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ThesisItem Open Access 16S rRNA Typing for Identification of Gut Microbes in Termites(TANUVAS, Chennai, 2011) Kavitha, D.; Vijayarani, K.; Karunakaran, R.; TANUVASThesisItem Open Access 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate And Glutathione Levels In Blood In Relation To Haemoglobin Type In Sheep(1989) Thiagarajan R; TANUVASThesisItem Restricted A CRITICAL ANALYSIS ON BUFFALO FARMING IN TAMIL NADU(TANUVAS, CHENNAI, 2022) THIRUMAV ALAVAN R.; TANUVAS; SENTHIL KUMAR T.; SUDEEPKUMAR N.K.; THANGA.THAMlLVANAN; PRABHU M.Animal husbandry sector plays a crucial role in the Indian economy by supplementing family income, strengthening household nutritional security and generating gainful employment. India possesses huge wealth of bovine population (303 million) which is the main source of milk production. The milk production mainly depends on the productive and reproductive performance of cattle and buffaloes. India is the highest buffalo milk producer in the world with over 20 breeds contributing 12 per cent of the world milk production and nearly 49 per cent of India’s milk production. ‘A critical analysis on buffalo farming in Tamil Nadu’ was conducted to know the contribution of buffaloes in the form of production and productivity and to study prevailing scenario of stay and exit intentions among the buffalo farmers in Tamil Nadu. The present research was aimed to analyze the current status of buffalo farming in Tamil Nadu. An Ex-post facto research design was used to study the status of buffalo husbandry in five selected agro-climatic zones viz., North-Western, North- Eastern, Western, Southern and Cauvery delta zones excluding the High rainfall and Hilly zones of Tamil Nadu. Based on the total buffalo population of Tamil Nadu, the sample size arrived was 388 by using the sample size calculator at 95 per cent confidence interval. Among the selected five agro-climatic zones top two districts in each zone with highest buffalo population was selected.ThesisItem Restricted A MULTIDIMENSIONAL STUDY ON KANGAYAM CATTLE FARMERS FOR IN-SITU CONSERVATION(2021) Kavithaa NV; TANUVAS; Manivannan C; Kumarasamy P; Vimal Rajkumar N; Manokaran SThe multi-dimensional study was conducted to analyse the role of Kangayam cattle on the livelihood, socio-cultural, economic and psychological values of the farmers, to identify the conservation attitude and its determinants, document the ethno-veterinary medicines and ethnic practices, analyse the “Korangadu” agropasture system and to conduct SWOC analysis and develop suitable extension strategies for in situ conservation of Kangayam cattle. Ex- post facto research design was adopted in this study with a sample comprised of 50 Kangayam cattle farmers each selected from Coimbatore, Erode, Karur and Tiruppur districts of Tamil Nadu through Snowball sampling technique leading to a total sample size of 200 respondents. The data were collected using pre-tested interview schedule, focused group discussion and non- participant observation and were statistically analysed and results interpreted.ThesisItem Restricted A PROTEOMIC APPROACH TO AUGMENT QUALITY OF CHICKEN MEAT THROUGH DIETARY NATURAL ANTIOXIDANTS(2021) DIVYA MANJARI K; TANUVAS; PARTHIBAN M; KARUNAKARAN R; APPA RAO V; SENTHILKUMAR TMAProbiotics were reported to improve body weight gain and feed efficiency and reduced mortality in broiler chicken. In continuation of using probiotics as performance enhancers in broilers prebiotics are also supplemented to enhance the activity of probiotics and also aid in scavenging free radicals that are responsible for creating stress in the mitochondria. Here in this study chicory is a natural antioxidant that is used as prebiotic as feed supplement. In this study a total of 21 probiotic organisms belonging to seven different species were isolated from chicken gut. These twenty one probiotic organisms were characterized by Gram staining, Biochemical methods using 21 sugars, pH tolerance and bile salt tolerance test, enzyme analysis using 19 different enzymes. These probiotic organisms were identified using molecular