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Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Dist. - Nadia, West Bengal PIN - 741 252

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Open Access
Development of reverse transcription recombinase polymerase amplification assay for rapid detection of porcine sapelovirus
(LUVAS Hisar, 2023-04) Kaur,Ramandeep; Sushila Maan
Porcine Sapelovirus (PSV) A, a member of newly classified genus Sapelovirus, belongs to family Picornaviridae. PSV is non-enveloped virus with icosahedral symmetry with diameter of around ~35nm and the genome is a linear, non-segmented, single-stranded positive-sense RNA. PSV infection in pigs is mostly asymptomatic, but it can also cause severe neurologic, enteric, and respiratory symptoms or reproductive failure. Sapelovirus infections have been reported worldwide in pigs. PSV is considered as the emerging pathogen of porcine species. For the virus detection, isothermal Recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) were developed. The RT-RPA assay was developed using commercially synthesized positive control and primers based on 5´conserved region of PSV genome. The assay was optimized at low and constant temperature of 35°C for 20 minutes with forward primer concentration 20pm, reverse primer concentration 5pm and MgOAc concentration of 14mM. The analytical sensitivity of assay was determined using serial dilutions of positive control. The limit of detection was up to 283 copies using agarose gel electrophoresis. The assay was specific to PSV and no cross reactivity was observed with other related viruses. The assay was validated using field samples followed by visual assay for detection. A total 85 samples were collected from different organized and unorganized piggery farms of Haryana. Out of 85 samples 21 samples were found positive for PSV. The positivity rate of PSV was 24.7%. This is the first report of PSV from Haryana suggesting the virus circulation among pig population. Therefore, the above study concludes that the developed RT-RPA assay is rapid, highly sensitive and specific and works at low, constant temperature and do not require any special instrument. Visual dye-based detection makes the developed RPA assay a potential candidate for pointof-care testing (POCT)
Open Access
Spatio-temporal variations and DNA fingerprinting in elite genotypes of nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt.)
(Department of Plantation, Spices, Medicinal and Aromatic Crops,Vellanikkara, 2023-05-19) Priyanka S Chandran; KAU; Mini Raj, N
The present study entitled “Spatio-temporal variations and DNA fingerprinting in elite genotypes of nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt.)” was carried out at the Department of Plantation Spices, Medicinal and Aromatic crops, College of Agriculture, Vellanikkara, Thrissur with three objectives: (a) to assess the spatial and temporal variations on performance of a set of elite nutmeg genotypes in terms of growth, flowering, yield as well as quality and their response to weather parameters, with a view to identify genotype-environment interactions (b) DNA fingerprinting of the select elite nutmeg genotypes, (c) to assess the performance of nutmeg trees budded on wild (Myristica beddomei King) as well as self-rootstock (Myristica fragrans Houtt.).
Open Access
Evaluation of echocardiographic and electrocardiographic effects of tiletamine-zolazepam and ketamine-diazepam in dogs
(LUVAS Hisar, 2023-04-13) Monika Rani; Tiwari,Deepak Kumar
The present study was conducted on twelve female dogs irrespective of age, breed and body weight brought for elective ovariohysterectomy which were randomly divided into two groups comprising of six animals in each group. Pre-anaesthesia was achieved by administration of atropine sulphate @ 0.04mg/kg IM followed by butorphanol @ 0.2mg/kg b.wt IM after 10 minutes. Induction was achieved by administration of tiletamine-zolazepam @ 7.5mg/kg IV and ketamine (5mg/kg IV) - diazapam (0.5mg/kg IV) in group-I and II, respectively. All the animals underwent thorough systemic investigation protocol for recording of parameter viz., history, physiological