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Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture & Forestry, Solan
Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan, was established on 1st December, 1985 with the objective to promote education, research and extension education in the fields of Horticulture, Forestry and allied disciplines. Late Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar, the first Chief Minister and the architect of Himachal Pradesh perceived the importance of Horticulture and Forestry to develop and improve the State economy which led to the establishment of this University. Its history lies in erstwhile Himachal Agricultural College, Solan, established in 1962 and affiliated to the Panjab University. It became one of the campuses of Agriculture Complex of Himachal Pradesh University on its formation in 1970. Consequent upon the establishment of Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya in 1978, this campus became its Horticulture Complex and finally in 1985, assumed the status of a State University, being the only University in the country engaged exclusively in teaching, research and extension in Horticulture and Forestry.
The University is located at Nauni in Solan District of Himachal Pradesh, 13 km from Solan on Solan-Rajgarh Road, at an elevation of 1300 metres above mean sea level. Solan town is situated on national highway (NH-22) and is well connected by train and bus services.
The University has four constituent colleges, out of which, two are located at the main campus Nauni, one for horticulture and the other for forestry, having 9 and 7 departments, respectively. The third College i.e., College of Horticulture & Forestry is located at Neri in Hamirpur District on Nadaun-Hamirpur state highway, about 6 Km from Hamirpur town and is well connected with bus service. The college offers three Undergraduate Degree Programmes i.e. BSc (Hons.) Horticulture, BSc (Hons.) Forestry and B. Tech. Biotechnology and MSc degree programme in a few subjects. The fourth college i.e. College of Horticulture and Forestry, Thunag (Mandi) is located at Thunag District Mandi. This college offer BSc (Hons.) Horticulture and BSc (Hons.) Forestry degree programme. In addition, there are five Regional Research Stations, 12 Satellite Stations and five Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) situated in different zones of the State.
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ThesisItem Open Access DEVELOPMENT OF MICROBIAL CONSORTIA FOR CONVERSION OF ORGANIC WASTE TO COMPOST AND TO EVALUATE ITS EFFICACY IN PLANT GROWTH PROMOTION IN Solanum lycopersicum L.(UHF Nauni, 2024-04-18) DIMPLE; Nivedita SharmaThe present study evaluated seven potential hydrolytic enzyme-producing in-house bacterial isolates from the Microbiology laboratory of Basic Sciences. These potential bacterial isolates were morphologically and genotypically characterized and, identified as Bacillus subtilis (BM1), Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (SH8), Paenibacillus polymyxa (G7), Bacillus aerius (GC6), Brevibacillus parabrevis (C1), Bacillus axarequensis (P6), and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (P9). These isolates produced various hydrolytic enzymes such as amylase, lipase, protease, cellulase, xylanase, pectinase, and laccase. These isolates showed maximum inhibition zones against various plant pathogens and also checked for its antibiogram activity. These were tested positive for various PGP attributes including ammonia, HCN, N2 fixation, protease, cellulase, chitinase, P-solubilization, siderophore, IAA, gibberellins, and cytokinin production in primary and secondary screening. Salt tolerance capability, inter-biocompatibility was also tested, and a liquid bioformulation was prepared for composting of different organic waste. Three solid based carriers i.e. charcoal, talcum, and cocopeat were tested for the formation of soild bioformulation. Charcoal was found to be the most effective solid carrier with the highest shelf life, outperforming talcum and cocopeat for the degradation of organic waste. These charcoal based compost was tested for its efficacy in Solanum lycopersicum L. under glass house conditions in a vegetable farm of UHF Nauni, Solan. The T5(biocompost) treatment showed the highest number of primary branches, fruits, average fruit weight, yield/plant, and plant height as compared to other treatments. A mature biocompost was produced under a pit experiment in Sultanpur village with a darker brown color, higher nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and Cu/Zn content as compared to the control. The compost was characterized using FTIR, SEM, and