studies using PCR amplification of 16S -23S spacer region and sequencing analysis. Based on the sequencing data, seven different species were found to exist namely Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus hirae, Enterococcus durans, Lactobacillus salivarius. Bacillus subtillis and Pediococcus acidilactici. Based on extracellular and in vitro assays a scoring system was evolved to evaluate the potential probiotic bacteria with antioxidant property. These probiotic bacteria along with prebiotic chicory was supplemented in broilers and the performance was studied and observed that the live weight was increased by 200 grams in the synbiotic treated groups. The pH, meat tenderness and total protein were also improved in synbiotic treated groups. Also the proteome of the breast muscle was studied for differentially expressed proteins which relate to the enhancement of broiler performance in the experimental trial.ThesisItem Restricted A SURVEY ON PATTANAM SHEEP PRODUCTION SYSTEM AND BREED DISTRIBUTION STATUS IN CAUVERY DELTA ZONE OF TAMIL NADU(TANUVAS, CHENNAI, 2022) ALWIN NISHANTH A.; TANUVAS; PARAMASIVAM A.; RICHARD JAGATHEESAN P.N.; RAMACHANDRAN M.A study was carried out to document the Pattanam sheep production system, management practices and to know the breed distribution status in Tiruchirappalli, Thanjavur, Pudukkottai, Thiruvarur, Nagapattinam and Mayiladuthurai districts of Cauvery Delta Zone of Tamil Nadu. The survey was conducted from 180 farmers in the selected districts with a pre-tested interview schedule for identifying the present Pattanam sheep production system, management practices followed, Pattanam sheep breed distribution and biometry of Pattanam sheep at different age groups. Pattanam sheep farmers in Cauvery Delta Zone were mainly males (98.33 per cent), middle age group (54.44 per cent) with primary school of education (40.00 per cent) and marginal land holders (70.55 per cent) with agriculture as their primary and had cattle, sheep rearing as secondary occupation (44.44 per cent) with the flock capacity of minimum 25 to 50 sheep (35.00 per cent). They had more than 7 years of experience (78.33 per cent) in sheep farming but lack of knowledge about the training programmes (96.11 per cent) in sheep farming.ThesisItem Open Access Abomasitis In Indian Buffaloes(Clinical Medicine and Therapeutics ; Chennai, 1987) Venkataraman R; TANUVASThesisItem Open Access Accelerated Ripening Of Cheese(1995) Ramasamy D; TANUVASThesisItem Open Access Acterium Avium Subsp. Paratuberculosis Isolates And Development Of Rapid Diagnostics For Johne’s Disease(Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, 2010) Rani, M. Sobha; TANUVAS; Prabhakar, T.G.; Balachandran, C.; Vijayarani, K.; Ronald, B. Samuel MasilamoniTwenty two Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) isolates were isolated using Middle Brook (MB) 7H9 broth culture from sixty five samples of tissue and dung from cattle, sheep and goats. Nineteen isolates from cattle, one from sheep and two isolates from goats were obtained from 12 clinical and 53 pre-clinical samples processed. Two MAP isolates, one each from sheep and goat origin, which were maintained in the Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Madras Veterinary College were revived and adapted to MB 7H9 broth and MB7H10 agar. The MAP isolates exhibited mild turbidity, granularity in MB broth culture and white pin point colonies on MB agar 5-7 weeks post inoculation (PI). The isolates were confirmed by IS900 PCR and mycobactin J dependency test. All the isolates were characterized by molecular methods by amplifying unique IS900 and F57 genes of MAP by both PCR and nested PCR, which revealed specific amplicons of 572 bp, 432 bp, 452 bp and 424 bp respectively. Sequences obtained from partially amplified IS900 and F57 genes of selected MAP isolates were confirmed by sequence analysis and IS900 and F57 of isolates showed 98.6% to 99.7% and 94.1% to 99.8% homology with the reference strain MAP-K10 respectively. The phylogenetic tree analysis of IS900 demonstrated clustering of isolates close to the reference strain, MAP-K10 and away from the