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Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture & Forestry, Solan
Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan, was established on 1st December, 1985 with the objective to promote education, research and extension education in the fields of Horticulture, Forestry and allied disciplines. Late Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar, the first Chief Minister and the architect of Himachal Pradesh perceived the importance of Horticulture and Forestry to develop and improve the State economy which led to the establishment of this University. Its history lies in erstwhile Himachal Agricultural College, Solan, established in 1962 and affiliated to the Panjab University. It became one of the campuses of Agriculture Complex of Himachal Pradesh University on its formation in 1970. Consequent upon the establishment of Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya in 1978, this campus became its Horticulture Complex and finally in 1985, assumed the status of a State University, being the only University in the country engaged exclusively in teaching, research and extension in Horticulture and Forestry.
The University is located at Nauni in Solan District of Himachal Pradesh, 13 km from Solan on Solan-Rajgarh Road, at an elevation of 1300 metres above mean sea level. Solan town is situated on national highway (NH-22) and is well connected by train and bus services.
The University has four constituent colleges, out of which, two are located at the main campus Nauni, one for horticulture and the other for forestry, having 9 and 7 departments, respectively. The third College i.e., College of Horticulture & Forestry is located at Neri in Hamirpur District on Nadaun-Hamirpur state highway, about 6 Km from Hamirpur town and is well connected with bus service. The college offers three Undergraduate Degree Programmes i.e. BSc (Hons.) Horticulture, BSc (Hons.) Forestry and B. Tech. Biotechnology and MSc degree programme in a few subjects. The fourth college i.e. College of Horticulture and Forestry, Thunag (Mandi) is located at Thunag District Mandi. This college offer BSc (Hons.) Horticulture and BSc (Hons.) Forestry degree programme. In addition, there are five Regional Research Stations, 12 Satellite Stations and five Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) situated in different zones of the State.
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ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF SEED PRIMING AND FOLIAR APPLICATION OF PACLOBUTRAZOL ON PLANT GROWTH, FLOWERING, QUALITY ATTRIBUTES AND SEED YIELD IN VERBENA(UHF Nauni, 2024-03-24) VINAY; BS DiltaThe present investigation titled, “Effect of seed priming and foliar application of paclobutrazol on plant growth, flowering, quality attributes and seed yield in verbena” was carried out at Research Farm and Laboratory of the Department of Seed Science and Technology, Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (HP) during 2021-22 and 2022-23. First experiment was carried out in CRD under protected conditions using cocopeat and sand (3:1, v/v) in protrays, comprising 22 seed priming treatments of GA3, PEG 6000 and hydropriming along with control and evaluated based on the warranted parameters of quality seedlings. One best treatment among each was used for 2nd experiment under field conditions. It was observed that GA3 seed priming treatment T5 (100 ppm for 24 hours), significantly improved the seedling emergence (84.00 %), seedling length (13.61 cm), seedling dry weight (126.67 mg), SVI-I (1143.46) and SVI-II (10639.66). However, among osmopriming with PEG 6000, treatments, T13 (-1.0 MPa for 12 hours) resulted in significantly increase in the seedling emergence (83.00 %), seedling length (13.57 cm), seedling dry weight (124.35 mg), SVI-I (1126.06) and SVI-II (10320.94). Hydropriming for a duration of 24 hours was found best amongst its other durations and resulted in highest seedling emergence (80.88 %), seedling length (10.61 cm), seedling dry weight (119.41 mg), SVI-I (858.09) and SVI-II (9657.98). Therefore, seed priming with GA3 (100 ppm for 24 hours), osmopriming with PEG 6000 (-1.0 MPa for 12 hours) and hydropriming for 24 hours was used for field trial along with control. Second experiment was laid out in RCBD (factorial) for field studies and CRD (factorial) for laboratory