TEM, revealing its successful formation as amorphous, fibrous, and more granular than the control. This biocompost was then used in an open field conditions of Sultanpur where the highest yield of tomato and physiochemical properties of soil was observed. The T5 biocompost treatment demonstrated the highest number of primary branches/plant, fruits/plant, average fruit weight, yield/plant, fruit yield/plot, yield/ha, and plant height in field conditions. A solid bioformulation was developed using hydrolytic enzyme-producing isolates with PGP attributes to reduce chemical fertilizer usage in tomato cultivation which enhances crop production, and reduces pollution.ThesisItem Open Access IDENTIFICATION OF STABLE VARIETIES AND FORECASTING MODEL FOR ASSESSING CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT ON APPLE YIELD AND HARVEST LOSSES IN HIMACHAL PRADESH(UHF,NAUNI, 2023-12-12) NEHA MISHRA; R K GUPTAABSTRACT The present study has been carried out in high hill zone and cold dry zone of Himachal Pradesh which was divided into three zones as per altitudinal range viz. Zone I (1000-1600 m amsl), Zone II (1600-2200 m amsl) and Zone III (Above 2200 m amsl) to identify the stable varieties, development of forecasting model to assess the impact of climate change and assessing the harvest losses. Primary data was recorded for the metric characters to identify stable varieties for response patterns to environmental change. Jeromine was found to be stable genotype for all the metric characters studied using multi trait stability index. Pre harvest forecast models of apple yield for the varieties studied were done using multiple linear regression. Secondary data for the period of 1990-2021was used to forecast apple yield on the basis of weather parameters indicating all the parameters serve as best fit model using ARIMAX model. Vulnerability index for Lahaul Spiti district had highest value (0.539) and Shimla district had the lowest value (0.448) among five selected districts using Iyengar and Sudarshan method. The agricultural and occupational variables were the major contributors towards the vulnerability over the period 2000-2021 for the selected districts. The contribution of the climatic variables towards vulnerability was highest in Solan district (25.95 %) and lowest in Shimla district (9.97 %), the contribution of demographic variables was also highest in Solan (15.38 %) and lowest in Shimla district (7.63%). Furthermore the study explored total production of apple per hectare for each zone which was found to be higher for zone II (1600-2200) m amsl i.e. 64.35 q/ha with higher losses (10.58%) among all the zones considered for the present study. Overall, this investigation provided valuable insights into apple genotype stability, yield forecasting, vulnerability to climate change, and losses during harvesting and grading stages which offered useful implications for apple growers to adapt with the climate change, policThesisItem Open Access FORECASTING INSTABILITY IN PRICES AND ARRIVALS OF SELECTED VEGETABLES IN NORTHERN INDIAN MARKETS(UHF,NAUNI, 2023-11-02) VISHNU SHANKAR S; ASHU CHANDELThe present investigation titled "Forecasting instability in prices and arrivals of selected vegetables in Northern Indian markets" explores the arrival and price dynamics of daily used vegetables of Indian household such as chilly, garlic, ginger, onion, and potato using different statistical analyses. Data on the monthly arrivals and prices of these selected vegetables were considered for the markets like Chandigarh, Delhi, Dehradun, and Shimla from the period 2008 to 2009. Descriptive statistics along with CDVI were calculated for the study data which confimed the presence of instability in the arrivals and prices ranging from medium to high. The CGR computed for the data showed that the arrivals growth rate was high in the Dehradun market whereas the price growth rate was high in Dehradun and Chandigarh markets. Different trend equations were fitted for the data which showed that the cubic model fits well for arrivals data whereas the cubic and power models fit well for price series. Seasonality indices computed for the data using Ratio-to-Moving averages confirmed that the arrivals and prices are in perfect relation. The structural break points computed for the arrivals and prices confirmed the presence of more drifts in the price series rather than the arrivals series of vegetables across the years. Different methods were employed for examining the presence of spatial market cointegrations among the markets. The Granger causality test unveiled the presence of unidirectional and bidirectional relationships among the markets across different markets. ARDL