M. avium avium and that of F57 showed proximity of the isolates to the reference strain. The 24 isolates were categorized by three molecular methods. (i) IS1311PCR and restriction enzyme analysis with Hinf1 and Mse1, which revealed that all the isolates were Intermediate or Bison type. The same was confirmed by identifying MAP specific Hinf1 site in the sequence of partially amplified IS1311 of the isolates. (ii) GyrA and gyrB PCR with sequencing confirmed that all the isolates were Type III (Intermediate type). The phylogenetic analysis of gyrA and gyrB genes confirmed that all the isolates revealed more lineage towards the reference Type III strain (Intermediate type) than the Type I strain (iii) DMC-PCR showed that all the isolates belong to Sheep type (S type), as DMC-PCR could not distinguish Sheep type from closely related Intermediate types. The 35 kDa protein (p35K) gene of MAP isolates was amplified by PCR, which generated MAP specific amplicon of 924 bp. The sequence of PCR product of MAP isolates showed 96% homology with the reference strain MAP-K10. The p35K gene was successfully cloned into pET100 TOPO vector. The cloned gene was expressed by IPTG induction in E.coli cells. Amino acid composition and hydrophobic sites in the recombinant protein were identified by BioEdit soft ware. Further studies are required to explore the usage of p35k protein in the development of diagnostics and vaccines. The IS900 PCR, F57 PCR and IS1311 PCR with REA were conducted directly on samples of dung, tissue and milk for detection of MAP and positive samples generated MAP specific amplicons of 572 bp, 432 bp and 608 bp respectively. The scaling up of confirmed MAP isolates was carried out in MB7H9 broth and incubated for 12-18 months to achieve satisfactory growth The lipoarabinomannan (LAM), a lipoglycan, which is strongly immunogenic and expressed by actively multiplying MAP, was selected as an antigen for development of diagnostics to detect antibodies to MAP. The LAM was extracted, purified by proteinase-K digestion, concentrated by ultra filtration and characterized before using as an antigen for an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and latex agglutination (LAT) test. The LAM was successfully coated onto ELISA plates and latex beads and standardized the LAM-ELISA and LAT using known Johne`s disease (JD) positive and negative sera samples as controls. For comparison and confirmation of results of LAM-ELISA sera samples were also simultaneously tested by the commercial ID-VET ELISA kit and found that the performance of LAM-ELISA was better than the commercial ELISA kit. Protoplasmic antigen extracted by sonication from MAP isolates was used as an antigen along with the known JD negative and positive sera for standardization of agar gel immuno-diffusion (AGID) test. For standardization and comparison of the sensitivity and specificity of the diagnostics, 63 samples with known MAP infection status (comprising 8 clinical and 55 pre-clinical samples), were tested by all the 6 tests. It was found that a total of 22, 58, 54, 41, 24 and 9 samples proved positive by culture, IS900 PCR, LAM-ELISA, ID-VET ELISA, LAT and AGID respectively. All the eight clinical samples were found positive by all the tests employed. The developed and standardized diagnostics IS900 PCR, LAMELISA and LAT could detect 50 (91.9%), 46 (94.3%) and 16 (31.5%) pre-clinical samples of JD respectively. The LAM-ELISA and commercial ID-VET ELISA could detect 46 (83%) and 33 (60%) of pre-clinical cases of JD and LAM-ELISA was found to be 23% more sensitive than the commercial ELISA kit. To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of developed diagnostics the receiver operator curves (ROC) were plotted considering the IS900 PCR test as reference test. The estimated sensitivity and specificity for LAM-ELISA, LAT and AGID were 94.3% and 31.5%; 16.75% and 80% ; 100% and 100% respectively. Using the developed diagnostics, 242 field samples (dung, tissue and milk) from clinical and pre-clinical cases of cattle, sheep and goats were tested for detection of MAP. The DNA was extracted from samples by Quiagen/Shrimpex