studies. In addition to seed priming treatments, foliar application of paclobutrazol (0, 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 ppm) was done at 40 days after transplanting of seedlings. Data for various growth, flowering and seed yield contributing characters were recorded along with seed quality parameters of harvested seeds. From the investigation it was concluded that, seed priming with GA3 (@ 100 ppm for 24 hours) + foliar application of paclobutrazol @ 5.0 ppm has improved all the parameters under study by increasing number of branches per plant (51.92), plant spread (29.52 cm), number of flowers per plant (588.92), duration of flowering (74.67), number of capsules per plant (367.22), seed yield (3.01 g per plant and 27.11 g per plot), estimated seed yield per hectare (216.84 kg) and 1000 seed weight (2.091 g) including best quality seeds exhibiting highest germination percentage (83.13 %), seedling length (7.38 cm), seedling dry weight (0.640 mg), SVI-I (614.91), SVI-II (53.21), highest germination after AAT (75.25 %), lowest EC (99.25 μS/cm) and gave highest net return (Rs. 3830999) and B:C ratio (7.57:1) in verbena. Therefore, based on the positive outcomes observed in the investigation, the treatment combination comprising seed priming with GA3 @ 100 ppm for 24 hours and foliar application of paclobutrazol @ 5.0 ppm can be suggested to use after multi-location testing for achieving improved plant growth, flowering and higher yield of quality seeds in verbena under mid hill conditions of HPThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF EMS AND COLCHICINE TREATED SEEDS ON PLANT GROWTH AND FLOWERING IN MARIGOLD(UHF Nauni, 2024-02-24) PARINITI KUMARI; BS DiltaThe investigation titled, "Effect of EMS and colchicine treated seeds on plant growth and flowering in marigold" was carried out at the Research Farm and Laboratory of the Department of Seed Science and Technology, Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (HP) during the years, 2021-22 and 2022-23. The seeds of two cultivars namely, ‘Pusa Bahar’ and ‘Pusa Deep’ of marigold were treated with 14 treatments viz., T1 (control), T2 (hydropriming for 12 hours), T3 (hydropriming for 12 hours + seed soaking in 0.25% EMS for 6 hours), T4 (hydropriming for 12 hours + seed soaking in 0.50 % EMS for 6 hours), T5 (hydropriming for 12 hours + seed soaking in 0.75 % EMS for 6 hours), T6 (hydropriming for 12 hours + seed soaking in 1.00 % EMS for 6 hours), T7 (hydropriming for 12 hours + seed soaking in 1.25 % EMS for 6 hours), T8 (hydropriming for 12 hours + seed soaking in 1.50 % EMS for 6 hours), T9 (hydropriming for 12 hours + seed soaking in 0.025% colchicine for 1.5 hours), T10 (hydropriming for 12 hours + seed soaking in 0.050 % colchicine for 1.5 hours), T11 (hydropriming for 12 hours + seed soaking in 0.075 % colchicine for 1.5 hours), T12 (hydropriming for 12 hours + seed soaking in 0.100% colchicine for 1.5 hours), T13 (hydropriming for 12 hours + seed soaking in 0.125 % colchicine for 1.5 hours) and T14 (hydropriming for 12 hours + seed soaking in 0.150 % colchicine for 1.5 hours). The experiment was laid out in RCBD (factorial) for field studies. Data on various growth and flowering parameters were recorded. The germination percentage, plant height, duration of flowering and peduncle length decreased with the increase in the EMS and colchicine concentrations. Among the EMS treatments, maximum value for plant spread (54.03 cm and 55.21 cm), number of branches (26.01 and 17.76) and number of flower heads per plant (48.85 and 62.40) in both the cultivars (‘Pusa Bahar’ and ‘Pusa Deep’) were recorded in T7. In ‘Pusa Bahar’ and ‘Pusa Deep’, the maximum flower head diameter (4.68 cm and 3.68 cm) and flower head weight (4.66 g and 1.76 g) was recorded in T3. Among the colchicine concentrations, the highest number of branches (29.45 and 18.97), number of flowers per plant (40.56 and 61.39), flower diameter (4.94 cm and 3.97 cm) and flower weight (4.94 g and 1.94 g) was recorded in T12 in both the cultivars. Variations in foliage colours and flower head colour were also observed in T4, T5, T6 T7, T9, T10, T11, T12, T13 and T14. One sectorial chimera was also induced in one flower head in ‘Pusa Deep’ by treatment T14. Accordingly, it is concluded from the outcomes of the investigation that seed treatment with T7 and T12 can be recommended to promote the growth and flowering characters in marigold cultivars, ‘Pusa Bahar’ and ‘Pusa Deep’. In addition, 20 variants (10 each in ‘Pusa Bahar’ and ‘Pusa Deep’) were induced with various treatments and which were identified, selected and evaluated under this investigationThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF SEED PRIMING TREATMENTS AND FOLIAR APPLICATION OF PACLOBUTRAZOL ON SEED YIELD AND QUALITY IN SALVIA (Salvia splendens Sellow ex Schult.)