parameters, haematology, serum biochemistry, echocardiographic indices, electrocardiography. Mean ± SE values of age were 24.17± 2.10 and 27.33 ± 2.29 months and body weight were 16.00 ± 1.88 and 14.92 ± 0.69 kgs in group I and II, respectively. Rectal temperature (o F) decreased significantly (p<0.05) in both the groups at time period TA and TR as compared to T0. Heart rate increased significantly (p<0.05) after anaesthesia (TA) in group I and and increased significantly (p<0.05) at time period TA as compared to T0 and decreased significantly (p<0.05) at time period TR as compare to TA in group II. Oxygen saturation showed decreased significantly (p<0.05) at time period TA and TR in group I and decreased significantly (p<0.05) at time period TA and increased significantly (p<0.05) at time period TR in group II. The mean values of haemoglobin, packed cell volume and TEC decreased significantly (p<0.05) at TA and TR in group I. Biochemical parameters changed non-significantly in between and within the groups. Echocardiographic Parameters LVIDd, LVIDs, IVSd, IVSs, LVPWd, LVPWs, EDV, ESV, SV, CO, EF, FS, LVET, EPSS and LA/AO changed non- significantly in between and within the groups. Doppler parameters including Peak velocity of Ewave of mitral valve significantly (p<0.05) decreased during time period TA and TS in group I and significantly (p<0.05) decreased at time period TS in group II. Peak velocity of A-wave of mitral valve in both groups were significantly (p<0.05) decrease at time period TI and TS. E and A wave ratio of mitral valve showed non-significant increase and decrease in group I and group II, respectively. Maximum aortic velocity and aortic pressure gradient showed non-significant decreased from T0 to TS in group I and group II, respectively. Electrocardiographic parameters viz. amplitude of P, QRS and T waves, duration of P wave, QRS complex, T wave forms, PR and QT intervals and ST segment changed non-significantly in between and within groups. Thus Ketamine-diazepam provides better haemodynamic and respiratory stability as compared to tiletamine-zolazepam in the dogs undergoing elective surgery. The systolic functions were normal but diastolic functions were significantly altered in both groups but the statistically significant values were within normal range. So on the basis of echocardiographic and electrocardiographic indices, it was concluded that both the anaesthetic combinations provided good cardiovascular stability in dogs.
Open Access
NDRI Annual Report-2023
(ICAR-NDRI, Karnal, 2024-07-26) ICAR-NDRI, Karnal
Open Access
STUDIES ON ARTHROPOD PESTS OF APPLE AND THEIR NATURAL ENEMIES IN DIFFERENT FARMING SYSTEMS
(UHF Nauni, 2024-07-09) NIKITA CHAUHAN; P L Sharma
The present investigations entitled “Studies on arthropod pests of apple and their natural enemies in different farming systems” were conducted during the year 2022 and 2023 at Dr. Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh. The diversity of apple pests and natural enemies varied with different combinations of variety, planting density and farming system. Aphis pomi De Geer, Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann), Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), Panonychus ulmi (Koch) and Tetranychus urticae Koch, Dorysthenus huegelii (Redtenbacher), Apriona cinera (Chevrolat), Zeuzera multistrigata (Moore), Archips termias (Meyrick), Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner), Anomala dimidiata (Hope), Anomala lineatopennis (Blanchard), Brahmina coriacea (Hope) and Brahmina flavoserica (Bost) was found across a wide range of apple varieties (Jeromine, Red Velox, Super Chief, Auvial Early Fuji, Gale Gala, Scarlet Spur and Royal Delicious) and natural enemies recorded on all studied varieties, planting densities and farming systems were Coccinella septempunctata (Linnaeus), Hippodamia variegata (Goeze), Chrysoperla zastrowi sillemii (Esben-Peterson), Harmonia dimidiata (Fabricius), Oenopia sauzeti (Mulsant), Oenopia kirbyi Mulsant, Cheilomenes sexmaculata (F.), Scymnus posticalis Sicard, Chilochorus infernalis Mulsant, Ischiodon scutellaris (Fabricius), Sphaerophoria indiana Bigot, Episyrphus