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ThesisItem Restricted DIETARY SUPPLEMENTATION OF LAURIC ACID ON PERFORMANCE AND GUT HEALTH OF BROILER CHICKEN(2021) HEMALATHA T; TANUVAS; SAKTHIVEL PC; VASAN P; AMUTHA RA biological trial was carried out to evaluate the effect of different sources of lauric acid on performance, gut health and economics of broiler chicken. Two hundred and fifty two, day-old, sexed broiler chicks were randomly divided into seven homogeneous experimental groups with six replicates for each treatment, each containing six chicks. The diet of control group (T1) consisted of basal diet without Antibiotic Growth Promoter (AGP) and (T2) with oxytetracycline as AGP at 50 g/ton. The dietary treatment groups consisted of basal diet with lauric acid (T3) at 500 g/ton; monolaurin (T4) at 300 g/ton; palm kernel oil (T5) supplying lauric acid at 500 g/ton; virgin coconut oil (T6) supplying lauric acid at 500 g/ton and lauric acid at 500 g/ton, caprylic and capric acids (T7) (based on caprylic and capric acid content similar to T6th level). The trial was carried out in deep litter pen for 35 days with standard managemental conditions. Supplementation of different sources of lauric acid had statistically comparable performance in terms of body weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio to that of the birds supplemented with antibiotic (oxytetracycline at 50 g/ton). In slaughter parameters, eviscerated carcass weight was significantly (P<0.05) higher in group T6 (65.90%), ready-to-cook weight was significantly (P<0.05) higher in groups T6 and T4 (70.26% and 70.19%, respectively) and giblets weight was significantly higher in group T2 (4.68%) than the birds fed without oxytetracycline or other sources of lauric acid. However, heart, liver, gizzard, abdominal fat yield and intestinal length (cm) did not differ significantly among the treatment groups (T1 to T7).ThesisItem Restricted COMBINATION OF COATED SODIUM BUTYRATE AND BACILLUS SUBTILIS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF BROILER CHICKEN(2021) MEKALA C; TANUVAS; SENTHILKUMAR S; VASANTHKUMAR P; MOORTHY MThe present study was undertaken to assess the synergistic efficiency of supplementation of coated sodium butyrate and Bacillus subtilis as a substitute for antibiotic growth promoter in broiler diet and to work out the cost effectiveness of broiler chicken production. A biological trial was carried out with 216 day–old cobb 400 broiler chicks distributed to six experimental groups with six replicates, each replicate containing six chicks. The experimental groups were fed with basal diet (T1), a basal diet with antibiotic (T2), probiotic (Bacillus subtilis) alone (100 g/ton of diet) (T3), and coated sodium butyrate high at 0.18 (T4) or medium 0.09 (T5) and low 0.045 (T6) per cent levels combined with Bacillus subtilis (100 g/ton of diet). The coated sodium butyrate (CSB) was used as lipid encapsulated sodium butyrate. A commercial probiotic supplement of Bacillus subtilis with 1x 1012 cfu/g was used for this experiment. The trial was conducted in a deep litter pen and last for 35 days. The treatment groups of birds fed basal diet supplemented with probiotic Bacillus subtilis 100g per ton of diet (T3) and combination of probiotic Bacillus subtilis with 0.18 (T4), 0.09 (T5) and 0.045 per cent (T6) of CSB respectively showed better performance in terms of body weight gain, feed conversion ratio and comparable performance in feed intake to that of birds supplemented with antibiotic in feed (oxytetracycline at 50 mg/kg). The basal diet group (T1) had a poor performance concerning body weight gain, feed intake and feed efficiency over other experimental groups. There was no significant difference is sex separated cumulative body weight gain of males and females at 35th day of the experiment, respectively. There was a positive influence of climate and weather on production performance of birds with efficient feed conversion ratio with lower feed intake and better body weight gain during the biological experiment. Probiotic Bacillus subtilis alone (T3) and with different combinations