(UHF Nauni, 2024-08-21) ANU SHARMA; BS DiltaThe investigation titled, "Effect of seed priming treatments and foliar application of paclobutrazol on seed yield and quality in salvia (Salvia splendens Sellow ex Schult.)" was carried out at Research Farm and Laboratory of the Department of Seed Science and Technology, Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (HP) during 2021-22 and 2022-23. First experiment was carried out in laboratory in completely randomized design (CRD) replicated four times, with 100 seeds per replication. There were twenty seed priming treatments viz. hydro priming for 12 hours, hot water treatments @ 50°C for 10 minutes, 15 minutes and 20 minutes and soaking of seeds in distilled water overnight, priming of seeds in the solutions of GA3 (100 ppm, 150 ppm, 200 ppm, 250 ppm for 12 hours), cow urine (5, 10 , 15 and 20 % for 12 hours), cow dung slurry for 12 hours and 24 hours and bio priming of seeds with Pseudomonas chlororaphis for 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours including untreated control. Amongst them, priming of seeds in cow dung slurry for 24 hours significantly resulted in the increasing of germination percentage (85.38 %), seedling length (5.72 cm), seedling dry weight (2.36 mg), seed vigour index-I (488.44), seed vigour index-II (201.79) and it was followed by cow urine @ 10 % for 12 hours and GA3 @ 150 ppm for 12 hours. However, lowest germination percentage (51.62 %), seedling length (3.42 cm), seedling dry weight (1.48 mg), seed vigour index-I (176.62), seed vigour index-II (76.51) was observed in the treatment of bio priming with Pseudomonas chlororaphis for 96 hours. The second experiment was laid out in RCBD (factorial) for field studies and CRD (factorial) for laboratory studies. To carry out the second experiment, seed priming treatments viz., cow dung slurry for 24 hours, cow urine @ 10% for 12 hours and GA3 @ 150 ppm for 12 hours were selected to raise the stocky and good quality seedlings in pro trays under poly house conditions. Then the salvia seedlings (treatment wise) were transplanted under field conditions in 48 plots of size 1 m × 1 m to raise successful crop. After 40 days of transplanting, the salvia plants were sprayed with paclobutrazol (0, 5, 10 and 20 ppm). Data on various growth, flowering and seed yield and quality contributing characters were recorded. From the present investigation, it was concluded that the treatment combination, seed priming with cow dung slurry for 24 hours and foliar application of paclobutrazol @ 10 ppm after 40 days of transplanting had exhibited highest values for plant spread (42.34 cm), number of branches per plant (12.03), number of spikes per plant (16.83), number of pods per plant (546.03), seed yield (7.36 g/plant, 66.20 g/plot and 496.46 kg/ha), 1000 seed weight (3.805 g), germination percentage of freshly harvested seeds (83.75 %), seedling length (5.80 cm), seedling dry weight (2.22 mg), speed of germination (13.61) as well as lowest EC (0.146 dS/m). However, maximum plant height (46.51 cm), spike length (17.31 cm) and number of florets per spike (60.67) was reported in the plants raised from seed lot primed with cow dung slurry for 24 hours and without application of paclobutrazol. Accordingly, it may be inferred from the outcomes of the investigation that seed priming with cow dung slurry for 24 hours along with the foliar application of paclobutrazol @ 10 ppm is an appropriate treatment combination for promoting the growth, flowering as well as seed production in salvia under mid hill conditions of Himachal PradeshThesisItem Open Access Standardization of method for preparation of low calorie candies of apple (Malus domestica)(College of Horticulture & Forestry Dr YSP UHF, Neri, Hamirpur(H.P.), 2024-04-18) Koundal, Vishal; Thakur, MeenakshiThe potential use of Golden Delicious and Granny Smith apple varieties for developing low calorie candies was examined based on their