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ThesisItem Restricted IN VITRO ASSESSMENT OF VASICINE AS AN AMELIORATOR OF MYCOTOXINS (AFLATOXIN B1 AND OCHRATOXIN A ) IN CELL LINE(2021) SREELEKSHMI U; TANUVAS; GHADEVARU SARATHCHANDRA; VIJAYARANI K; PREETHA SMycotoxin contamination of agricultural crops produce huge economic loss each year. Contamination of animal feed also causes damage by reducing the productivity of animals and adversely affecting animal and human health. AFB1, OTA and CTN are three important mycotoxins that are of major concern pertaining to safety and economic issues. Pre and post harvest methods are adopted to control the issue of mycotoxicosis , however pre harvest methods like applications of fungicides come with a set of limitations. Post harvest practices are mainly classified to physical, chemical and biological methods. But these too show numerous disadvantages like nutrient loss, harmful effects produced by chemicals etc. Use of phytochemicals for detoxification as well as mitigation of the adverse effects of mycotoxins are a suitable and emerging alternative in this scenario. Vasicine is the major alkaloid present in the perennial shrub Adhatoda vasica, which has documented anti oxidant and anti inflammatory properties. The remedial potential of the phytochemical in mycotoxins was explored in the study. In the present study, vasicine was extracted from the leaves of A. vasica by traditional acid-base extraction procedure and subsequently was purified by preparative TLC. Vasicine was characterized by FTIR and quantified by UV-Vis spectrophotometry. For the in vitro studies, suitable concentrations were chosen as 1.25, 2.5 and 5 μg/ml, such that more than 90% cell viability was observed in BHK 21 cell line by MTT assay. The effect of vasicine against mycotoxins was compared to the action of silymarin at 10 μg/ml.combating the noxious effect ofThesisItem Restricted PHARMACOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF NANO-QUERCETIN ONFLUORIDE INDUCED CARDIOVASCULAR TOXICITY IN WISTAR RATS(TANUVAS, CHENNAI, 2022) AYUSHI CHOURASIA; TANUVAS; SANKAR P.; JAGADEESWARAN A.; MADHESWARAN R.The study was conducted to evaluate the pharmacological effect of nano-quercetin (NQC) on sodium fluoride (NaF) induced cardiovascular toxicity in Wistar rats. For the study undertaken, thirty six male Wistar rats were divided into six groups by randomization procedure. The group I served as negative control whereas group II was kept as positive control (Fluoride). All the groups except group I were given 100ppm of NaF in drinking water ad libitum for 42 days. Group III was treated with QC 50mg/kg body weight daily by oral gavage for 42 days. Group IV was treated with NQC 25mg/kg body weight by oral gavage for 42 days. Group V was treated with QC 100mg/kg body weight by oral gavage in the last 14 days of the trial i.e., starting from the 29th to the 42nd day. Group VI was treated with NQC 50mg/kg body weight by oral gavage for the last 14 days of the trial.ThesisItem Restricted EFFECT OF VITAMIN C AND D AGAINST RESISTANT BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM POULTRY ORIGIN(2022) PAVITHRA M; TANUVAS; RAMASAMY T; RAMESH S; SAMUEL MASILAMONI RONALD BThe present study was conducted to obtain the idea about resistance pattern in E. coli from broiler chickens by qualitative and quantitative methods and the isolates were assessed for presence of resistant genes through PCR. Then the effect of vitamin C and vitamin D3 was studied against E. coli isolates when used in combination with resistant antimicrobial agents. The liver swabs were collected aseptically from birds suspected to be died of colibacillosis and transported to laboratory under refrigerator condition. Then E. coli was isolated from 60% of samples through phenotypic and genotypic characterization by targeting Adk gene after pre-enrichment of swabs with nutrient broth and selective isolation using Macconkey and EMB agar. Antimicrobial sensitivity screening of confirmed E. coli isolates were done by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique for commonly used antimicrobial agents in broilers. In this enrofloxacin and tetracycline showed maximum resistance of 83.33 % and 69.44 % respectively. Among this 8.33% of samples were found to ESBL producing phenotypically.ThesisItem Restricted ASSESSMENT OF TETRACYCLINE RESIDUE IN CHICKEN MEAT AND ITS IMPACT ON PUBLIC HEALTH(2022) LAVANYA G; TANUVAS; RAMESH S; RAMASAMY T; SANGILIMADAN KAntimicrobial agents are commonly used in animal production since 1938. After the discovery of tetracyclines in the early 1940s, they were commercialized with clinical success in the late 1940s to the early 1950s. Due to the intensification of broiler production, the incidence of diseases increases, and hence the use of antimicrobials increased especially tetracyclines, because of its broad spectrum of activity, cost-effectiveness, and easy availability. Antimicrobial residues in livestock products can cause