test was employed for chilly and ginger whereas the Johansen cointegration test was employed for garlic in which both the test confirms the presence of long-run and short-run relationships. The presence of short-run relationships in onion and potato was confirmed using the VAR model. Different forecasting techniques such as ARIMA, ANN, ARIMA-ANN, ARMA GARCH, EEMD-ARIMA, and EEMD-ANN were employed for the data. The best-performing model was selected using the different error measure criteria and the selected model was used for future forecasting. Among all the models, EEMD-ANN, followed by EEMD-ARIMA, emerged as the best-fitting model for the arrivals and prices series, while ANN and ARIMA-ANN also demonstrated good fits for certain data sets.ThesisItem Open Access STATISTICAL INVESTIGATIONS ON RESIN PRODUCTION IN HIMACHAL PRADESH(UHF,NAUNI, 2023-06-21) PAWAN KUMAR; R K GUPTAABSTRACT This research entitled “Statistical Investigations on resin production in Himachal Pradesh” considered three major resin producing districts of Himachal Pradesh viz. Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Sirmour. The primary data on 360 trees of Pinus roxburghii were collected through well planned survey from six ranges randomly selected through multi-stage sampling. Four stratification rules were used and it was found that equalization of cumulative rule showed minimum variance among these stratification rules and resin production for year 2022 was estimated to be 86541.93 quintals. The results of stability analysis using Eberhart and Russel model provided confirmatory evidences that diameter class 40-50 cm showed stable diameter class having greater than zero, approaches to one and is low. Diameter class 40-50 cm was identified as stable diameter class with respect to resin yield and was suitable for general adaptions. Data were also recorded on various morphological characteristics to check the relative contribution of these morphological characters towards resin yield. The result of discriminant analysis revealed that Aghar, Hamirpur and Swarghat ranges was found to be high yielder ranges whereas Bhradi, Narag and Rajgarh ranges were found to be low yielder ranges. The results of principal component analysis revealed that tree diameter was playing important role in resin yield, which explained 55.38 per cent of the total variation. The secondary data on number of blazes and resin yield of Himachal Pradesh w.e.f. 2005 to 2020 was used and various prediction models were applied and tested. The quadratic model was found to be best fitted model for estimation of number of blazes and resin yield with highest value of and lowest value of RMSE, C.V, Theil’s inequality coefficient and nonsignificant F value (chow test). The predicted number of blazes and resin yield of Himachal Pradesh for year 2024 was found to be 1690989 and 71748 quintals respectively. An annual decreasing growth rate in resin yield and number of blazes was obtained during the study periodThesisItem Open Access MOLECULAR DIVERSITY OF RHIZOBIA ASSOCIATED WITH LEGUMINOUS TREE SPECIES GROWN UNDER DIFFERENT AGRO-CLIMATIC ZONES OF HIMACHAL PRADESH(UHF,NAUNI, 2023-05-31) GAURAV KUMAR; ANJALI CHAUHANABSTRACT The present investigations were conducted to determine the genetic diversity of rhizobia with plant growth promoting traits associated with A. lebbeck and L. leucocephala grown under different agro climatic zones of Himachal Pradesh by amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA). The preliminary identification based on different authentication tests, viz. congo red test, bromothymol blue test, growth in Hofer’s alkaline broth and ketolactose medium a total of 105 isolates were tentatively identified as Rhizobium sp. Out of 105 isolates, forty-four were P-solubilzers, forty-three were siderophore producers and sixty were HCN producers. Twelve showed antagonism against Rhizoctonia solani, thirteen against Fusarium oxysporum andfifteen against Pythium sp. The maximum P-solubilization (184.63 μg/ml) was recorded for isolate BiA3 and maximum IAA production (84.56 μg/ml) was noted for isolate MaA1. Maximum siderophore production with zone size of 12 mm was recorded with the isolate MaA1 on CAS medium in A. lebbeck. In L. leucocephala, the maximum P-solubilization (180.15 μg/ml) was recorded for isolate SoL9 and maximum IAA production (86.28 μg/ml) was noted for isolate SiL7. Genetic diversity of 33 most potential isolates of A. lebbeck and L. leucocephalawas studied using restriction enzymes AluI and MspI by ARDRA. 