physico-chemical and sensory characteristics. Both the apple varieties were found to be suitable for candy preparation due to rich content of ascorbic acid (8.62-10.91 mg/100g), crude fiber (3.38-3.76%), ash (2.41-2.48%), total sugars (8.31-8.63%), and reducing sugars (4.89-5.13%). The moisture content of apple fruits ranged from 84.17-85.00%, while total solids varied between 15.00-15.83%. Additionally, the varieties exhibited varying contents of total soluble solids (12.80-14.80°B), titratable acidity (0.40-0.68%), pH (3.00-4.00) and antioxidant activity (31.60-35.57%). Five different sweeteners viz., sugar (control), sorbitol, xylitol, maltitol and honey + stevioside were assessed for the preparation of apple candies. Among various osmotic treatments, the combination of honey and stevioside exhibited the highest apple candy yield (73.25%) followed by maltitol (70.93%). Among various sweeteners, candies prepared using honey + stevioside and maltitol received the highest scores in sensory evaluation and their storage stability at ambient temperature was assessed by packing them in high density polyethylene (HDPE) and aluminum laminated pouches. Various chemical and sensory attributes of stored candies were assessed at an interval of 0, 30, 60, and 90 days. Candies prepared from Golden Delicious using different sweeteners i.e., sugar, maltitol and honey + stevioside showed a slight increase in titratable acidity, total sugars and reducing sugars content ranging from 0.66-0.81%, 67.62-71.69% and 45.4251.68%, respectively over a 90-days storage period when packed in HDPE and aluminum laminated pouches. Candies prepared from Granny Smith using different sweeteners also showed a slight increase in titratable acidity, total sugars and reducing sugars content ranging from 0.68-0.89%, 66.10-72.74% and 44.70 51.15%, respectively over a 90-days storage period when packed in HDPE and aluminum laminated pouches. No microbial growth was observed in any of the candies. The cost of production of honey + stevioside apple candies packed in aluminium laminated pouches inclusive of a 20% profit margin was calculated to be Rs. 222.81/200 g and Rs. 225.66/200g for Golden Delicious and Granny Smith varieties, respectively. Thus, preparing apple candies via osmotic dehydration technique using maltitol and a blend of honey with stevioside, followed by packaging in aluminum laminated pouches found to be the most suitable and recommended method.ThesisItem Open Access Utilization of hill lemon peel for preparation of candy using different sweeteners(College of Horticulture & Forestry Dr YSP UHF, Neri, Hamirpur(H.P.), 2024-04-12) Verma, Dharuv; Chaudhary, PreetiThe utilization of agricultural by-products has gained increasing attention as a sustainable approach in the food industry. This study explores the potential of hill lemon peel, an often underutilized by product, for the preparation of candy using different sweeteners. The objective is to develop a value- added product while addressing environmental concerns associated with agricultural waste. Hill lemon peel is rich in vitamin C, known for its antioxidant properties and immune-boosting affects. The study results revealed that hill lemon peel contains various valuable component in appreciable amount such as vitamin C (39.84 mg/100g), pectin (1.70%), limonin (11.54 mg/100g), naringin (32.81 mg/100g), phenols (5.28 mg/100g), tannins (30.62%), antioxidants (89.46%) and many other bioactive compounds. Various methods viz., slow and fast, were used for preparation of candy using different sweeteners such as sugar, jaggery, honey and sorbitol. Among the two methods, candies prepared by slow method using sugar, jaggery, honey and sorbitol exhibited the highest candy yield (70.18%) as compared to fast method (68.22%) as well as retention of nutrient compounds with good sensory scores. This standardized method further used to check storage stability of candies at ambient temperature in different packaging materials high density polyethylene (HDPE), aluminium laminated pouches and glass jars. Various quality attributes of stored candies were assessed at an interval of 0, 30, 60 and 90 days of staorage. A slight decrease was recorded in various physico chemical characteristics like moisture content, titratable acidity, ascorbic acid content, phenols and antioxidant activity, while parameters like total solids, TSS, pH, brix/acid