viridaureus (Wiedemann), Eupeodes corollae (Fabricius) and Aphelinus mali (Haldeman). In laboratory studies on demographics of pests and related natural enemies of apple, showed that all pests and natural enemies completed their life cycle on all the varieties successfully. Predatory potential and density responsiveness of natural enemies like O. kirbyi, S. posticalis, C. zastrowi sillemi, N. longispinosus and A. mali showed promising results against respective apple pests. The predatory potential increased with predator age. For all natural enemies, significant negative linear coefficients were obtained after logistic regression analysis between proportion of prey nymphs consumed (Na/N) and initial prey density (N) which indicated the Type-II functional response for all the stages of natural enemies. The attack rate decreased and increasing handling time with the advancement of the development stage of the prey in all the cases.
Open Access
MANAGEMENT OF EUROPEAN RED MITE, Panonychus ulmi (Koch) AND PESTICIDE RESIDUE DYNAMICS ON HIGH DENSITY APPLE PLANTATIONS
(UHF Nauni, 2024-07-10) PANKAJ; Sapna Katna
The present investigation entitled “Management of European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch) and pesticide residue dynamics on high density apple plantations” was carried out during 2021-22 and 2022-23 in high-density apple orchards at Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Tabo (Lahaul and Spiti II) and Department of Fruit Science, Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (HP). The effect of European red mite feeding on yield attributes and physico-chemical parameters of apple cv. Jeromine, at different treatments of target threshold viz. 0 (control), 250, 500, 750 and 1000 cumulative mite days (CMDs) per leaf was evaluated. Studies on percentage fruit set, return bloom, fruit load, fruit size, mean fruit weight and total soluble solids revealed that these parameters were not significantly affected at 250 CMDs and remained at par with control. However, significant losses in these parameters were reported at ≥500 CMDs. Whereas titratable acidity, fruit firmness and fruit colour showed no significant effect at any level of mite feeding. Thereby, an economic threshold level of 250 CMDs can be suggested to implement management strategies for avoiding significant losses due to European red mite infestation in HDP apples. For persistence studies pesticide formulations were applied at recommended (X dose) and 1.25 times recommended dose (1.25X dose) respectively i.e., propargite 42%+hexythiazox 2% EC (420 + 20 and 525 + 25 g a.i./ha), spirotetramat 11.01%+imidacloprid 11.01% SC (110.1 +110.1 and 137.63 + 137.63 g a.i./ha), spinosad 45% SC (225 and 281.25 g a.i./ha) and cyenopyrafen 30% SC (90 and 112.5 g a.i./ha). Residue dynamics studies using the QuEChERS method after validating, gave initial deposits of 1.877 and 2.190 mg/kg for propargite, 0.353 and 0.440 mg/kg for hexythiazox, 0.983 and 1.263 mg/kg for spirotetramat, 0.897 and 1.270 mg/kg for imidacloprid, 1.690 and 2.057 mg/kg for spinosad, 0.923 and 1.2 mg/kg for cyenopyrafen at X and 1.25X dose respectively. These residues reached below limit of quantification (LOQ) (0.01 mg/kg) on 15th and 20th day for propargite, imidacloprid, spinosad and cyenopyrafen with a half-life of 1.653-2.395, 1.781-2.280, 1.570-2.279 and 1.697-2.419 days at X and 1.25X dose, respectively. For spirotetramat, residues reached
Open Access
POPULATION DYNAMICS OF INSECT PESTS INFESTING BROCCOLI AND TO EVALUATE MAJOR INSECTICIDES FOR THEIR BIOEFFICACY AND RESIDUES
(UHF Nauni, 2024-07-24) SAKSHI SHARMA; Sapna Katna