of CSB (T4, T5 and T6) with Bacillus subtilis supplemented groups did not influence the serum protein fraction, serum lipid profile and Haemagglutination Inhibition (HI) titre against Ranikhet disease corresponding to the antibiotic group (T2). In slaughter parameters such as eviscerated weight, ready-to-cook weight, heart, liver, gizzard, giblet weight and abdominal fat as per cent of live body weight, length and pH of small intestine did not affect by the inclusion of Bacillus subtilis and combination of probiotic Bacillus subtilis with at 0.18 (T4), 0.09 (T5) and 0.045 (T6) per cent of CSB when compared to the antibiotic group. Similarly, meat pH, cooking loss, shear force value, water holding capacity of meat, sensory attributes (appearance, flavour, texture, mouth-coating, juiciness) and overall acceptability were comparable with the antibiotic group. A significant (P<0.05) reduction observed in ileal total bacterial (7.80-8.37 vs. 8.84 log10 cfu/g), Escherichia coli (5.63-6.14 vs. 6.75 log10 cfu/g) and Clostridium perfringens (4.63 - 5.10 vs. 5.49 log10 cfu/g) count on the addition of CSB (0.18%) and Bacillus subtilis (100 g/ton of diet) followed by probiotic alone (T3), CSB (0.09%), CSB (0.045%) and antibiotic (T2) over the basal diet (T1). Nonetheless, the Lactobacillus sp. and Bacillus sp. count in ileal content were significantly (P<0.05) increased due to supplementation of different levels of CSB with Bacillus subtilis (T4, T5 and T6) as compared to antibiotic and basal diet groups. The addition of CSB and Bacillus subtilis had significantly (P<0.05) increased the jejunum villi height (1206.56 - 1328.03 vs. 1158.83 μm) over the antibiotic and control group. Whereas, no significant (P>0.05) difference in villi crypt depth and villi height: crypt depth ratio between treatments. The increase in the revenue of Rs. 4.31 and Rs. 1.61 per kg live weight gain in the group supplemented with CSB at 0.09 per cent and Bacillus subtilis 100 g/ton of diet (T5) as compared to basal diet and antibiotic group (T2), respectively. Therefore, it is recommended to include the CSB at 0.09 per cent and Bacillus Subtilis at 100 g/ton of feed as an alternate for antibiotics in the broiler diet.ThesisItem Restricted EFFECT OF DIETARY SUPPLEMENTATION OF NANO SELENIUM ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF LAMBS(2021) SARANG SHANKAR VAJPEYEE; TANUVAS; RAMESH J; KARUNAKARAN R; MURALIDHARAN JThe effect of inorganic, organic and nano forms of selenium supplementation on growth performance, antioxidant capacity and health status of lambs was studied. Nano selenium was synthesized through wet chemical method. The particle shape for nano particle source of selenium was spherical, which was confirmed by TEM (Transmission Electron Microscope). Through FT-IR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) and XRD (X- ray diffraction) it was proved that the synthesized nano particle source of selenium had no impurities. The percentage of selenium in the synthesized nano particle source of selenium was 98. The in vitro cytotoxicity assay of nano particle source of selenium on vero cell line revealed that the safe level for inclusion of selenium nanoparticle was up to 30 ppm of lamb concentrate feed. In vitro gas production study was carried out to assess the effect of different (Inorganic, organic and Nano) forms of selenium at graded levels (0, 0.150, 0.225, 0.300, 0.375 and 0.450 ppm) on rumen microbial biomass production and result revealed that supplementation of selenium significantly (p<0.05) improved IVADMD, IVTDMD and microbial biomass production compared to non-supplemented group at all levels of addition and irrespective of forms. To validate the findings, a biological study was conducted in 30 Mecheri lambs randomly distributed in 5 treatments group viz T1 (Control), T2 (Inorganic), T3 (Organic), T4 (Nano 100%) and T5 (Nano 50%) comprising of 6 lambs in each group. The level of selenium supplementation for feeding trial was derived based on the finding of in vitro study. Inorganic (T2), Organic (T3) and Nano 100% (T4) groups were supplemented selenium at 0.3 ppm