ratio, total sugars, reducing sugars and non enzymatic browning increased during three months of storage. Out of all sweeteners, candies prepared with jaggery syrup and packed in aluminium laminated pouches was effective in retaining better physico-chemical characteristics and scored highest in terms of sensory scores on 9-point hedonic scale. Furthermore, leftover syrup of different sweeteners was utilized for preparation RTS beverage. Results of RTS beverage showed that RTS prepared from slow method jaggery syrup was adjudged best on chemical and sensory attributes. The utilization of hill lemon peel for candy preparation offers a promising avenue for by-product valorization. The incorporation of different sweeteners allows for the customization of candies to cater to diverse consumer preferences. This research encourages further exploration of innovative approaches to minimize agricultural waste while creating novel, marketable food products.ThesisItem Open Access Standardization of extraction methods and preservation techniques of Hill Lemon (Citrus pseudolimon Tan.) juice(College of Horticulture & Forestry Dr YSP UHF, Neri, Hamirpur(H.P.), 2024-04-10) Shrey, Sumit; Chaudhary, PreetiThe present study was conducted to standardize various hill lemon juice extraction methods its preservation and evaluate juice quality during storage. Hill lemon is rich in vitamin C, known for its antioxidant properties and immune boosting effects. The study revealed that the juice of hill lemon contains various health-related elements and valuable components such as vitamin C (40.68mg /100g), naringin (8.84 mg/100 ml), limonin (3.32 mg/100 ml), citric acid (5.01%), antioxidants activity (66.57%), phenols (3.91 mg GAE/100g) and many other bioactive compounds, which confer vascular protection, reduce inflammation, improve gastrointestinal function and health and play an important role in preventing conditions like diabetes, cancer and various neurological diseases. Various extraction methods viz., Screw type juice extractor with and without peel, crushing of fruit with and without peel and then pressing in hydraulic press for juice extraction and rosing/burr machine were used for juice extraction. Out of five juice extraction method, hill lemon juice extracted without peel using screw type juice extractor had the maximum juice yield 49.17 per cent and adjudged ‘like moderately’ on the 9-point hedonic scale. This method of juice extraction was further used for storage study prior to storage juice was pretreated with PVP @1.5 per cent for debitter and clarify juice and packed in PET and glass bottle using various preservative techniques viz., heat processing, KMS @350ppm SO2, sodium benzoate @350ppm, heat processing with addition of KMS @350ppm and heat processing with addition of sodium benzoate @350ppm and kept under ambient storage temperature for storage study. A slight decrease was recorded in various physico-chemical characteristics like cloud, titratable acidity, ascorbic acid, non-reducing sugars and antioxidant activity while parameters like sedimentation, TSS, pH, reducing sugars, total sugars, limonin, naringin and non enzymatic browning increased during the three months of storage. Out of all the preservative methods, juice stored with KMS @350 ppm and packed in glass bottles was effective in retaining better physico-chemical characteristics and scored highest in terms of sensory scores on 9 point hedonic scale during storage. This research contributes to the understanding of sustainable and efficient practices for processing and preserving hill lemon juice, potentially benefiting local industries, small-scale farmers, and consumers alike.ThesisItem Open Access Appraisal of Existing Agroforestry Systems in Hamirpur Tehsil of District Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh(College of Horticulture and Forestry Dr YSP UHF, Neri, Hamirpur(H.P.), 2024-04-10) Pathania Kajal; Sharma, Som DuttThe current study was conducted in 2022–2023 and is titled "Appraisal of Existing Agroforestry Systems in Hamirpur Tehsil of District Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh." The study area is located at an elevation of 786-1250m above mean sea level, with coordinates ranging from latitude 31°25' to 31˚52' N and longitude 76°18' to 76˚44 'E. Through multistage random sampling, eight panchayats were selected, and two villages were chosen from