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ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON THE INFLUENCE OF PENTOSAN POLYSULFATE SODIUM ON OSTEOARTHRITIS IN DOGS(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2022) SYED SUHEB; V. MAHESHThe influence of pentosan polysulfate sodium for the treatment of osteoarthritis in six dogs was studied. Hip joint was the most commonly affected joint, followed by elbow joint and stifle joints. Most of the osteoarthritis cases were seen in Labrador Retriever breed male dogs above five years of age. The drug pentosan polysulfate sodium administered at the dose rate of 3 mg per kg body weight by subcutaneous route at weekly intervals for four weeks was found to be effective and best suited for the treatment of osteoarthritis in dogs. There were no significant variations observed in physiological parameters like rectal temperature, respiratory rate, and heart rate, haematological parameters like Hb, TEC, TLC, and DLC, and biochemical parameters like serum creatinine and ALT. Weight bearing score, joint motion score, pain score and lameness scores were highest before treatment, which was significantly reduced from the seventh day till the 45th day after the treatment in all the six dogs. There was significant improvement in weight bearing in all the six dogs after the treatment. Radiographic evaluation after treatment showed significant improvement in radiographic signs such as reduction in osteophytic changes, increase in the joint space and improvement in remodeling of femoral head. The drug was also economically feasible and easy to administer when compared to the daily oral medications.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON HUMAN AMNIOTIC MEMBRANE TRANSPLANTATION FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF CORNEAL ULCERS IN DOGS(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2022) VIDHYASHREE G A; L. SURESHThe present study was conducted with the objective to study the incidence of corneal ulcer and efficacy of Human Amniotic Membrane transplantation for the treatment of corneal ulcers in clinical cases of dogs presented to the Dept. of Surgery and Radiology, Veterinary College, Hebbal, Bengaluru. In the study period of 12 months, 25.60% (53 dogs) accounted for corneal ulcers out of 207 ocular affections in dogs. Most of the corneal ulcers were seen in Shih-tzu male dogs of below three years of age. Culturing of the corneal swabs revealed presence of gram positive Staphylococcus Spp. majorly. Freeze dried human amniotic membrane was used as an overlay patch which was first hydrated with the saline and then applied to the cornea and was sutured to the bulbar conjunctiva using polyglactin 910, no-6.0 interrupted sutures at 6 places followed by temporary tarsorrhaphy and Elizabethan collar application. The gross changes at the ulcer site after AMT were decreased neovascularization and reduced corneal opacity, corneal transparency was regained in most of the cases on 28th post operative day. Physiological, haematological and biochemical parameters varied non-significantly during the study period. Vision function tests like palpebral reflex, menace reflex, pupillary light reflex and cotton ball test were conducted in all the animals subjected for the study and there was an improvement in these reflexes post-operatively suggestive of regaining the vision. The FD-AM graft used for management of corneal ulcer provided rapid epithelization without neovascularization and scarring of the cornea which is important for corneal healing and hence human amniotic membrane transplantation is an effective surgical technique for the treatment of corneal ulcer with satisfactory visual and cosmetic appearance in dogs.ThesisItem Open Access COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON TUBE CYSTOSTOMY FOLLOWED WITH AND WITHOUT URINARY ACIDIFIER FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF OBSTRUCTIVE UROLITHIASIS IN SMALL RUMINANTS(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2022) SHIVARAJU E; L. SURESHThe study was conducted in 12 clinical cases of small ruminants suffering from obstructive urolithiasis to compare the efficacy of tube cystostomy technique followed with and without urinary acidifier for the management of obstructive urolithiasis. Twelve small ruminants suffering from obstructive urolithiasis with and without rupture of bladder were divided into two groups with six each. All the animals of both the groups were subjected for tube cystostomy. Postoperatively ammonium chloride was administered per orally to the animals of group A at 200 mg/kg body weight as a urinary acidifier for a period of one month whereas the animals of group B did not receive the acidifier. Urethral process amputation was performed in all the animals. Preoperatively retrograde urethrography using urografin as contrast agent helped to know the site of obstruction and postoperatively normograde cystourethrography was performed by infusion of contrast agent via Foley’s catheter to know the placement of catheter and patency of urethra on subsequent days of treatment. Ultrasonography helped in confirmatory diagnosis of urolithiasis. Maximum incidence of urinary retention was recorded in the age group of less than 6 months (47.55%) and