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ThesisItem Open Access COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF INTRADERMAL VIS-A-VIS INTRAMUSCULAR PRE-EXPOSURE PROPHYLACTIC VACCINATION AGAINST RABIES IN CATTLE(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2022) SWATHI, G.; M. A. KshamaThe present study was conducted to evaluate efficacy of rabies pre-exposure prophylactic vaccine administered through different routes and to sequentially monitor level of rabies virus neutralizing antibody titres in cattle. The study was carried out in Department of Veterinary Medicine utilising 30 cattle from LFC, Veterinary College, Bengaluru. These cattle were divided into five groups of six animals each. Animals of Group I and III were immunized with 1 ml and 0.2 ml of rabies vaccine through intramuscular (IM) and intradermal (ID) route respectively, on day 0 with booster dose on day 21. Animals of Group II and IV were immunized with 1 ml and 0.2 ml of rabies vaccine through IM and ID route respectively, on day 0 alone without booster dose. Group V cattle were not vaccinated and maintained as control. Serum samples were collected on day 0, 14, 28 and 90 to estimate rabies virus neutralizing antibody (RVNA) titre by RFFIT. RVNA titres were above adequate level (≥ 0.5 IU/ml) in all cattle administered with rabies vaccine through IM and ID route by day 14 and maintained for 90 days until completion of study. The results of this study indicated that both routes of vaccination are safe and effective in providing protection against rabies. Even without booster dose, adequate level of immune response (≥ 0.5 IU/ml) was maintained for a minimum of 90 days. Hence, both routes can be considered for pre-exposure prophylaxis. However, ID route proved to be more economical due to its dose sparing effect.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON ASCITES OF HEPATIC ORIGIN IN DOGS(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2022) SALMAN MUSTAFA GHODESAWAR; Anil Kumar M. C)The present study was undertaken to investigate the different haematological and biochemical changes in ascites of hepatic origin in dogs. The study also aimed at studying different physical and biochemical changes in ascitic fluid of affected dogs. Dogs presented with the clinical signs of distended abdomen and fluid thrill during tactile percussion were considered irrespective of age, breed and gender. Dogs with ascites of cardiac origin and renal origin were ruled out. The highest occurrence of ascites in liver affected dogs was common among 1 to 4 years old, male Labrador dogs. Most common clinical signs were anorexia, dullness and depression, fever and vomiting. Leucocytosis, anaemia, thrombocytopenia, Hypocholestrolemia, increased levels of ALT, AST, GGT, PT duration hypoproteinemia and hypoalbuminemia were all the haemato-biochemical findings of liver affected ascitic dogs. On ultrasonography, diffuse increase in echogenicity of liver, rounding and irregularity of liver margins and anechoic peritoneal fluid in the abdomen were the consistent findings. Peritoneal fluid was clear, 6.5 to 9 pH, 1.005 to 1.020 specific gravity, 0.2 to 3.6 g/dL TP, 0.1 to 1.0 g/dL albumin. Mesothelial cells, neutrophils and few erythrocytes were observed on ascitic fluid cytology. Mean ± SE of serum ascites albumin gradients (SAAG) is 1.79 ± 0.082 (≥1.1g/dL). SAAG can be used as a screening test in ascites due to chronic liver disease and portal hypertension. Key Words: Ascites, serum ascites albumin gradient (SAAG), portal hypertensionThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON DIAGNOSIS OF HEPATIC INJURY IN DOGS(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCESUNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2022) POOJA, H. V.; M. A. KshamaThe present study titled “Studies on diagnosis of hepatic injury in dogs” carried out at Veterinary College Hospital, Bengaluru with objective to study biomarkers and ultrasonographic changes in hepatic injury in dogs and to determine the efficacy of biomarkers in early diagnosis of hepatic injury. Based on ALT values, dogs were divided into 3 groups of 6 animals each. Group I comprised of animals with clinical signs of liver disorder with elevated ALT (>102 IU/L), Group II with clinical signs of liver disorder with normal ALT levels (≤ 102 IU/L) and Group III was healthy control. Clinical signs exhibited in Group I and II were anorexia, depression, lethargy, weight loss, vomiting, diarrhea, polydipsia, polyuria, abdominal enlargement, behavioural changes and head pressing. Haematological changes were reduced Hb, TEC, PCV, platelet count and increased TLC in Group I, II compared to III. Biochemical changes were increased ALT, AST, ALP, GGT, total and direct bilirubin and decreased total protein and albumin in Group I, II compared to III. MicroRNA 122 was assessed by RT PCR in animals of Group I, II, III. No significant difference in ct values of MicroRNA122 in all Groups. Ultrasonography revealed marked changes in Group I, II compared to III. It was concluded that combination of biomarkers should be used for early diagnosis and progression of hepatic injury could be evaluated by any one or all of the biomarkers along with ultrasonography. It was also found that MicroRNA 122 did not prove useful for early diagnosis of hepatic injury in dogs. Keywords: Hepatic injury, ALT, GGT, Hb, TEC, MicroRNA122, RT PCRThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON