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ThesisItem Open Access PREVALENCE AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SALMONELLA SPECIES / SUBSPECIES AT DIFFERENT ECO-EPIDEMIOLOGICAL UNITS OF ANIMAL INTERFACE(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2022) SHAMANTH RAKKITH R.N.; MADHAVAPRASAD C. B.Salmonella non-enterica subspecies are commonly found in cold-blooded animals, rarely in warm-blooded animals. Therefore, the current study with the aim to detect Salmonella enterica and non-enterica subspecies in different ecoepidemiological units of animal interface was undertaken. Out of six ecoepidemiological units, the highest prevalence of Salmonella species and subspecies was present in Bhadravathi (unit 5), followed by Kodamaggi (unit 2), Abbalgere (unit 6), LFC-VCS (unit 1), Anupinakatte (unit 4) and Massur (unit 3) with prevalence of 7.27 %, 4.44 %, 4.44 %, 2.85 %, 2.22 %, and 2 %, respectively. The overall prevalence of Salmonella enterica and Salmonella subspecies non-enterica was found to be 2.9 % (n=9) and 0.96 % (n=3), respectively. Salmonella genus was confirmed by targeting invA gene, while Salmonella species and subspecies by targeting gatD, stn, STM4057, fljB, and mdcA genes. Out of 9 Salmonella enterica isolates, 6 were confirmed as Salmonella Typhimurium by targeting typh gene. Dendrogram produced nine clusters (C1-C9) and with Simpson’s genetic diversity index of 0.9974. Varying resistance was observed for ampicillin, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, doxycycline, gentamicin, kanamycin, nalidixic acid, and tetracycline, while all the isolates showed 100 % resistance to penicillin-G among overall Salmonella species and among Salmonella Typhimurium isolates, ampicillin and penicillin-G showed MAR >0.2. Out of 6 Salmonella Typhimurium isolates, five were confirmed as ESBL producers by both phenotypic and genotypic methods. At 24-hours, none of the isolates formed biofilm, while most isolates were moderate biofilm producers at 48 and 72 hours. Key words: Salmonella enterica, invA gene, MAR, ESBL.ThesisItem Open Access PREVALENCE AND CHARACTERIZATION OF LISTERIA SPECIES AT DIFFERENT ECO-EPIDEMIOLOGICAL UNITS OF ANIMAL INTERFACE(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2022) MAMATHA S. P.; MADHAVAPRASAD C.B.The current study was undertaken with the objective of studying Listeria species from different eco-epidemiological units of animal interface in the rural and peri-urban areas of Shivamogga district. A total of 310 samples were collected, analysed, characterized by biochemical, sugar fermentation and molecular methods. The overall prevalence of Listeria species was found to be 2.5%. Epidemiological unit wise, the prevalence of Listeria species was found to highest in the (Abbalgere) 4.4%, (Massur) 4% followed by (Bhadravathi) 3.63%, (Anupinakatte) 3.63% and (L.F.C, VCS) 1.42%. Culturally, identified Listeria species were subjected to PCR targeting of 16SrRNA, Lmo1030, namA, scrA and Oxidoreductasi genes. Further, the isolates were subjected to PCR targeting the virulence associated genes viz., plcA, hlyA, iap and prfA. Out of 310 samples eight isolates were identified as L.monocytogenes (0.6%), L. ivanovii (0.6%), L. welshimeri (0.6%) and L. grayi (0.6%). Genetic diversity of the isolates were performed by ERIC PCR where six ERIC types/cluster (C1to C6) were found with the Shannon weiver index of 0.752 and Simpson index of 0.928. Antibiogram showed that the eight Listeria species where resistant to bacitracin (62.5%) and cefotaxamie (62.5%), whereas susceptible to ciprofloxacin (62.5%), chloramphenicol (50%) and gentamicin (50%). The MAR index of L. monocytogenes (F113 and M9) was found to be 0.25 and 0.18, L. ivanovii (F82 and VS6) was 0.0625 and 0.125, L. welshimeri ( PF4 and F118) was 0.125 and 0.3125 and L.grayi (S3 and SD1) was 0.0625 and 0.125, respectively. L. monocytogenes and L. ivanovii showed weak biofilm ability at 24hrs were as, L.welshimeri and L.grayi were non biofilm formers. At 48 hrs, L. monocytogenes were moderate biofilm formers and at 72 hrs, L.monocytogenes were strong biofilm formers, L.ivanovii moderate biofilm formers, L.welshimeri and L.grayi were weak biofilm formers KEY WORDS: 16SrRNA, ERIC-PCR, AST, BiofilmThesisItem Open Access Yellappa(KVAFSU,Bidar, 2021) YellappaThe study was conducted to know awareness level and risk factors involved in incidences of KFD in 4 taluks of Shivamogga distirict and the data was collected from 200 respondents through pre-tested interview schedule. Majority (97.6%) of the KFD infected respondents were hospitalized for an average of 11 days (range 2-45 days) with relapse among 38.1 per cent. Majority of KFD affected people were male (58.3%), middle age (82.1%), landless (44.00%), low icome (54.8%), 81.00 per cent of them had live stock and freely leaving outside for grazing (92.6%). Ten families had more than one patient. Awareness level found to be high in heavy infected taluks and low in less infected taluks, over all medium level awareness