A HOLISTIC APPROACH FOR BIOUTILIZATION OF LIGNOCELLULOSIC WASTE FOR VALUE ADDED PRODUCTS
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Date
2022-12
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UHF,NAUNI
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The present study was carried out to collect, pretreat, separate components from agro-forestry waste
biomass of Himachal Pradesh (i.e. Solan, Sirmour, Kangra and Una), their application in biofuel production and
as biocontrol agent. Among all the collected waste biomass, agricultural mix was found to have 12.56% lignin,
37.61% holocellulose, forestry mix contained 20.12% of lignin, 35.70% of holocellulose whereas pine needles
were analyzed to be composed of 17.22% lignin and 36.90% holocellulose content. After acidic and alkali
pretreatments, the lignin and holocellulosic contents of untreated biomass increased up to maximum 30.96%
(lignin) and 47.54% (holocellulose) as observed in Organosolv pretreatment of forestry biomass. The pretreated
biomass was then utilized separately for nanoparticles synthesis (using lignin) and biofuel production
(holocellulosic residue). In- house hyper-cellulase (Bacillus stratosphericus N12) and hyper-xylanase (Bacillus
altitudinus Kd1) producing bacteria were screened qualitatively and quantitatively for enzyme production where
they showed zone size of 22mm, 21mm on agar plate assay and enzyme activity of 1.69 IU/ml and 4.83 IU/ml
respectively. The enzyme cocktail of cellulase and xylanase produced by selected bacterial isolates were further
utilized for saccharification of untreated and pretreated agricultural/forestry/pine needle holocellulosic residue
and highest reducing sugars were produced by organosolv pretreated agricultural holocellulosic residue
(22.53mg/g). Co-culture of yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pichia stiptis was employed for fermentation
of saccharified liquor in ratio of 2:1 and ethanol yield was observed to be 28.70g/l for organosolv pretreated
forestry holocellulosic residue. Optimization of process parameters for ethanol fermentation was performed by
Classical One Factor at a Time (COFAT) approach keeping inoculum size, fermentation pH, incubation time
and incubation period in view. Each parameter contributed to increase the yield of ethanol fermentation and
achieved highest yield at 28.44 g/l by applying Central Composite Design of Response Surface Methodology.
Lignin based zinc oxide nanoparticles (L-ZnO NPs) were synthesized and characterized by using UV-Vis, X-ray
Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Field Emission Scanning Electron
Microscopy (FESEM), High Resolution Transmission Electrom Microscopy (HRTEM) and Nuclear Magnetic
Resonance (1H NMR) techniques which confirmed their successful formation of nanoparticles, their wurtzite
structure, rod shaped morphology and average size of 20-50nm. The L-ZnO NPs were tested in laboratory
against 3 phytopathogenic fungi (Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium proliferatum and Stemphylium vesicarium)
and then the concentration with highest antifungal activity was employed in pot trial experiment on Garlic crop
for 60 days trial experiment where the L-ZnO NPs demonstrated strong antagonistic efficacy against the
phytopathogenic fungi. The environmentally friendly, cost-effective lignin-derivation from agro-forestry waste,
utilization of holocellulosic residue in bioethanol production and subsequent lignin-mediated zinc oxide
nanoparticle synthesis process would help in the prod