33 isolates were grouped into six and seven major phylotypes, respectively. Among 33 sequenced isolates, 15 isolates were Rhizobium, 2 isolates were Agrobacterium and 16 isolates were from another genus (Bacillus, Arthrobacter, Paenibacillus, Serratia and Glutamicibacter). Inoculation with PGP rhizobia in six different treatment combination showed that the application of R. leguminosarum BiA3 and R. jaguaris HrL2 had significant increase in shoot height, root length, root and shoot biomass, number of nodules, leghemoglobin content and nitrogenase activity over uninoculated controlThesisItem Open Access A HOLISTIC APPROACH FOR BIOUTILIZATION OF LIGNOCELLULOSIC WASTE FOR VALUE ADDED PRODUCTS(UHF,NAUNI, 2022-12) SHARMA, POOJA; SHARMA, NIVEDITAABSTRACT The present study was carried out to collect, pretreat, separate components from agro-forestry waste biomass of Himachal Pradesh (i.e. Solan, Sirmour, Kangra and Una), their application in biofuel production and as biocontrol agent. Among all the collected waste biomass, agricultural mix was found to have 12.56% lignin, 37.61% holocellulose, forestry mix contained 20.12% of lignin, 35.70% of holocellulose whereas pine needles were analyzed to be composed of 17.22% lignin and 36.90% holocellulose content. After acidic and alkali pretreatments, the lignin and holocellulosic contents of untreated biomass increased up to maximum 30.96% (lignin) and 47.54% (holocellulose) as observed in Organosolv pretreatment of forestry biomass. The pretreated biomass was then utilized separately for nanoparticles synthesis (using lignin) and biofuel production (holocellulosic residue). In- house hyper-cellulase (Bacillus stratosphericus N12) and hyper-xylanase (Bacillus altitudinus Kd1) producing bacteria were screened qualitatively and quantitatively for enzyme production where they showed zone size of 22mm, 21mm on agar plate assay and enzyme activity of 1.69 IU/ml and 4.83 IU/ml respectively. The enzyme cocktail of cellulase and xylanase produced by selected bacterial isolates were further utilized for saccharification of untreated and pretreated agricultural/forestry/pine needle holocellulosic residue and highest reducing sugars were produced by organosolv pretreated agricultural holocellulosic residue (22.53mg/g). Co-culture of yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pichia stiptis was employed for fermentation of saccharified liquor in ratio of 2:1 and ethanol yield was observed to be 28.70g/l for organosolv pretreated forestry holocellulosic residue. Optimization of process parameters for ethanol fermentation was performed by Classical One Factor at a Time (COFAT) approach keeping inoculum size, fermentation pH, incubation time and incubation period in view. Each parameter contributed to increase the yield of ethanol fermentation and achieved highest yield at 28.44 g/l by applying Central Composite Design of Response Surface Methodology. Lignin based zinc oxide nanoparticles (L-ZnO NPs) were synthesized and characterized by using UV-Vis, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), High Resolution Transmission Electrom Microscopy (HRTEM) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR) techniques which confirmed their successful formation of nanoparticles, their wurtzite structure, rod shaped morphology and average size of 20-50nm. The L-ZnO NPs were tested in laboratory against 3 phytopathogenic fungi (Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium proliferatum and Stemphylium vesicarium) and then the concentration with highest antifungal activity was employed in pot trial experiment on Garlic crop for 60 days trial experiment where the L-ZnO NPs demonstrated strong antagonistic efficacy against the phytopathogenic fungi. The environmentally friendly, cost-effective lignin-derivation from agro-forestry waste, utilization of holocellulosic residue in bioethanol production and subsequent lignin-mediated zinc oxide nanoparticle synthesis process would help in the prodThesisItem Open Access CHARACTERIZATION OF DROUGHT TOLERANT PLANT GROWTH PROMOTING RHIZOBACTERIA AND THEIR EVALUATION ON STRAWBERRY (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.)