FELINE PANLEUKOPENIA IN AND AROUND BENGALURU(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2022) MANIKANTASWAMY B M; Anil Kumar, M. C.)The present study was undertaken to investigate the occurrence and haematobiochemical changes of FPL in and around Bengaluru. The study also aimed at comparing immunochromatography with PCR for detection of FPLV from faecal samples of FPL suspected cats. PCR assay detected DNA of feline panleukopenia virus in 73.08 per cent faecal samples of suspected cats. FPL was shown to be more common among cats under six months old, males and nondescript breed of cats based on epidemiological data. Outdoor cats and non-dewormed cats were more likely to be infected. The most common clinical findings were noticed includes vomiting, diarrhoea, pyrexia/low temperature, dehydration, dullness/weakness, and anorexia. Leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, anaemia, increased AST and creatinine, hypoproteinemia and hypoalbuminemia were the haemato-biochemical findings of cats affected with FPL. Immunochromatographic strips (IC) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were used to detect FPLV from faecal samples of FPL suspected cats. PCR showed positive results in 73.08 per cent samples examined. The VP2 gene of FPV was targeted with PCR, which yielded 698 bp amplicons that were sequenced. BLAST analysis of the sequence revealed 99.85 homology to FPLV sequences available in the NCBI GenBank. The sensitivity and specificity of IC strip test was determined by comparing its results with PCR. Based on statistical analysis, the specificity of IC was good (100 %), whereas the sensitivity was poor (47.6 %) when compared to PCR. Thus, it is concluded that PCR is more sensitive than the IC in detecting FPLV in faeces. Key Words: Feline panleukopenia (FPL), Immunochromatography (IC), PCRThesisItem Open Access CERTAIN STUDIES ON OCULAR DISEASES IN CANINES(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2022) WANKHEDE MAMTA SANTOSHRAO; P. T. RameshThe present study was undertaken to ascertain the epidemiological features of ocular affections in dogs, to isolate the bacteria from affected cornea, sclera and eyelids and ABST pattern for bacteria. The overall incidence of ocular affections during December 2019 to November 2021 was 2.35 per cent. The year-wise incidence of ocular affections during these two years was 2.62 and 2.14 per cent, respectively. Conjunctivitis (15.86%), corneal ulcer (15.32%), cherry eye (11.94 %), were the most common affections observed. The prevalence of ocular affections was highest in younger dogs (0 to 3 years) and lowest in >10 years aged dogs. The male dogs were mostly affected by ocular affections than female. Among different breeds, the maximum prevalence was seen in Shih Tzu followed by Pug, Pomeranian, Saint Bernard, Labrador Retriever, Non- descript, Beagle and least in Lhasa Apso, Chihuahua and Basset Hound. E. coli (66.66%) was the predominant microflora in healthy normal dogs and Staphylococcus spp. (32.60%) was in affected cornea. Gram negative bacteria was predominant in normal cornea and Gram positive in affected cornea of dogs. Aerobic bacteria was sensitive to Ciprofloxacin (83.33%) and resistant to Kanamycin and Tobramycin (50.00% for each) from normal cornea and from affected cornea exhibited most sensitivity to Ciprofloxacin (56.52%) and least sensitivity to Kanamycin (69.56%).ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF CERTAIN PARAMETERS FOR DETECTION OF HEPATIC DISORDERS IN DOGS(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2022) DEEPIKA, H. M.; Anil Kumar, M. C.)The present study was conducted at Veterinary College Hospital, Hebbal, Bengaluru to study the haemato-biochemical changes and to assess the efficacy of alpha GST in the diagnosis of hepatic disorders in dogs. Ten apparently healthy dogs (control group) and 20 dogs with clinical signs suggestive of hepatic disorders were selected for the present study. All the animals were subjected to detailed clinical examination, haemato-biochemical analysis, α GST estimation and ultrasonography. The clinical signs exhibited by dogs with hepatic disorders were partial/complete anorexia, lethargy, ascites, vomiting, fever, polydipsia, polyuria, icterus, weight loss, diarrhoea, limb oedema and melena. The major haematological changes observed were reduced Hb concentration, TEC, PCV, platelet count and increased TLC in dogs with hepatic disorders compared to control group. The major biochemical changes recorded were increased ALT, GGT, Total bilirubin and decreased Total Protein and Albumin. There was a significant elevation in α GST levels in dogs with hepatic disorders compared to control group. Among the dogs confirmed for hepatic disorders, twelve dogs were selected and divided into Group I and Group II, each consisting of six dogs. Group I dogs were treated with Silybin and S-adenosyl methionine and Group II dogs with herbal preparations containing Chicory (Kasani) and Caper Bush for 15 days along with symptomatic therapy. Though both the therapeutic regimens were efficacious in treating hepatic disorders in dogs, Silybin and S-adenosyl methionine was found to be more efficacious due to faster clinical recovery and lesser time for the restoration of haemato-biochemical parameters to near normalcyThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON MINERAL PROFILE MAPPING AND COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF MINERAL SUPPLEMENTATION IN LACTATING DAIRY COWS IN BIDAR DISTRICT(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR-585 226, 2022) SOMASHEKHAR BHEEMANAGOUDA; VIVEK R. KASARALIKAR)The present study was conducted in three phases. In the first phase, collection of samples (soil, fodder and serum) was done in five taluks (Aurad, Basavakalyan, Bhalki, Bidar and Humnabad) of the Bidar district of Karnataka. In the second phase, estimation and analysis of samples were done. The mean ± SE values of Ca, Mg, P, Cu, Fe and Zn content of soil were found to be 11.96 ± 0.40, 6.01 ± 0.21 (cmol/kg), 14.91 ± 0.50 (kg/ha), 1.75 ± 0.16, 4.87 ± 0.35 and 1.43 ± 0.12 (ppm), respectively. The overall prevalence (%) of soil Ca, Mg, P, Cu, Fe and Zn were 0, 0, 33, 18, 20 and 26, respectively. Similarly, the average Ca, Mg, P, Cu, Fe and Zn contents of fodder were 0.36 ± 0.01, 0.25 ± 0.01, 0.25 ± 0.01 (%), 8.37 ± 0.28, 265.69 ± 18.73 and 45.46 ± 2.07 (ppm), with deficiency (%) of 05, 03, 37, 22, 17 and 25, respectively. The overall prevalence (%) of serum Ca, Mg, P, Cu, Fe and Zn deficiency in the lactating dairy cattle were 24, 04, 34, 21, 20 and 24, respectively. In the third phase, a comparative evaluation of mineral supplementation in mineral deficient lactating cows was conducted. Both supplements were found to be equally effective in alleviating macromineral deficiencies and concerning improvement in milk yield, haemogram, serum micro minerals, vital indices and serum biochemistry, commercial feed supplement was marginally superior. The chelated area-specific mineral mixture was found to be a cost-effective source for routine supplementation for health and production except for the therapy of anaemic animals, which needs an additional iron supplement.ThesisItem Open Access CLINICO-PATHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR DIAGNOSIS OF LUMPY SKIN DISEASE IN CATTLE(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR 585 226, 2022) SHILPA; SANDEEP HALMANDGELumpy skin disease is an infectious, emerging viral disease of cattle caused by Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV). The present study reports point prevalence of LSD in cattle at Veterinary Clinical Complex, Veterinary College, Bidar in cattle was 18.85 per cent. Based upon the course of clinical signs, early stage and late stage was recorded in 49.56 per cent and 50.44 per cent respectively. The apparent clinical signs observed were skin nodules (100 %), lymph node enlargement (89.82 %), fever (62.39%) and edema (46.90 %). Haematology analysis revealed leukopenia, lymphopenia, macrocytic anaemia in early stage whereas hypochromic microcytic anaemia and thrombocytosis were observed in late stage of the disease. Serum biochemical analysis revealed increase in AST and ALP levels and hypoalbumenia in LSD affected cattle. Detection of LSDV infection using polymerase chain reaction revealed, out of 26 tissue samples 17 (65.38 %) were found positive for P32 and F gene with 192 bp and 472 bp respectively. Histopathology of skin lesions revealed ballooning degeneration, parakeratosis and hyperkeratosis in epidermal cell layer. Dermal cell layer was characterised by vasculitis, infarction, thrombosis, papillary projections with downward hyperplasia and infiltration of inflammatory cells. Intracytoplasmic round/ oval shaped eosinophilic inclusion bodies were observed in the epithelial cells. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the current study isolates were having 100 per cent nuclear identity with LSDV isolates from Odisha state.ThesisItem Open Access DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT OF TRYPANOSOMIASIS IN DONKEYS(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR-585226, 2022) MALLIKARJUN SANNADANI; N. A. PATILIn the present study was conducted on trypanosomiasis in donkeys of Bidar district, where 253 donkeys were screened for trypanosomiasis. A total of 17 donkeys were found to be positive for trypanosomiasis. The overall incidence of trypanosomiasis in the present study was 6.71 per cent (17/253) in donkeys. The agewise incidence was higher (18.60 %) in the 3-6 years age group. The month-wise incidence of trypanosomiasis in donkeys was higher in October (15.49 %). The sexwise incidence of trypanosomiasis of donkeys was more in males. Trypanosomiasis in donkeys showed clinical signs were unthriftiness, progressive weight loss, pale CMM, fever, swollen prescapular lymph nodes, corneal opacity and scrotal oedema. Clinical parameter Viz., RT, HR, RR and CLT were increased and paler CMM in trypanosomiasis of donkeys. The haemotological analysis revealed leukopenia neutropenia, lymphocytosis, anaemia, thrombocytopenia and biochemical analysis revealed hypoglycemia, hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia, and significant (p <0.05) increase of A: G ratio, ALP, AST and ALT level in trypanosomiasis of donkeys. The diagnostic efficacy of various methods among these mHCT (82.35%) and PCR (100.00%) revealed high sensitivity and specificity. The gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis revealed cattle like T. evansi infection in donkeys with nucleotide homology of cattle isolate (98.19 %) in India. The therapeutic efficacy of isometamidium and quinapyramine prosalt were both equally effective. Isometamidium chloride Hcl and quinapyramine sulphate and chloride both yielded successful therapeutic results in donkeys.