in summer season (42.62%). The common type of urolith found was struvite. The recovery and success rate in group A and group B was found to be 83.33 and 66.66 per cent, respectively. Both the treatment regimen proved to be effective for the management of obstructive urolithiasis in small ruminants and in comparison tube cystostomy followed with urinary acidifier (group A) was found superior with higherThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF DEXMEDETOMIDINE AND BUTORPHANOL AS PRE-ANAESTHETIC WITH ALFAXALONE INDUCED AND MAINTAINED ANAESTHESIA FOR NEUTERING IN CATS(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2022) PRERANA S J; K. M. SRINIVASA MURTHYThe study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of dexmedetomidine and butorphanol as pre-anaesthetic with alfaxalone induced and maintained anaesthesia for neutering in cats. Cats in the present study showed moderate to intense depth of sedation, smooth to very smooth anaesthetic induction and very good to excellent recovery from anaesthesia. Results revealed significant decrease in rectal temperature, respiratory rate, heart rate and pulse rate during the anaesthetic period and haematological parameters like TEC, haemoglobin, PCV, TLC and DLC varied nonsignificantly within in acceptable limit. The biochemical parameters namely Creatinine, BUN, ALT, TP showed a non-significant changes and blood glucose showed a significant increase by the end of anesthetic period. There was a significant decrease upto 30 minutes and then non-significant decrease in oxygen saturation; initial increase followed by decrease in mean arterial blood pressure were observed in the present study. ECG changes revealed decrease in heart rate and increase in ‘T’ wave amplitude after administration of dexmedetomidine and butorphanol intramuscularly and no cardiac arrhythmias attributable to the administration of intravenous alfaxalone in cats. In conclusion, intravenous administration of alfaxalone provided rapid and smooth loss of consciousness, excellent muscle relaxation, short duration of anaesthetic effect and uneventful recovery. Alfaxalone has minimal cardiovascular and respiratory depressant effects and can be used as an alternative to routinely used anaesthetic drugs in cats.ThesisItem Open Access SUPERCUTANEOUS PLATING FOR THE TREATMENT OF TRAUMATIC COMPOUND METATARSAL BONE FRACTURE IN BOVINES(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR, 2022) MADHAV AJJODI; B. N. NAGARAJABovine long bone fracture treatment is always challenging for a Veterinary orthopaedician. Post-operative care and control of sepsis are important in successful outcome of these surgeries. A trending demand for minimally invasive procedures in treatment of fracture is increasing in recent times. Hence the present study was undertaken to investigate the supercutaneous plating technique for the repair of compound metatarsal bone fractures in bovines. Six bovine clinical cases with compound metatarsal fractures were selected and were stabilized by supercutaneous plating technique using special 4.5 mm/ 5.0 mm locking compression plates and locking head screws. Occurrence of metatarsal fracture was more in less than a year age of calves and relatively more males were affected. Variation in the physiological and hematological parameters were statistically non-significant. The biochemical parameters like serum calcium, phosphorus showed statistically non- significant variations. Whereas, serum alkaline phosphatase levels were elevated up to 30th postoperative day and returned to normalcy by the end of the study period. Radiographic evaluation revealed satisfactory bone healing with sufficient callus formation at the fractured site on 45th to 60th postoperative days. All the animals started partially bearing weight immediately after surgery and gradually, complete weight bearing starting from 15th post-operative day till 60th postoperative day. By controlled-dynamization and staged disassembly of screws, implant was removed on 60th post-operative day based on radiographic clinical union and callus formation at the fractured site to allow gradual load-sharing on operated limb. Based on the observations of the study, it could be concluded that the supercutaneous plating technique for the repair of metatarsal fractures in bovines showed effective immobilization of the fracture fragments, quick to apply, minimally invasive, adaptable and feasible to be used in the field conditions.ThesisItem Open Access COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF ADVANCED LOCKING PLATE SYSTEM AND LOCKING COMPRESSION PLATE FOR FEMUR FRACTURE REPAIR IN DOGS(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR – 585 226, 2022) OJUS SRINIVAS; DILIPKUMARA study on prevalence of femoral fractures in dogs was conducted in and around Bidar from January 2016 to December 2020. A review of 22,976 cases throughout the period of retrospective study revealed 158 dogs with fractures. The highest prevalence was observed in dogs aged less than 1 year (42.25%), males (78.87%), mongrel (81.69%), transverse (45.07%) and diaphyseal (80.28%), with the aetiology of the femur fractures primarily being automobile accidents (57.75%). The present study also focused on the comparative healing characteristics