deleterious effects to consumers and also results in antimicrobial resistance. To overcome this, regulatory agencies globally recommend Maximum Residual Limit (MRL) by following strict withdrawal periods. In the present study, it was proposed to screen chicken meat samples for residues of oxytetracycline (OTC). For residue analysis, a High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method was standardized. The method was validated for recovery, sensitivity and, precision. The method was also compared with an ELISA kit method for the detection of OTC residue. To understand the impact of residue, resistance to OTC among isolates of E. coli of chicken origin was studied and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of OTC against the isolates of E. coli was tested. In addition, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to understand the involvement of three genes tet(C), tet(D), and tet(M), in conferring resistance to OTC in E. coliisolates.ThesisItem Restricted ASSESSMENT OF ANTIMICROBIAL RESIDUES BY MICROBIAL ASSAY AND CHROMATOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES IN MILK AND MILK POWDER(2021) MONICA B; TANUVAS; GHADEVARU SARATHCHANDRA; VIJAYA RANI K; PREETHA P; VAIRAMUTHU SAn assessment of antimicrobial residues in dairy milk and milk powder was conducted to ensure the safety of the milk intended for human consumption. A total number of 300 milk samples and 200 samples of milk powder were collected for antimicrobial residue assessment. Out of 300 milk samples, 100 cow milk samples and 100 buffalo milk samples were collected from organised dairy farms in and around Chennai, Tamil Nadu and the remaining 100 homogenised milk samples were collected from the commercial outlets in and around Chennai. Out of 200 milk powder samples, 100 skimmed milk powder samples and 100 whole milk powder samples from different manufacturers and different batches were collected from the commercial outlets in and around Chennai for analysis of antimicrobial residues. The collected milk and milk powder samples were analyzed for six classes of antibiotic groups namely Aminoglycosides, Macrolides, Quinolones, Tetracyclines, Betalactams and Polypeptides. Screening of 300 milk samples and 200 milk powder samples for antimicrobial residues was conducted by using microbiological tube test method with their suitable indicator organisms such as Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Geobacillus stearothermophilus.ThesisItem Restricted EFFECT OF VASICINE IN MITIGATING EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED AFLATOXICOSIS AND OCHRATOXICOSIS IN BROILER CHICKEN(2022) SAKTHI PRIYA M; TANUVAS; JAGADEESWARAN A; RAJA M; NATARAJAN A; SRINIVASAN PThe present study was carried out to conduct a survey and to identify the level of AFB1 and OTA contamination in the routine poultry feed and feed ingredients received at the Animal Feed Analytical and Quality Assurance Laboratory (AFAQAL), Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal as season wise and year wise for a period of one year from October 2019 to October 2020 (North East monsoon period, Non monsoon period and South West monsoon period). The results revealed contamination of AFB1 in all the poultry feed and feed ingredients tested with highest level in groundnut oil cake, maize, de-oiled rice bran followed by broiler pre starter, broiler starter feed, broiler finisher feed, broken rice and soybean meal throughout the year with more number of samples received during South West monsoon. OTA contamination was found in the poultry feed and feed ingredients tested with highest level in de-oiled sunflower cake followed by soybean meal and maize during the rainy seasons with almost no toxin detected in others and in highest number of samples received during the North East monsoon period. The study was conducted to mitigate the effect of aflatoxicosis and ochratoxicosis in broiler chicken using vasicine, an alkaloid present in A. vasica. The qualitative phytochemical analysis of aqueous and methanolic leaf extracts of A. vasica were carried out and the results revealed the presence of saponins, tannins, phenols, alkaloids, terpenoids, glycosides and cardiac glycosides in aqueous leaf extract and alkaloids, terpenoids, flavanoids, phlobatannins, glycosides and cardiac glycosides in the methanolic leaf extract. The quantitative phytochemical analysis revealed high alkaloid content in methanolic leaf extract as compared to the aqueous leaf extract of A. vasica.ThesisItem Restricted EVALUATION OF THE EFFICACY OF FUCOIDAN NANOPARTICLES IN EXPERIMENTAL COLON CARCINOGENESIS USING IN VITRO AND IN VIVO STUDIES(2022) RAMAKRISHNAN V; TANUVAS; PREETHA SP; ARIVUCHELVAN A; PARTHIBAN M; THANGAPANDIYAN MThe study was taken up to explore the antitumour potentials of fucoidan and FNPs in dimethyl hydrazine dihydrochloride (DMH) induced colon carcinogenesis in rat model. Cancer incidence is on the rise, necessitating the use of immediate, effective medications to