each panchayat to examine the socioeconomic standing of the farmers and the vegetation composition of the land use systems they practiced. A total of three farmers from each category viz.marginal category (<1 ha), small category (1-2 ha), and medium category (2-4 ha) were chosen from each village. Personal interviews with the heads of each household and field visits were used to gather the data according to a pre-planned schedule. Farmers in the study area were practicing five distinct agroforestry systems in accordance to the study viz. agrisilviculture (AS), agrisilvihorticulture (ASH), agrihorticulture (AH),agrisilvipastoral (ASP), and silvipastoral (SP). The sampled households' average family size was 4.57 individuals per family, and the overall sex ratio was 953. The medium category of farmers had the highest (91.80%) recorded literacy rate. The main crops of the Rabi season were Wheat, Potato, Garlic, Cauliflower, and Cabbage. Whereas, Maize, Tomato, Colocasia and Turmeric were the predominant crops of kharif season. Acacia catechu, Grewia optiva, Bauhinia variegata, Toona ciliata, Morus alba, Ficus religiosa, Mallotus philippensis, and Albizia lebbeck were among the prominent tree components found along the bunds and boundaries of farm fields in Agrisilviculture system. On the other hand, Mangifera indica, Morus alba, Litchi chinensis, Psidium guajava, Citrus limon and Carica papaya were the main fruit tree species in Agrihorticulture system. The primary tree species in the silvipastoral system were Dalbergia sissoo, Acacia catechu, Ziziphus mauritiana, and Pinus roxburghii, while the primary grass species were Cenchrus ciliaris, Themada anathera, Panicum maximum, and Setaria sphacelata. Irrespective of farmers categories, the highest grand total biomass (27.83 t/ha) was observed in Silvipastoral system. Among all the category of farmers the maximum net returns (₹1,24,425/ha/yr) were reported from agrisilvihorticulture (ASH) and least (₹4,326/ha/yr) from silvipastoral system as economic value (₹/ quintal) of trees was calculated for fuelwood and fodder only. The primary roadblocks identified in the research area were fragmented landholdings, poor extension, insufficient irrigation, and lower involvement of youth in farming. Implementing location-specific diagnostic surveys, bolstering adoption of new technologies, efficient markets, willing adoption of certain villages by agriculture research centres and state agricultural universities to start various agricultural projects and so on are examples of pertinent agroforestry solutions. The ASH system type was determined to be the best from an economic point of view based on the research mentioned above.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of biofertilizers on growth and yield of black chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) varieties under mango-based agroforestry system(College of Horticulture & Forestry Dr YSP UHF, Neri, Hamirpur(H.P.), 2024-04-09) Saini, Himanshu; Guleria, VipanThe present investigation entitled “Effect of biofertilizers on growth and yield of black chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) varieties under mango-based agroforestry system” was carried out during the year 2022-2023 at Regional Horticultural Research and Training Station, Jachh-Kangra under sub-tropical conditions of Himachal Pradesh. The aim of the research was to determine the effect of biofertilizers (Rhizobium and Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria) and mango trees on growth and yield attributes of black chickpea varieties grown as an intercrop along with the effect of the agroforestry system on the soil properties. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with combination of factors; varieties (Him Palam Chana-1, HPG-17, PBG-7) and biofertilizers having twelve treatment combinations, replicated thrice in order to estimate growth, yield, economic feasibility and soil properties under agroforestry system and control. Result showed the maximum values for growth and yield parameters of black chickpea varieties treated with combined application of rhizobium and phosphate solubilizing bacteria under mango-based agroforestry system as compared to control. The highest seed yield of black chickpea for all three varieties viz. Him Palam Chana-1, HPG-17, PBG-7 was registered in which with the seeds are treated with both Rhizobium as