of femur fractures in dogs when immobilised with either ALPS II or LCP. Twelve clinical cases of dogs presented with femoral fractures were randomly divided into two groups. Preoperative clinical, physical, physiological, and radiological examination was performed to aid in surgical planning. Appropriate plate and screw lengths were selected by measuring the length of the fractures bone and the medio-lateral thickness of contralateral femur using electronic callipers. The femoral fractures in dogs of group I were repaired using ALPS II whereas the dogs of group II were repaired using LCP following their respective procedures for application. The healing of the fractures was studied at intervals of 0th, 15th, 30th and 60th post-operative days based on clinical, biochemical and radiological analysis. Clinical assessment of weightbearing, functional limb usage and grading of lameness was performed in both the groups at the appropriate intervals of the study. Weight-bearing during walk was observed as early as 3rd post-operative day in dogs treated with ALPS II, whereas those treated with LCP showed weight-bearing during walk by 7th post-operative day. Dogs of both groups started to bear weight on the fractured limb while standing, immediately after the surgical repair. Functional limb usage was considered satisfactory in dogs of both the groups with the exception of two dogs which incurred post-operative complications. Lameness grading in both the groups showed that ALPS II had a statistically superior healing time when compared with LCP. The physiological and biochemical parameters were frivolous in analysing the biological process of fracture healing. Radiologically, 11 out of 12 dogs showed minimal callus formation and good progression towards radiographical healing. Callus formation was marginally lesser in dogs treated with ALPS II when compared with LCP, which is indicative of the superior healing characteristics of ALPS II. Post-operative complications were observed in two dogs. One dog of group I showed plate elevation and distal fragment separation on the 40th post-operative day. One dog of group II showed refracture proximal to the plate, plate bending, and screw pull-out on the 20th post-operative day. Based on the results obtained in the present study, it was inferred that both the implants provided sufficient stability and immobilization of fracture fragments which enabled early ambulation of the dogs with femoral fractures. ALPS II was found to provide early and consistent functional outcome of the fractured limb when compared to LCP, however, the difference was found to be quite minimal.ThesisItem Open Access COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF GUAIFENESIN ADMINISTERED TILETAMINE ZOLAZEPAM AND KETAMINE MIDAZOLAM INDUCTION BOLUSES UNDER ISOFLURANE ANAESTHESIA FOR VARIOUS SURGERIES IN CATTLE(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR – 585 226, 2022) SHIVASHARANAPPA UKKALI; VENKATGIRIThe study was carried out to evaluate the feasibility of anaesthetic agents using guaifenesin administered tiletamine-zolazepam and ketamine-midazolam under isoflurane anaesthesia for various surgeries in cattle. The present study was conducted in 12 clinical cases of cattle presented to the Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, Veterinary College, Bidar for the treatment of various surgical affections. The cattle were randomly divided into two groups consisting of six cattle in each group. The cattle of group-I were operated under guaifenesin-tiletamine-zolazepam. Guaifenesin was administered at the dose rate of 50 mg/kg body weight intravenously at 5% solution in normal saline in the form of drip. After 5 minutes, anaesthesia was induced using tiletamine-zolazepam bolus given at the dose rate of 3 mg/kg body weight intravenous and maintained with isoflurane (1-2%). The cattle of group-II were operated under guaifenesinketamine- midazolam. Guaifenesin was administered at the dose rate of 50 mg/kg body weight intravenous at 5% solution in normal saline. After 5 minutes, anaesthesia was induced by administration of ketamine at the dose rate of 3 mg/kg body weight and midazolam at the dose rate of 0.30 mg/kg body weight intravenous bolus and maintained with isoflurane (1-2%). Induction time was significantly earlier in group-I animals. The recovery time, recovery time to assume sternal recumbency, recovery time to standing position was significantly quicker in group-II animals. The degree of analgesia and muscle relaxation was significantly greater in both the group of cattle. Physiological parameters like heart rate, respiratory rate and rectal temperature decreased significantly in both the group of cattle, however they were within the normal physiological limits. Haematological parameters and biochemical parameters though changed significantly during depth of general anaesthesia in both the groups was only transient, however they were within the physiological limits. The present study concluded that, both the anaesthetic combinations (group-I and group-II) are excellent to use for orthopaedic surgeries in cattle.ThesisItem Open Access COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF INTRAMEDULLARY PINNING AND MODIFIED INTRAMEDULLARY INTERLOCKING NAILING TECHNIQUES