The present investigation entitled “Population dynamics of insect pests infesting broccoli and to evaluate major insecticides for their bioefficacy and residues” was carried out during 2021-2022 and 2022-2023 at Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (HP). Results of this investigation revealed that broccoli was found to be infested mainly with aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae (L.), diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) and flea beetle, Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze). Incidence of aphid and flea beetle was found to be present throughout the cropping season of broccoli (48th SMW to 10th SMW) while diamondback moth appeared from 4th to 6th SMW which persisted till 10th SMW. Weather parameters showed non-significant correlations with aphid population buildup; maximum and minimum temperature significantly affected diamondback moth larvae population; and maximum temperature, minimum temperature and rainfall significantly affected population buildup of flea beetles. Bioefficacy studies indicated that acetamiprid 20% SP at recommended dose (X) resulted in 75.50-76.52 per cent efficacy in controlling aphid populations, flubendiamide 20% WG at X dose showed efficacy of 76.97-79.62 per cent against diamondback moth and lambda-cyhalothrin 4.90% SC at X dose showed highest efficacy to the tune of 73.95-76.12 per cent in managing flea beetle populations. The average initial residues of cyantraniliprole (60 and 75 g a.i./ha), acetamiprid (15 and 18.75 g a.i./ha), flubendiamide (18.24 and 22.80 g a.i./ha), lambda-cyhalothrin (15 and 18.75 g a.i./ha) and novaluron (75 and 93.75 g a.i./ha) were in the range of 0.562-0.762, 0.757-1.069, 0.231-0.358, 0.473-0.687 and 1.172-1.494 mg/kg, respectively with a half-life of 1.873-2.354, 1.525-1.930, 1.371-1.620, 1.975-2.484 and 1.678-2.170 days in broccoli heads, respectively. No residues were detected in broccoli cropped soil at harvest time. No appreciable risk to consumers from rural and urban households was observed on the basis of acute hazard quotient (HQ) and chronic HQ values being less than 1 for all the insecticides
Open Access
BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF SERPENTINE LEAF MINER, LIRIOMYZA TRIFOLII (ORDER: DIPTERA, FAMILY: AGROMYZIDAE) IN TOMATO
(UHF Nauni, 2024-07-19) LALIT KALIA; Anil Sood
The present investigations entitled “Bio-ecology and Management of Serpentine Leaf Miner, Liriomyza trifolii (Order: Diptera, Family: Agromyzidae) in Tomato” were carried out during 2022 and 2023 under laboratory and field conditions at the Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni at an altitude of 1200 m asl. Survey studies on the host range of L. trifolii revealed the infestation of 39 plants belonging to 15 families. Maximum plants from the Cucurbitaceae family were found to be infested by this pest followed by Asteraceae, Solanaceae and Malvaceae family. Survey studies were conducted to record the observations on the pest incidence of L. trifolii in all the four agro-climatic zones comprising 18 different locations of Himachal Pradesh revealed that Zones 1 and 2 i.e. Nalagarh from Zone 1 showed the maximum overall pest infestation of 62.28 per cent during 2022 while Oachghat from Zone 2 showed the maximum pest infestation (56.23%) during 2023. Studies on seasonal abundance of eggs and larvae of L. trifolii on Solan Lalima and BSS 816 varieties of tomato during 2022 and 2023 revealed the fluctuating pest population with overall maximum activity from 21st to 35th standard week during 2022 and from 20th to 27th standard week during 2023. The pest incidence data were correlated with weather parameters and were found to have a significant positive correlation of eggs and larvae with temperature during 2022 and non-significant correlation during 2023. However, a negative correlation was recorded with both humidity and rainfall during both the years. Spatial distribution studies of L. trifolii on two tomato varieties viz. Solan Lalima and BSS 816 revealed that the pest was aggregately distributed on both crops throughout the cropping season. Biology and population growth parameter studies of L. trifolii on tomato revealed that the eggs were translucent white whereas, larvae were shiny yellow. The adults were yellowish-black with red eyes and black spots on the thorax region. Females were larger than males. Studies on different stages of leafminer on two tomato varieties revealed that incubation period of the leafminer on both verities was 2.4 ± 0.1 and the larval period ranged from 1.6 ± 0.1 and 1.6 ± 0.1 for I instar, 2.5 ± 0.1 days and 2.4 ± 0.1 days for II instar, 2.3 ± 0.1 and 2.5 ± 0.1 days for III instar. However, notable