well as phosphate solubilizing bacteria (Rh + PSB) i.e., 12.56 q ha-1, 14.70 q ha-1 and 13.15 q ha-1 respectively. The lowest seed yield for each variety was however, recorded in control in which seeds are not treated with biofertilizers i.e., 9.39 q ha-1, 12.06 q ha-1 and 10.06 q ha-1, respectively. Among all treatments the highest (4.66q ha-1) total plant biomass was recorded (except seed yield) when biofertilizers were used in combination and the lowest (4.07 q ha-1) in control where no biofertilizers were applied. Physical properties bulk density, particle density, porosity and soil moisture content of soil and chemical properties namely pH and electrical conductivity does not show a significant change before and after the application of biofertilizers while there was significant increase in soil nutrients N, P and K. HPG-17 variety recorded the maximum available nitrogen and potassium content in the soil followed by Him Palam Chana-1 and PBG-7. The highest phosphorus content in the soil was recorded under variety PBG-7. From economic point of view, higher (Rs. 1,34,750.00 ha-1) gross returns and B:C (2.63) ratio were obtained in T6 (Mango + HPG-17+ Rh + PSB) as compared to control. Overall, it was concluded that among the three chickpea varieties HPG-17 performed best when grown with the mango tree and combined application of Rhizobium and PSB. Farmers should adopt this combination (Mango + black chickpea) with biofertilizers applications under similar agro-ecological conditions for higher economic returns.ThesisItem Open Access Assessment of genetic stability of in vitro regenerated plantlets of Chlysanthemum morifolium L.(College of Horticulture & Forestry Dr YSP UHF, Neri, Hamirpur(H.P.), 2024-04-08) Sharma, Neeraj; Reena KumariThe present investigation was carried out on "Assessment of genetic stability of in vitro regenerated plantlets of Chlysanthemum morifolium L". Nodes, leaves, shoot tips and ray florets from maintained mother plants of chrysanthemum were used as the source of explants. These explants were treated with 5percent bavistin for l min followed by 0.3 percent sodium hypochlorite for 60 sec proved to be best as it gave 87.0 percent survival rate of nodal explant. 0.2 percent mercuric chloride for 30 sec proved to be best as it gave 83.0 percent survival rate of leaf explant. 0.1 percent mercuric chloride for 30 sec proved to be best as it gave 87.0 percent survival rate of shoot tip explant and 0.1 percent mercuric chloride for 60 sec proved to be best as it gave 85.0 percent survival rate of ray floret explant. Surface sterilized explant was culture on MS medium supplemented with different growth regulator and maximum in vitro shoot regeneration 92.0 percent from nodal explant was observed on MS medium supplemented with 1 .0 mg/I BAP and 1.0 mg/I NAA. However, Maximum direct shoot regeneration 85.0 percent was observed using shoot tip explant on MS medium containing 2.0mg/I NAA + 0.5mg/1 TDZ. Further MS medium fortified with 0.5mg/I BAP + 2.0mg/l IAA proved to be the best and showed 86.0 percent indirect shoot regeneration in case of ray floret explant. Whereas, MS medium fortified with l .5mg/1 BAP + 0.3mg/l 2, 4-D was reported to show 98.0 percent indirect shoot regeneration frequency from leaf explant. In vitro raised rnicroshoots were multiplied further on MS medium containing l .Omg/1 NAA+1 .0mg/1 BAP. Microshoots cultured on half strength MS media supplemented with 0.5mg/1 IBA showed 90.0 percent rooting after 3-4 weeks. Well developed in vitro raised plantlets were hardened in potting mixture containing cocopeat: perlite in 1:2 ratio with 85.0 percent survival rate. The genetic fidelity of Chrysanthemum morifolium L. clones was assessed by using SCoT (Start codon targeted) marker. Among 33 SCoT primers, 21 primers showed good scorable bands. The average number of monomorpbic bands per primer was 3.33 and with overall 96.16 percent monomorphism . The similarity coefficient values was ranged from 0.96 to 1.00 for SCoT markers. The results revealed that SCoT primer showed overall good monomorpbism (96.19) and six in vitro raised plants out of nine were found to be 100 percent similar to mother plant showing true to type nature of in vitro regenerated Chrysanthemum Morifolium L. plants. Hence, this protocol could be used for the large-scale production of true to type planting material of Ch1ysanthemum morifolium L.
