 g) were all recorded in treatment T14. The minimum severity of diseases such as Alternaria blight (10.86 %) and black rot (30.76 %) was recorded in treatment T14 as well. The minimum incidence of diseases i.e. downy mildew (4.49 %), stalk rot (15.95 %) and yellows (5.15 %) were also found in the treatment T14. The maximum germination percentage (85.88 %), seedling length (14.41 cm), seedling dry weight (2.96 mg), seed vigour index – I (1237.93), seed vigour index – II (254.06), speed of germination (65.51), germination after accelerated ageing (83.00 %) and minimum total seed mycoflora (2.63 %) were all recorded in treatment T14. While untreated control was found to be the worst among all.
Open Access
User centered design, development, and end-user assessment of an M-tool for vegetable cultivation in polyhouse
(Department of Agricultural Extension, College of Agriculture,Vellanikkara, 2022-05-20) Poornima C P; KAU; A Sakeer Husain
Hi-tech farming is gaining grip in Indian farming system. Polyhouse farming which is a subset of hi-tech farming is an alternate new system of crop production which reduces dependency on climatic factors along with economic use of water, fertilisers and other inputs necessarily needed for farming. In a state like Kerala where per capita availability of land is less and density of population is increasing, the polyhouse can be a boon to the farmers. With advancing technologies, proper information delivery system must be there to make f armers get updated with the progress in agriculture. As Information and Communication Technology (ICT) tools are acquiring its foothold even among the rural communities, proper utilisation of suitable tools can help farmers to get more insight of the advances and in turn aid in efficient decision making.
Open Access
To assess the comparative feeding practices and minerals status of lactating cattle and buffaloes in Cotton-Wheat growing zone of Haryana
(LUVAS Hisar, 2023-04) Sunil Dev Singh; V. S. Panwar
In the Cotton-Wheat growing region of Haryana, a thorough survey was conducted to evaluate feeding practices, status of macro and microminerals in feed, fodder, blood, milk, and hair as well as to determine the correlation between intake of minerals and their status in blood, milk and hair of cattle and buffalo. Total 504 dairy farmers were selected for conducting survey and collection of samples, which was performed from June to November 2021 (Kharif season). Sorghum was the most preferred green fodder used by 76.58% of farmers followed by bajra 23.41% and grasses 19%, Wheat straw was the preferred dry roughage used by 90 % of the farmers followed by paddy straw 11.9%. Wheat grain (Dalia) was the common energy source fed by the farmers 48.41% followed by multi grains 19.24%. Pelleted concentrate feed was used by 15.07% farmers. Cotton seed cake, Gram churi and mustard cake were the main source of dietary protein used by 64.28%, 28.17% and 23.81% farmers, respectively. Mineral mixture was supplemented by 23.61% of the farmers; whereas 81.15% farmers included common salt in the ration of their animals. Among dry roughage, maximum CP % was recorded in bajra kadbi (4.18), whereas least CP was recorded in wheat straw (3.12). Among green fodders, the highest CP was recorded in grasses followed by maize, sorghum and bajra fodder. Wheat grain and multi grain daliya contained 11.31 and 14.11% crude protein, respectively. The highest CP was recorded in mustard cake followed by cotton seed cake and cotton seed and the values were 35.1, 23.65 and 20.12%, respectively. Green fodders contained appreciable quantities of Ca but deficient in Zn. All dry roughages were deficient in all minerals except Fe. In cereals, multi grain feed was a richer source of Ca as well as P than wheat. Wheat and multigrain feed had sufficient amount of Cu but deficient in Mn. Protein sources, mustard cake, cotton seed and cotton seed cake were fairly rich in Ca, P, Zn, Cu and Fe but Mn content was just below or near to optimum level. Gram churi was rich in all minerals. All these feedstuffs were rich in Fe. Dietary intake of Zn was inadequate in both cattle (82%) and buffaloes (87%). Manganese intake was also deficient in both cattle (68%) and buffaloes (74%) while intake of Fe was more than the requirement. Only 34% and 24% of the animals were receiving less Ca and P, respectively, than the requirement. Serum was optimum in Ca and P. Serum Zn was within normal range (0.8 - 2 ppm) while serum Cu was below critical level in cattle in about half of the zone, similar trends for serum Cu were seen in buffaloes. Fe intake was high due to its high level in feeds; however, its level in serum was within the normal range. Serum Mn was above critical value (0.20 ppm). Milk samples were deficient in Zn and Cu. Hair samples were deficient in Zn and Cu which is indicative of their general deficiency in animal feeds. Correlation between intake of minerals and their level in biological samples indicated that hair could be considered as best indicator of dietary intake of Zn and Cu. The study indicated deficiency in feeds and biological samples in cattle & buffaloes of the zone & invite corrective measured by strategic feeding of mineral mixture.
Open Access
PERFORMANCE STUDIES OF CHILLI (Capsicum annuum L.) HYBRIDS FOR YIELD AND QUALITY TRAITS UNDER HILL ZONE OF KARNATAKA
(College of Horticulture, Mudigere, Keladi Shivappa Nayaka University of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Shivamogga, 2022-11-24) SHARATH, M. N; Dr. SRINIVASA, V; Dr. DEVARAJU
An investigation was undertaken at Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, Mudigere during 2021-22. The experiment consisting of nineteen chilli hybrids with standard check, Arka Harita was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications to evaluate for growth, yield and quality parameters. The hybrid H-20 recorded maximum plant height (66.30 cm), number of primary branches (7.35), total number of branches (11.93), plant spread North-South (59.40 cm), number of leaves (212.93), fruit yield per plant (1.41 kg) and total chlorophyll content in leaves (3.05 mg/g). The highest number of secondary branches (12.07), plant spread East-West (59.57 cm) and ascorbic acid (212.58 mg/100 g) was noticed in the hybrid CO (Ch)-1. The same hybrid also took minimum number of days for first flowering (30.27), fifty per cent flowering (50.07) and days to first harvest (48.87). The hybrid Arka Gagan recorded the maximum number of fruits per plant (256.67). The hybrid LHC-Diya showed maximum fruit length (12.46 cm) and average fruit weight (7.27 g). The pungency content of 1.23 per cent was seen in the hybrid H-43 which was highest among all the hybrids. Correlation studies indicated that plant height, primary branches, plant spread, number of fruits per plant, average fruit weight, fruit diameter and fruit length had positive and significant correlation with fruit yield. Path studies highlighted that plant height, primary branches, plant spread, number of fruits per plant, fruit diameter, average fruit weight and fruit length had positive direct effect on fruit yield per plant at both genotypic and phenotypic levels. Finally, it can be inferred that among the hybrids, H-20 (38.40 t/ha), H-25 (37.44 t/ha) and Arka Gagan (36.85 t/ha) were high yielding hybrids, these can be tested across the locations to know their stability before recommending for commercial cultivation

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Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Dist. - Nadia, West Bengal PIN - 741 252

Agriculture University, Jodhpur

Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat

Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour

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