in Shivamogga district. More human KFD infections found where more movement and death of monkeys observed. Respodents of heavy infected taluks had high risks and low risk factors in less infected taluks. Landless and low-income respondents have got high risks but school going and children of below 6 years also got infected who don’t have any risk factors except possessing animals. Majority of the respondents visit forest for dry leaves and fire wood and remove bedding material once in more than one month. Over all 84.00 per cent of the resondents have taken vaccine and 76.2 per cent of vaccinated respondents have got infection, overall vaccine efficacy was 63.08 per cent. Major constraints were poor acceptance of vaccine, adverse effects of DMP oil, and poor awareness in adopting personal protection measures. Intensive IEC activieties are required to create awareness among the people about misconceptions about vaccine, role of livestock, not to use bedding material, to follow strict tick control measures and to use personal protection measures specially to wear gumboots. Key words: KFD, Zoonotic disease, awareness, risk factors, vaccine, DMP oilThesisItem Open Access ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE AND MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY OF SALMONELLA AND STAPHYLOCOCCUS SPECIES IN MILK VALUE CHAIN(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2021) SUPRIYA K.; NAGAPPA KARABASANAVARFood safety has become central to the food trade; as milk and dairy products continue to nourish the public, ensuring food safety across the dairy supply chain is of paramount importance. Therefore, a cross sectional study involving 720 samples of the milk value chain was undertaken with the objective of detection of Salmonella and Staphylococcus species as food safety hazards. Prevalence of Salmonella spp was 0.41%; isolates, recovered from milker’s hand, feed and water were found resistant to ampicillin and tetracycline. Staphylococcus species were detected in 4.3% samples of milk supply chain and comprised of coagulase positive (S. aureus 67.7%, S. intermedius 6.4%) and coagulase negative (S. lentus 9.6%, S. sciuri 3.2%, S. xylosus 3.2%, S. schleiferi 3.2%, S. felis 3.2% and S. gallinarum 3.2%) species. Staphylococcus isolates were found resistant to methicillin (32.2%), beta-lactam (41.9%) and macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B(3.2%). All the methicillin resistant Staphylococcus isolates carried mecA gene. Questionnaire survey indicated lack and proper information about the antimicrobials use; clean milk producing practices and food safety. The PFGE profiling traced origin of a milk isolate of S. aureus to the soil; however, diverse pulsotypes indicated varied origin of antimicrobial resistant isolates. Findings of this study highlighted need for extensive risk analysis studies involving large samples of milk and dairy products to understand food safety hazards and protect the public health.ThesisItem Open Access MOHAMMED ARSHAD(KVAFSU,BIDAR, 2019) MOHAMMED ARSHADZoonotic aspects of mycobacteria transmitted through cattle, wild birds and associated environments underscores a serious public health threat. Infections caused by members of MAC depends on many factors.Infections caused by the zoonotic members of the MAC are often neglected with respect to prevalence and animal and human health risks. A cross sectional study was conducted in Shivamogga region of Karnataka by screening a total of 318 samples (cattle-100, wild birds – 100, associated environments- 118) by the use of five target multiplex PCR and nested multiplex PCR for the detection of MAC and MTBC respectively. When screened for the presence of Mycobacterium species, prevalence of 11 % and 20 % were obtained from cattle and associated environments respectively. Wild birds showed a prevalence of 6.73 % and the associated environments had a prevalence of 18.18 %. Prevalence of MAC in cattle and associated environments were found to be 7 % and 4.28 % respectively. Wild birds had a prevalence of 2.88 % and the associated environments showed a prevalence of 2.27 % for MAC. However, prevalence of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (Map) in cattle and associated environments was same as that of MAC .None of the samples showed presence of MTBC when detected by a nested multiplex PCR. The study concluded that, mycobacteria are widespread organisms which can be detected by molecular tools like PCR. It also emphasized the need to include non tuberculous mycobacteria while designing the studies related to Mycobacterium spp as they significantly contribute to zoonotic infections. Keywords: Mycobacterium species, MAC, Cattle, wild birds, five target multiplex PCR, nested multiplex PCR.ThesisItem Open Access EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ZOONOTIC ESCHERICHIA COLI IN BOVINES IN SOUTHERN TRANSITION ZONE OF KARNATAKA(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR- 585401, 2019) KARADI MANJULAThesisItem Open Access EPIDEMIOLOGY OF