stool DNA isolation kit and subjected to IS900 PCR, F57 PCR and IS1311 PCR with REA and found these types of PCR could detect 146, 111 and 109 positive respectively. Twenty one (87.5%) out of 24 clinical and 125 (51.6%) out of 242 pre-clinical samples were found positive by IS900 PCR. Out of 125 IS900 positive samples, F57 PCR and IS1311 PCR could detect 111 and 109 positive samples respectively. The DMC-PCR was able to detect all IS900 positive samples both in clinical and pre-clinical cases. A total of 74 (22.4 %) and 67 (20.3%) samples were found positive out of 329 field serum samples (five clinical and 324 pre-clinical) by LAM-ELISA and ID-VET ELISA respectively. Fifty two samples, including five clinical and 47 pre-clinical samples were found positive out of 187 sera samples tested by LAT.ThesisItem Open Access Adaptation of 'Komarov' Strain of Ranikhet Disease Virus to Pig Kidney Cell Culture(Madras Veterinary College, Chennai, 1980) Pankajam, B.; TANUVAS; Jayaraman, M.S.ThesisItem Open Access Adaptation of Newcastle Disease Virus to BHK21 (RAZI) Cell Line(TANUVAS, 1990) Padmaraj, A.; TANUVAS; Padmmanaban, V.D.; Venkatesan, R.A.; Sundararaj, A.ThesisItem Open Access Additive Effect of Sodium Diformate on Broiler Performance in Environmentally Controlled Housing System(TANUVAS, Chennai, 2015) Sukandhiya, K.; TANUVAS; Mani, K.; Moorthy, M.; Purushothaman, M.R.A biological experiment was conducted by using 300 day old, sex separated commercial broiler chicks belonging to single hatch. These chicks were randomly grouped into 6 treatments with 5 replicates of 10 chicks in each. All the birds were reared under standard management practices in an environmentally controlled house up to five weeks of age. Experimental diets were prepared by adding sodium diformate (NDF) at 0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, and 0.20 per cent level and oxytetracycline at 0.02 per cent level in the basal broiler feed and fed to the broilers up to the end of the experimental period. Production parameters such as body weight, feed consumption and mortality if any, were recorded at weekly interval and based on the collected data gain in body weight, feed conversion ratio and livability were worked out. At the end of the study period, two birds (one male and one female) from each replicate were randomly chosen and slaughtered to study the carcass characteristics. The intestinal contents and litter materials were collected for determination of microbial load. The collected data were analyzed statistically and the results were interpreted. Finally, the cost effectiveness of supplementing sodium diformate in broiler ration was calculated. Dietary supplementation of sodium diformate had significant (P<0.05) effect on the body weight of broilers. At fifth week, comparatively higher mean body weight was recorded in group T6 (1994.10 g) followed by group T5 (1978.36 g) than rest of the treatment groups. Similarly better body weight gain was recorded in sodium diformate supplemented group throughout the study period. It was noticed that as the dietary sodium diformate level increased, there was a proportionate increase in the body weight and body weight gain in broilers. Sodium diformate supplementation had no significant influence on the cumulative feed consumption in broilers. At five weeks of age, the group T6 recorded better feed conversion ratio (1.367) followed by group T5 (1.381) and T4 (1.382) than group T1 and T2 (1.435 and 1.430). It was observed that as the dietary sodium diformate level increased, there was a proportionate improvement in the feed conversion ratio in broilers. Supplementation of sodium diformate in the diet of broilers had no significant influence on the livability during the study period. Group T5 recorded significantly (P<0.05) higher antibody titre (4.14) against Ranikhet disease followed by groups T6 (3.71) and T4 (3.43) than the rest of the treatment groups. Dietary sodium diformate had no significant influence on the carcass characteristics viz. eviscerated weight, ready-to-cook weight, heart yield, liver yield, gizzard yield, giblets yield in broilers. However, the group T6 