(UHF,NAUNI, 2022-11) DHIMAN, VINAY KUMAR; RANA, NEERJAABSTRACT Drought is the prime abiotic stress that rigorously influence plant growth, yield and quality attributes of the crops. For sustainable agriculture, drought resistant plant growth promoting rhizobacteria are new encouraging prospects, which are inexpensive and have no side effects as those of synthetic fertilizers. The present investigation was carried by isolation and enumeration of soil samples from during rainfed areas of six sites of three districts of Himachal Pradesh. The maximum bacterial count was recorded as 5.70×106 log cfu/g in Dhaula Kuan site of Sirmaur district. A total of 111 bacterial isolates were isolated from the collected soil samples. The isolates were screened for osmotic stress (-0.05MPa, -0.15MPa,-0.30MPa, -0.49MPa, -0.73MPa) attained with PEG concertation. The 41 isolates were selected after stress of -0.73 MPa with PEG 25 percent concentration. These 41 isolates were screened for ACC deaminase, EPS production, Proline, Total and free amino acids and 33 isolates were selected as drought tolerant isolates. These 33 were then screened for growth promoting traits. Among these 33 isolates 84.8 per cent isolates were P- solubilizers, 63.6 per cent were N-fixer, 93.9 per cent were Ammonia producers, 57.6 per cent were HCN producers and 60.6 per cent were siderophore producers. Out of 33 isolates quantitative estimation of 27 isolates selected and further tested for quantitative estimation of growth promoting traits The isolates SDK8 and SBU4 showed maximum potential for P- solubilization i.e., 92.86 μg/ml and 94.57 μg/ml, siderophore production of 63.12 %SU and 52.14 %SU, IAA production of 72.64 μg/ml and 74.63 μg/ml. The isolates SDK8 and SBU4 were able to grow maximum at incubation period of 48 hours, pH 7.0 and temperature of 35°C. These two isolates were tested further for their growth promoting and drought tolerating abilities in strawberry. The interactive effect of selected PGPR in strawberry plants under water stress (3,5,7 and 10 days) was performed. The plants were able to tolerate water stress upto 3,5,7 days only. Moreover, the significant increase in vegetative growth parameters with T1(PGPR1) and T2(PGPR2) alone and in combination with consortium T3(PGPR1+PGPR2) was recorded. The consortia recorded highest increase in plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, number of runners, shoot fresh and dry weight, root length, root fresh and dry weight and over uninoculated control. Treatment T3 also showed significant increase in biochemical constituents (increased level of relative leaf water content, total chlorophyll, protein and decreased level of phenol, antioxidant) in strawberry leaves. Interactive effect of water stress and recovery with selected Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) was observed on the vegetative and fruiting characteristics of strawberry. The observations were recorded after 3, 5 and 7 days interval of water stress and recovery. The plants were statistically at par with control with PGPR after water stress for 3, 5 and 7 days and recovery. The application of PGPR showed significant increase in vegetative growth parameters with T1(PGPR1) and T2(PGPR2) alone and was highest with treatment of consortia T3(PGPR1+PGPR2) over uninoculated control. It was also found that fruit yield parameters viz. number of flowers (19.33), fruit weight (8.59g) and fruit quality the treatment viz. total soluble sugars (11.09%), titrable acidity (0.54), anthocyanin (45.89mg/100g), ascorbic acid content (42.92 mg/100g), sugar content showed maximum increase with treatment of consortia T3(PGPR1+PGPR2) compared to uninoculated control. Thus, outcome of this comparative investigation indicates that Pseudomonas fluorescens (SBU4) and Pseudomonas glycinae (SDK8) are drought tolerant and possess the multiple beneficial properties of growth promotion. Therefore, these two isolates could be utilized as bioinoculant in strawberry to improve yield and quality even under short term drought stress conditions.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON CONJOINT APPLICATION OF PLANT GROWTH PROMOTING RHIZOBACTERIA AND CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS ON GROWTH PROMOTION OF CARNATION (Dianthus caryophyllus L.)(UHF,NAUNI, 2022-12) SUJATA; CHAUHAN, ANJALIABSTRACT Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus Linn.) belongs to the family Caryophyllaceae which grows in the temperate zone of the northern part of the world. Carnation is one of the most beautiful flowers in the world due to its availability in a wide range of attractive colors, sizes and long-lasting vase life, and remarkable ability to rehydrate after continuous shipping. Carnation cultivation is more adapted to a region having mild climatic conditions and provides immense remunerations to growers. Himachal Pradesh offers plentiful space for the cultivation of carnation throughout the year due to the presence of mild climatic conditions. The soil as a culture medium does not meet all the requirements to obtain better quality, maximum growth, flowering, and yield. So, there is a need to standardize the optimum dose of nutrients to increase the yield, improve the soil structure, and physio-chemical properties under a potential environment. The current research was performed to characterize rhizospheric and endophytic bacterial of