BRUCELLOSIS IN SMAKK RUMINANTS IN CENTRAL DRY ZONE(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FOISHERIE'S SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2018-08) SHASHIDHAR SOPPIMATA; MADHAVPRASAD C BThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON CERTAIN QUALITY PARAMETERS AND PREVALENCE OF PATHOGENS OF PUBLIC HEALTH SIGNIFICANCE IN RAW MILK OF FARM ANIMALS(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FOISHERIE'S SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2017-08) TARINI, N. K.; TARINI, N. K.; Dr. MADHAVAPRASAD, C. B.; Dr. MADHAVAPRASAD, C. B.The quality and safety of raw milk produced from farm animals assumes utmost importance. The present study was planned to know the quality and safety aspect of raw milk produced from farm animals. Cross sectional studies were planned with a single time raw milk collection in micro watershed areas of Davanagere district for analysis of various parameters. The results of the present study revealed that TVC were within the BIS specifications (<2 lakhs) for raw milk of bovines where as for YMC, there are no specifications by any regulatory agencies. However YMC counts were in the higher range. The prevalence of milk borne pathogens in raw milk was reported as 38.68 per cent of EPEC, 24.53 per cent of EIEC, 15.09 per cent of ETEC, 15.09 per cent of STEC, 19.57 per cent of enterotoxin producing S. aureus, 70.73 per cent of enterotoxin producing CoNS and 0.008 per cent of L. monocytogenes and presence of these pathogens is not permitted by FSSAI standards (FSSAI, 2012). The antimicrobial resistance profile of the isolates as indicated by the MAR index ranged between 0.06-0.94 for S. aureus with 34 MDR strains out of 46 isolates, 0.08-0.83 for E. coli with 12 MDR strains out of 106 isolates and 0 resistance for L. monocytogenes. The overall prevalence of subclinical mastitis in the present study was found to be 20 per cent. Highest incidence of subclinical mastitis was recorded in HF cross (33.33%) followed by Jersey cross (25%), Non-descript (18.33%) and Buffalo (3.33%). The overall mean concentration of trace minerals like zinc, copper and iron was found to be 2.43±0.07, 0.49±0.02 and 4.4±0.21 ppm respectively that remained within the RDA values and the toxic minerals like lead, arsenic and mercury was found to be 1.72 ±0.06, 6.15±0.44 and 15.37±0.81 ppm respectively that exceeded the maximum permissible levels (FAO, 2012). Keeping the various parameters analysed, the quality of milk produced from farm animals in the study area was found to be inferior in quality and unsafe for consumption purpose as this may affect health of the consumers.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON CERTAIN QUALITY PARAMETERS AND PREVALENCE OF PATHOGENS OF PUBLIC HEALTH SIGNIFICANCE IN RAW MILK OF FARM ANIMALS(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FOISHERIE'S SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2017-08) TARINI, N. K.; Dr. MADHAVAPRASAD, C. B.The quality and safety of raw milk produced from farm animals assumes utmost importance. The present study was planned to know the quality and safety aspect of raw milk produced from farm animals. Cross sectional studies were planned with a single time raw milk collection in micro watershed areas of Davanagere district for analysis of various parameters. The results of the present study revealed that TVC were within the BIS specifications (<2 lakhs) for raw milk of bovines where as for YMC, there are no specifications by any regulatory agencies. However YMC counts were in the higher range. The prevalence of milk borne pathogens in raw milk was reported as 38.68 per cent of EPEC, 24.53 per cent of EIEC, 15.09 per cent of ETEC, 15.09 per cent of STEC, 19.57 per cent of enterotoxin producing S. aureus, 70.73 per cent of enterotoxin producing CoNS and 0.008 per cent of L. monocytogenes and presence of these pathogens is not permitted by FSSAI standards (FSSAI, 2012). The antimicrobial resistance profile of the isolates as indicated by the MAR index ranged between 0.06-0.94 for S. aureus with 34 MDR strains out of 46 isolates, 0.08-0.83 for E. coli with 12 MDR strains out of 106 isolates and 0 resistance for L. monocytogenes. The overall prevalence of subclinical mastitis in the present study was found to be 20 per cent. Highest incidence of subclinical mastitis was recorded in HF cross (33.33%) followed by Jersey cross (25%), Non-descript (18.33%) and Buffalo (3.33%). The overall mean concentration of trace minerals like zinc, copper and iron was found to be 2.43±0.07, 0.49±0.02 and 4.4±0.21 ppm respectively that remained within the RDA values and the toxic minerals like lead, arsenic and mercury was found to be 1.72 ±0.06, 6.15±0.44 and 15.37±0.81 ppm respectively that exceeded the maximum permissible levels (FAO, 2012). Keeping the various parameters analysed, the quality of milk produced from farm animals in the study area was found to be inferior in quality and unsafe for consumption purpose as this may affect health of the consumers.