recorded better eviscerated and ready-to-cook yield percentage compared to other treatment groups. The sodium diformate supplemented group recorded comparatively lower abdominal fat yield (1.09-1.16 %). Dietary supplementation of sodium diformate had no significant influence on the physical properties of meat quality of broilers reared in environmentally controlled housing system. The pH of the breast and thigh muscle ranged between 5.74 and 6.07 and 6.21 and 6.36 respectively. At 35 days of age, irrespective of dietary treatments, the water holding capacity was higher in the thigh muscle than the breast muscle in broilers. Feeding of sodium diformate to broilers did not influence the litter moisture and pH during the study period. There was an increase in the litter moisture percentage and decrease in the pH of the litter material at the end of the experimental period when compared to the beginning of the experimental period. Supplementation of sodium diformate to broilers had significant influence on the litter microbial load at five weeks of age. The total bacterial count in litter was significantly (P<0.05) lower in the group T6 (5.44) than the rest of the treatment groups. Except the control group (5.46), the other groups recorded significantly (P<0.05) lower E.coli count. There was no salmonella recorded in the groups T4, T5 and T6 when compared to the other groups. The sodium diformate and oxytetracycline supplemented groups revealed no clostridial count at the end of the experimental period. Similarly, the sodium diformate supplemented groups recorded significantly lower or nil intestinal bacterial count (E. coli, salmonella and clostridial count). The group supplemented with sodium diformate at 0.2 per cent level had significantly increased villus length (2178.97 μm) followed by groups T5 (1860.55 μm) and T4 (1780.77 μm). At the end of the experimental period, the total feed cost per bird was highest in the group T5 (Rs.90.71). Production cost per kg live weight was comparatively lower in sodium diformate supplemented groups. The net profit per bird in sodium diformate supplemented groups was comparatively higher than the oxytetracycline fed and control group. The net profit per kg broiler was highest in group T6 (Rs.16.99). Based on the above results, it could be concluded that sodium diformate may be included at 0.15 and 0.2 per cent level in the diet of broilers for getting better production performance and net profitThesisItem Open Access ADIPOSE DERIVED STEM CELLS & PLATELET RICH PLASMA GEL AS ADJUNCTS TO VACUUM ASSISTED SKIN GRAFTS IN DOGS(TANUVAS, 2016) D'Souza, Nitin Joseph; Jayaprakash, R; TANUVAS; Ganesh, TN; Leela, V; Kannan, TAManagement of complex wounds of different areas of the body and acceleration of wound healing are important clinical goals 111 veterinary surgery. Negative pressure Wound therapy (NPWT) is the controlled application of sub-atmospheric pressure in the field of wound healing with multiple applications in a variety of wounds. Applications include its prophylactic use following skin grafting. Other complementary methods are the adjunctive use of autologous concentrate of Platelet gel and Adipose-derived stem cells, as additional modalities that can provide a concentrated growth-factor cocktail.ThesisItem Open Access Adoption Behaviour of Buffalo Farmers in Thiruvannamalai Sambuvarayar District(TANUVAS, 1996) Bharathy, N.; TANUVAS; Subramanian, R.; Pillai, M. Mahadevan; Narasimhan, R.ThesisItem Open Access Adoption Behaviour of Duck Farmers in Chengalpattu - M.G.R. District of Tamil Nadu(TANUVAS, 1992) Rajasubramanian, P; TANUVAS; Subramanian; Narahari, D; Selvakumar, K.N.ThesisItem Open Access Adoption Behaviour of Marine Fishermen(Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, 2001) Ravaneswaran, K.; TANUVAS; Subramanian, R.ThesisItem Open Access Adoption Behaviour Of Marine Fishermen(Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, 2001) Ravaneswaran, K.; TANUVAS; Subramanian, R.ThesisItem Open Access Adoption Behaviour of Sheep Farmers in Salem District(TANUVAS, 1993) Maheshwaran, A; TANUVAS; Subramanian, R; Krishnaraj, R; Radhakrishnan, T