carnation rhizosphere as plant growth promoting rhizobacteria. A total of 100 isolates were characterized based on plant growth promoting traits, further 54 isolates were selected for phosphate solubilization, siderophore production, indole acetic acid production, extracellular enzyme activities, HCN production and antifungal against Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizoctonia solani. Out of 54 isolates, 6 most efficient bacteria with highest number of PGPR traits were identified as Brucella thiophenivorans, Psychrobacillus psychrodurans, Glutamicibacter sp., Paenarthrobacter nitroguajacolicus, Bacillus subtilis and Stenotrphomonas maltophilia, respectively. Out of these, 2 best isolates, P. psychrodurans strain SSR7 and B. subtilus strain SRR29 and 1 already isolated Pseudomonas chlororaphis strain NH3 (reference strain) were used for quality production of carnation under polyhouse with variable doses of chemical fertilizers. The treatment T9 containing 70% basal dose of NP and Psychrobacillus psychrodurans strain SSR7 showed best plant parameters such as days taken to flower bud formation (98.17 days), days taken to first flowering (121.33 days), plant height (96.40 cm), stem length (76.48 cm), number of flowers per plant (6.57), weight of cut flower stem (34.14 g) and vase life (16.40 days). Moreover, soil parameters such as available NPK content and total viable microbial count was also observed significantly high in treatment T9 (70% basal dose of NP and Psychrobacillus psychrodurans strain SSR7).ThesisItem Open Access IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF BACTERIAL BIOFORMULATION ON Trillium govanianum (Wall. ex Royle) UNDER INTEGRATED APPLE FARMING SYSTEM(UHF,NAUNI, 2022-12) SUDARSHHA; SHARMA, NIVEDITAABSTRACT Among the list of critically endangered medicinal plants of Himalayan region, Trillium govaniaunm commonly known as ‘Nag Chhatri’ is one of the most valuable among them. Due to its notable health benefits and rising demand, it is now being traded illegally and causing overexploitation of this plant from natural habitats causing its inclusion in the list of critically endangered medicinal plants. Malus×domestica Borkh, (apple), is one of the most widely cultivated and top most cash crop og Himachal Pradesh. The present study is aimed to isolate and identify the potential growth promoting bacterial endophytes from rhizome of T. govaniaum for cultivation and its establishment with apple under integrated farming system. The collection of rhizome samples has been done from four different locations (Yulla, Meeru, Bari and Niachr) of Kinnaur district of Himachal Pradesh. In total 107 bacterial endophytes were isolated from rhizome and roots of T. govanianum. All isolates were screened for the PGP traits, P-solubilisation, siderophore, ammonia, HCN production and lytic enzyme activity out of which 22 had been selected for secondary screening for drought tolerance. On the basis of secondary screening three potential bacterial endophytes Ar 13, Ar17 and Ms5 were finally selected. The three in-house rhizobacterial isolates i.e. YL3,YL11, YL12 and three selected endophytes i.e. Ar13, Ar17 Ms5 have been further selected for molecular characterisation by 16S rRNA sequencing and were identified as Pantoea vagans Ar13, Microbacterium phyllosphaerae Ar17, Pseudomonas mandeli Ms5, Alcaligenes faecalis subsp. Phenolicus YL3, Pantoea vagans YL11, and Brevundimonas naejangsanensis YL12. Furthermore, the charcoal bioformulation for these particular endophyte bacterial strains was prepared. The field experiment was conducted in farmers apple orchard for consecutive two years in 8-10 year (Malus×domestica cv. Royal delicious) at three distinct agroclimatic locations i.e. Yulla Bari and Nichar of Kinnaur district HP. The selected bacterial isolates were utilized individually, in consortia with reduced dose of fertilizer to examine the favorable impact of bioformulation on Apple and T. govanianum growth characteristics. Comparing the inoculation with bioformulations to the uninoculated control, present findings demonstrated a beneficial effect. In comparison to other treatments on the various plant characteristics, the consortia of P. vagans+ M. phyllosphaerae +P. mandeli was ascertained as best for successful cultivation, establishment and growth promotion of T. govanianum in all three sites and in case of apple consortia of endophytes/consortia or rhizobacteria+80% NPK exerted the statistically significant effect for the growth, yield and quality parameters of apple. The findings of this study are highly significant for developing bioformulations in intercropping system
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