distinctions emerged in respect to the pupal period, with Solan Lalima showing 10.9 ± 0.2 days compared to BSS 816 as 7.6 ± 0.1 days. Female longevity for Solan Lalima was 16.7 ± 0.1 days, whereas on BSS 816 it was 19.5 ± 0.2 days. The life fertility data of L. trifolii on tomato revealed that female L. trifolii started egg laying on 21st day of the pivotal age with an average fecundity of 0.17 female eggs per day on Solan Lalima and 18th day of the pivotal age with an average fecundity of 0.70 female eggs per day on BSS 816. Studies on Phenol content estimation for tomato varieties revealed that for Solan Lalima, the phenolic content remained high across all replications with mean phenol content 0.984 AU compared to 0.606 in case of BSS 816. Four insecticides (Cyantraniliprole 10.26 % OD, Chlorantraniliprole 18.50 % SC, Thiamethoxam 25 % WG, Imidacloprid 17.80% SL) and four botanicals (NSKE, Azadirachtin 1%, Melia azedarach, NSKE + Teepol) were evaluated for their efficacy against L. trifolii during the year 2022 and 2023. The studies revealed that during the study period on both the crops Cyantraniliprole showed the maximum mortality of (70.26 %), followed by Chlorantraniliprole (64.60), Imidacloprid (59.02%), Thiamethoxam (57.33%), NSKE + Teepol (31.03%), NSKE (24.65%), Azadirachtin 1% (20.02%), Melia azedarach (17.67%).
Open Access
STUDIES ON DEFENCE PRIMING OF SEED AND SEED CROP IN CAULIFLOWER
(UHF Nauni, 2024-07-15) AKHILESH KOUNDAL; Narender K Bharat
The present investigation titled, “Studies on defence priming of seed and seed crop in cauliflower” was carried out in the laboratory and experimental farm of Department of Seed Science and Technology, Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (HP) during 2021 to 2023. Three experiments were conducted using cauliflower cv. Pusa Snowball K-I. In the first experiment conducted in vitro, seed priming was done with three plant defence activators viz., SA, JA, BABA each @ 0.50, 1.00, 1.50 and 2.00 mM; three salts viz., KNO3 @ 1.0 %, 1.5 %, 2.0 % and 2.5 %, CaCl2 @ 0.25 %, 0.5 %, 0.75 % and 1.0 % and NaCl @ 0.5 %, 0.75 %, 1 % and 1.25 % each for 12, 18, 24 and 36 hours and four biocontrol agents viz., Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma viride, Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas fluorescens for 4, 6, 8 and 10 hours. Based on different seed quality parameters best treatment from each plant defence activator, salt and biocontrol agent were selected. In the second experiment, the seeds were primed with the best selected treatments along with their combination and sown in nursery. The maximum values for total emergence (76.13 %), speed of germination (10.90), seedling height (20.36 cm) and minimum values for damping off (4.53 %) and virus infection (1.63 %) were recorded in the treatment SA @ 0.5 mM + KNO3 @ 1.5 % for 18 h. In the third experiment, healthy seedlings from each treatment sown in the nursery were transplanted in the field and a foliar application of the same was done at bolting and flower initiation stage. The minimum days to curd initiation (79.01) were observed in treatment T5 (SA @ 0.5 mM + KNO3 @ 1.5 % for 18 hours) and minimum days to curd maturity (115.22) were observed in treatment T14 (SA @ 0.5 mM + KNO3 @ 1.5 % for 18 hours & its spray). The maximum curd compactness (26.61), curd weight (746.70 g) and curd yield per plot (22.40 kg) were recorded in the treatment T14. The maximum plant height upto curd maturation (42.99 cm) and number of leaves per plant (16.56) were recorded in treatment T5. The maximum number of branches per plant (10.89) and plant height during seed set (78.85 cm), minimum number of days to flower initiation (132.42), maximum number of seeds per siliqua (14.98), minimum days to seed maturity (189.27), maximum seed yield per plant (18.09 g), maximum seed yield per plot (542.65 g), maximum seed yield per hectare (584.67 kg) and maximum 1000 seed weight (3.984 g) were all recorded in treatment T14. The minimum severity of diseases such as Alternaria blight (10.86 %) and black rot (30.76 %) was recorded in treatment T14 as well. The minimum incidence of diseases i.e. downy mildew (4.49 %), stalk