in feed, whereas in T5 (Nano selenium 50%) was incorporated at 50% lower level i.e., 0.15 ppm in order to challenge and explore the effects of selenium in nano size. Body weight gain, average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency were significantly higher(P<0.05) in lambs fed with diet supplemented with nano selenium in both 100 and 50 per cent requirement levels compared to other groups. No significant variation was observed in serum haematological and biochemical profile among treatments. Feeding of nano selenium improved superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities in serum and decreased the malondialdehyde activity. Nano selenium (0.3 ppm) supplemented group exhibited higher selenium concentration in serum, liver and muscle compared to other groups. Therefore, it is concluded that supplementation of Nano Se at half the dose, i.e., 0.15 ppm is enough in growing lambs ration in order to maintain optimum production and health. This paves the way for further reduction in the selenium supplementation in nano form.ThesisItem Restricted TRANSFAUNATION USING LYOPHILISED RUMEN INOCULUM TO COUNTERACT RUMINAL FERMENTATION DISORDERS SEQUEL TO HIGH GRAIN RATION IN SMALL RUMINANTS(2021) RUBA NANTHINI A; TANUVAS; VALLI C; RADHAKRISHNAN L; BALASUBRAMANYAM D; MANGALA GOWRI AA study with four experiments was carried out to design a protocol to lyophilise the rumen inoculums of goats and to study the effect of transfaunation of the lyophilised goat rumen inoculum into the rumen of goats having fermentation disorders sequel to high grain diet. Experiment 1 was executed using 5 × 3 × 3 factorial design with six replications in three runs to lyophilize the rumen fluid of goats. Four different cryoprotectants (10 % skim milk powder, 10 % skim milk powder + 5 % sodium glutamate solution, 5 % glycerol solution, 5 % DMSO solution and no cryoprotectant) at three pre freezing time intervals (2, 24 and 48 hours), at three freeze drying time intervals (8, 24 and 32 hours) were assessed. Pre freezing (-80℃ deep freezer) duration of 48 hours with 32 hours of time duration in lyophilizer (-45℃) was found to be ideal for lyophilizing goat rumen fluid with or without the addition of various cryoprotectants. The viability of rumen microbes in the “lyophilised goat rumen inoculum” produced with different cryoprotectents were assessed in experiment II through in vitro gas production studies and significantly (P < 0.05) highest gas production (11.00 ml / 0.2 g of substrate), in vitro apparent dry matter degradability (70.60 %), true dry matter degradability (76.81 %), microbial biomass (6.21 %) and partition factorThesisItem Restricted EVALUATION OF BIOACTIVE FEED ADDITIVE FOR k. THEIR EFFECT ON PRODUCTION PERFORMANCE AND GUT HEALTH IN BROILERS(2021) KAVITHA R; TANUVAS; VALLI C; KARUNAKARAN R; VIJAYARANAI K; AMUTHA RA study was executed to identify a suitable bioactive feed additive from locally available herbs and to study its effect on broiler performance and gut health, and ascertain its use as a replacement to antibiotic growth promoter. A survey was carried out in poultry farms (broilers and layers) of Tamil Nadu, and it revealed that all the farms were using antibiotics in either feed or in drinking water. Sixteen commonly prevalent herbs of Tamil Nadu viz.. Allium sativum bulb (Garlic), Andrographis paniculata leaf with stem (Nilavembu), Azadirachta indica leaf (Neem), Cinnamomum verum bark (Cinnamon), Coriandrum sativum seed (Coriander), Curcuma longa rhizome (Turmeric), Emblica officinalis fruit (Amla), Mentha spicata leaf (Mentha), Moringa oleifera leaf (Moringa), Murraya koenigii leaf (Curry), Ocimum sanctum leaf (Tulsi), Phyllanthus niruri frill plant with root (Keelanelli), Piper nigrum seed (Black pepper), Syzygium aromaticum flower bud (Clove), Trigonella foenum seed (Fenugreek), Zingiber officinale rhizome (Dry ginger) were collected and evaluated for their chemical composition, in vitro total antioxidant capacity and in vitro antibacterial potency. Total Antioxidant Capacity (pgm ascorbic acid equivalent /g) was significantly (P < 0.05) highest (2910.38) in