combat the disease. Natural products have recently attracted a lot of attention for cancer chemotherapy because of their low toxicity and side effects. In the present study, ionic gelation method was used to synthesize the FNPs. The synthesized FNPs were characterized for their size, shape and morphology by various techniques including particle size analyzer (DLS), Zeta potential (ELS), FTIR, TEM, SEM and XRD. The entrapment efficiency of NPs was performed to observe their stability and sustained release. Human colon cancer cell line HT-29 was used to assess the anticancer potentials of the NPs. The effect of FNPs was compared with the standard drug 5- Fluorouracil (5-FU) to observe their cytotoxic potency. In vivo studies were conducted in wistar rats using DMH@ 40 mg / kg b. wt. by i.p. route to induce colon carcinogenesis. Confirmation of tumour induction was performed by using ACF development as biomarker. The rats were then treated with fucoidan and fucoidan NPs at 10 and 5 mg/kg b.wt. i.p. respectively on every two days. At the end of the experimental period, blood and serum samples were collected for haematology and serum biochemistry. Liver and colon tissues were collected for analysing redox status. Immunohistochemical studies were performed for specific markers of colon epithelium PCNA (proliferation marker), Bcl-2, Bax, VEGF, Carcino-embryonic antigen (CEA), Cytokeratin 20 (CK20) and Vimentin. Real time quantification was carried out to measure the expression levels of genes Bax, Bcl-2, AKT, PI3K, PTEN and mTOR with β-actin as endogenous control. Histopathological changes in the colon, kidney and liver were analysed.ThesisItem Restricted PHARMACOKINETICS AND BIOAVAILABILITY OF TILMICOSIN AND TIAMULIN IN BROILER CHICKEN(2022) ANURAG BORTHAKUR; TANUVAS; RAMASAMY T; TIRUMURUGAAN KG; SESH PSLThe present study was taken up to develop and validate a simple and accurate method for the quantification of tilmicosin and tiamulin in poultry and to compute the dosage regimen in broiler chicken. Chromatographic separation of tilmicosin was achieved using a HPLC assay method with a C18 reverse phase column, a mobile phase consisting of ammonium formate: acetonitrile: methanol (60:30:10 v/v) pH adjusted to 5 with trifluoroacetic acid and a flow rate of 1 mL/min. For Tiamulin, the mobile phase consisted of 40mM KH2PO4 and acetonitrile in the ratio of 65:35 (pH adjusted to 2.8 with the help of orthophosphoric acid) Both the methods are simple, sensitive and reproducible. It will be useful for pharmacokinetic and tissue residue studies in pharmacology and food safety laboratories. The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of Tilmicosin and Tiamulin were studied following ‘in crop’, ‘in water’ and ‘in feed’ administration. Tilmicosin was administered at the dose rate of 25 mg/kg body weight through ‘in crop’ and ‘in water’ route. The dose rate for the “in feed” route was 1kg/tonne of feed. Similarly tiamulin was administered at the dose rate of 20 mg/kg body weight through ‘in crop’ and ‘in water’ route. The dose rate for ‘in feed’ route was 1 kg/tonne of feed. The important pharmacokinetic parameters following ‘in crop’ administration of tilmicosin phosphate estimated were: Cmax, 1.0 ± 0.53 μg.ml-1, AUC0-ꟹ,8.61± 6.50 μg.h.ml-1, t1/2, 6.13 ± 5.67 h; MRT, 6.06 ± 6.56 h, Vd area/F, 341.06 ± 265.25 L.kg-1, ClB/F 55.16 ± 65.52 ml.min-1.kg-1. Following ‘in water’ administration, the important pharmacokinetic parameters were: Cmax, 0.25 ± 0.06 μg.ml-1, AUC0-ꟹ, 4.73 ± 3.42 μg.h.ml-1, t1/2, 13.24± 13.01 h, MRT, 3.35 ± 0.51 h, Vd area/F, 1304.80 ± 1279.34 L.kg-1. Following ‘in feed’ administration, the important pharmacokinetic parameters were: Cmax: 1.72 ± 1.32 μg.ml-1, AUC0-ꟹ, 21.51 ± 7.42 μg.h.ml-1. t1/2, 21.45 ± 17.21 h, Vd area/F, 417.96 ± 228.24. The study leads us to conclude that the given dose rate is sufficient to attain plasma concentrations well above MICs and at the same time reduce the residue load in edible parts.ThesisItem Restricted ESTABLISHING ANTIGOUT ACTIVITY OF PIPER BETLE AND PHYLLANTHUS NIRURI IN BROILER CHICKEN P.VIKRAMA CHAKRAVARTHI ID No.(2019) Vikrama Chakravarthi, P; TANUVAS; Murugesan, S; Arivuchelvan, A; Sukumar, K; Arulmozhi, AThe present study was conducted to establish the antigout activity of P.betle and P.niruri in gout induced broiler chicken. The major nutrient composition analysis of P.betle and P.niruri leaf powders showed higher energy and more crude protein content in P.betle than P.niruri. The qualitative phytochemical analysis of P.betle and P.niruri extracts showed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, flavonoids, phenols, terpenoids and saponins in both herbs. Volatile oils were detected only in alcoholic extract of P.betle and tannins were present only in P.niruri. The quantitative phytochemical analysis revealed high alkaloid content in P.niruri whereas high total phenolic content was noted in P.betle and total flavonoids were present in almost similar quantity in both herbs.