FOR THE REPAIR OF TIBIAL FRACTURES UNDER FENTANYL-KETAMINE INDUCTION AND ISOFLURANE MAINTENANCE IN DOGS(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR – 585 226, 2022) RHEA MARIE GRACIAS; DILIPKUMAR DThe study was conducted on twelve clinical cases of dogs with tibial fractures, randomly divided into two groups consisting of six dogs each. In group – I, the fractures were repaired using intramedullary pinning under glycopyrrolate, fentanyl citrate, triflupromazine hydrochloride and ketamine induction followed by isoflurane maintenance. In group – II, the fractures were repaired using modified intramedullary interlocking nailing under glycopyrrolate, fentanyl citrate, midazolam and ketamine induction followed by isoflurane maintenance. In the present study, both the anaesthetic protocols provided safe and satisfactory anaesthesia in dogs. The incidence of tibial fractures in dogs, in and around Bidar was recorded and of the total 158 fracture cases in dogs, 48 (30.38 %) had tibial fractures. Following fracture repair, the dogs were evaluated for fracture healing on the 15th, 30th and 60th day on the basis of a lameness grade and radiographic evaluation. Progressive improvement in weight bearing was observed from the 0th day to the 60th day. On radiographs, the bridging callus was evident in both groups from the 30th to 60th post-operative day. The biochemical and physiological parameters obtained on the 0th, 15th, 30th and 60th day showed a fluctuating trend and were of very little help in evaluating fracture healing. In conclusion, both techniques are suitable for repair of tibial fractures, however, in group – II, the modified intramedullary interlocking nail was inserted with difficulty and can be further modified to facilitate insertion. The anaesthetic protocol in group – II, showed better results than group – I at the 15th minute after induction.ThesisItem Open Access ULTRASONOGRAPHIC AND RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF GASTROINTESTINAL AFFECTIONS IN DOGS AND THEIR SURGICAL TREATMENT(KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR – 585 226, 2022) OMDARSHAN K P; BHAGAVANTAPPA B.The present study was carried out in 12 clinical cases of dogs with gastrointestinal affections presented to the Department of Veterinary Clinical Complex, Veterinary College, Bidar. They were randomly divided into two groups with 6 dogs in each group. Group-I dogs with gastric affections and group-II dogs with intestinal affections were included in the study. In both group of dogs the major complaint was ingestion of foreign body and important clinical signs observed were vomition followed by diarrhoea, dehydration, anxiety, restlessness and lethargy. The recovered foreign body were stone, cordless earphone, badge name plate and N95 mask in group I and trichobezoar, metallic screw, metallic wire and five-rupee coin in group II dogs. Apart from gastrointestinal foreign bodies, gastric dilatation in group I and intestinal engorgement in group II were also recorded. The sex wise incidence of GIT affections in both the groups were highest in males (10, 83.33%) and followed by females (02, 16.66%) and no breed predilection was observed. The young age group dogs were more commonly involved with GIT affections. All the physiological parameters were within the normal reference range however slight variations observed in each parameter with individual variation and based on severity of GIT affections. All the haemato-biochemical variation were within normal reference range however the neutrophil count and lymphocyte count was higher on pre-operative day and returned normal after treatment. The hyponatremia in group II dogs, hypochloraemia and hypokalaemia in both group of dogs were observed before treatment. The dogs were preanesthetised with atropine and xylazine. General anaesthesia was induced with propofol and maintained with 2-3 % isoflurane. It was satisfactory without any complications. The diagnosis of GIT affections in dogs in the present study suggest that history, radiography and ultrasonography played vital role in evaluation each case and they were complimentary to each other. In group I dogs the diagnosis of gastric affections were similar percentage (100 %) based on history of case, radiography and exploratory surgery. However, the ultrasonographic examination could be able to identify in two dogs (33.33%) with gastric affections. In group II dogs the diagnosis of intestinal affections highest percentage (100%) based on exploratory surgery followed by based on history (66.66%), radiography (50%) and least by ultrasonography (16.66%). The metallic foreign bodies were better diagnosed by radiography than ultrasonography whereas the detail of soft tissue evaluation was better with ultrasonography. The limitation of each technique was balanced when both the techniques were used for complete evaluation of each case. In both groups surgical technique followed like decompression, gastrotomy, gastropexy, enterotomy and enteroanastomosis were appropriate for the management of GIT affections. In group I dogs, postoperative complications like slight subcutaneous swelling at the surgical site and local peritonitis were observed whereas in group II dogs no post-operative complications were observed.