rot (15.95 %) and yellows (5.15 %) were also found in the treatment T14. The maximum germination percentage (85.88 %), seedling length (14.41 cm), seedling dry weight (2.96 mg), seed vigour index – I (1237.93), seed vigour index – II (254.06), speed of germination (65.51), germination after accelerated ageing (83.00 %) and minimum total seed mycoflora (2.63 %) were all recorded in treatment T14. While untreated control was found to be the worst among all.The present investigation titled, “Studies on defence priming of seed and seed crop in cauliflower” was carried out in the laboratory and experimental farm of Department of Seed Science and Technology, Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (HP) during 2021 to 2023. Three experiments were conducted using cauliflower cv. Pusa Snowball K-I. In the first experiment conducted in vitro, seed priming was done with three plant defence activators viz., SA, JA, BABA each @ 0.50, 1.00, 1.50 and 2.00 mM; three salts viz., KNO3 @ 1.0 %, 1.5 %, 2.0 % and 2.5 %, CaCl2 @ 0.25 %, 0.5 %, 0.75 % and 1.0 % and NaCl @ 0.5 %, 0.75 %, 1 % and 1.25 % each for 12, 18, 24 and 36 hours and four biocontrol agents viz., Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma viride, Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas fluorescens for 4, 6, 8 and 10 hours. Based on different seed quality parameters best treatment from each plant defence activator, salt and biocontrol agent were selected. In the second experiment, the seeds were primed with the best selected treatments along with their combination and sown in nursery. The maximum values for total emergence (76.13 %), speed of germination (10.90), seedling height (20.36 cm) and minimum values for damping off (4.53 %) and virus infection (1.63 %) were recorded in the treatment SA @ 0.5 mM + KNO3 @ 1.5 % for 18 h. In the third experiment, healthy seedlings from each treatment sown in the nursery were transplanted in the field and a foliar application of the same was done at bolting and flower initiation stage. The minimum days to curd initiation (79.01) were observed in treatment T5 (SA @ 0.5 mM + KNO3 @ 1.5 % for 18 hours) and minimum days to curd maturity (115.22) were observed in treatment T14 (SA @ 0.5 mM + KNO3 @ 1.5 % for 18 hours & its spray). The maximum curd compactness (26.61), curd weight (746.70 g) and curd yield per plot (22.40 kg) were recorded in the treatment T14. The maximum plant height upto curd maturation (42.99 cm) and number of leaves per plant (16.56) were recorded in treatment T5. The maximum number of branches per plant (10.89) and plant height during seed set (78.85 cm), minimum number of days to flower initiation (132.42), maximum number of seeds per siliqua (14.98), minimum days to seed maturity (189.27), maximum seed yield per plant (18.09 g), maximum seed yield per plot (542.65 g), maximum seed yield per hectare (584.67 kg) and maximum 1000 seed weight (3.984 g) were all recorded in treatment T14. The minimum severity of diseases such as Alternaria blight (10.86 %) and black rot (30.76 %) was recorded in treatment T14 as well. The minimum incidence of diseases i.e. downy mildew (4.49 %), stalk rot (15.95 %) and yellows (5.15 %) were also found in the treatment T14. The maximum germination percentage (85.88 %), seedling length (14.41 cm), seedling dry weight (2.96 mg), seed vigour index – I (1237.93), seed vigour index – II (254.06), speed of germination (65.51), germination after accelerated ageing (83.00 %) and minimum total seed mycoflora (2.63 %) were all recorded in treatment T14. While untreated control was found to be the worst among all.

Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur

Agriculture University, Kota

Banda University of Agriculture and Technology, Banda

Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture & Technology, Ayodhya

Anand Agricultural University, Anand

Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Dist. - Nadia, West Bengal PIN - 741 252

Agriculture University, Jodhpur

Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat

Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour

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