S.aromaticum buds. Significantly (P < 0.05) highest (21.00, 20.33 and 17.50) antimicrobial potency (mm zone of inhibition) was in S. aroHiaticum buds against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Salmonella Enteritidis. M. koenigii leaves had the significantly (P < 0.05) highest (19.00) antimicrobial potency (mm zone of inhibition) against C. perfringens. S. aromaticiim buds, C. longa rhizomes, M. spicata leaves, £. officinalis fruits, P. niruri leaves and M. koenigii leaves were the herbs selected to arrive at 21 phytobiotic mixtures. The phytobiotic mixtures were studied for their antioxidant and antimicrobial potency. Significantly (P < 0.05) highest (3030.18) total antioxidant capacity (pgm ascorbic acid equivalent/g) was in S.aromaticiim buds + M spicata leaves + E. officinalis fruits (1:1:1). Significantly (P < 0.05) highest (22.33) antimicrobial activity (mm zone of inhibition) against S.aureus and C. perfringens was in E.officinalis fruit + M. koenigii leaves + S. aromaticiim bud (1:1:1). Significantly (P < 0.05) highest (21.33 and 21.83) antimicrobial activity, against E. coli and 5. Enteritidis was in M. spicata leaves + M. koenigii leaves + 5. aromaticiim buds (1:1:1). Based on ranking S. aromaticiim buds + M spicata leaves + E. ojficinalis fruits (1:1:1) was designated as phytobiotic mixture I and E. officinalis fruits + M. koenigii leaves + S. aromaticum buds (1:1:1) was designated as phytobiotic mixture II. To test the potency of phytobiotic mixture (I and II) for their safe incorporation in broiler feed one hundred and fifty vencobb broiler chicks were distributed randomly to the five treatments viz., Control, Phytobiotic mixture (I) level I, Phytobiotic mixture (I) level II, Phytobiotic mixture (II) Level I and Phytobiotic mixture (II) Level IL Each treatment had three replicates. E. officinalis fruits + M koenigii leaves + 5. aromaticum buds (1:1:1) combination (phytobiotic mixture II) at level II (2 kg / tonne of feed) revealed significantly (P < 0.05) highest (2502.35) weight gain (g), highest (34.74) net profit per bird, significantly (P < 0,05) lowest (116.25 and 110.82) TBA value respectively for both thigh and breast muscle, significantly (P < 0.05) highest (25.50 x 10** cfu/g) Lactobacillus count and significantly (P < 0.05) lowest (257.00 cfti/g and 836.83 cfu/g) E.coli and C. perferingens count respectively in gut contents, and significantly (P < 0.05) highest (1176.96 and 266.42) villus height and crypt depth respectively and hence was selected for antibiotic replacement. An experiment was carried out to determine the efficacy of the selected phytobiotic mixture (E. officinalis fruits + M. koenigii leaves + 5. aromaticum buds (1:1:1) at 2 kg / tonne of feed) as a replacement at graded levels (0, 25, 50 and 75 %) to antibiotic feed additive (Bacitracin methylene disalicylate at the rate of 500 gms ! tonne of feed) in promoting production performance and gut health of broilers. One hundred and fifty vencobb broiler straight run chicks were distributed randomly to the five treatments viz.. Control / Antibiotic feed additive (100 %), Antibiotic feed additive (75 %) + phytobiotic mixture (25 %), Antibiotic feed additive (50 %) + phytobiotic mixture (50 %), Antibiotic feed additive (25 %) + phytobiotic mixture (75 %) and phytobiotic mixture (100 %). It was inferred that £. officinalis finiits + M. koenigii leaves + S. aromaticum buds (1:1:1) could successfully replace antibiotic Bacitracin methylene disalicylate successfully even at 100 per cent level, as this was the highest level that evinced weight gain and feed efficiency comparable to control. Lactobacillus in caecal content was only detected in this group of birds even after withdrawal of supplement. Pathogenic microorganism (E.coli and C. perfringens) count was significantly (P < 0.05) lowest in this group of birds even after withdrawal of supplement.ThesisItem Restricted SPORE PROBIOTICS IN PRE-PELLET AND NON-SPORE PROBIOTICS IN POST PELLET ON THE PERFORMANCE OF BROILER CHICKEN(TANUVAS, CHENNAI, 2021) MUTHUSAMY N.; TANUVAS; NATARAJAN, A.; VASANTHAKUMAR, P.; RAJA, A.; KUMARESAN, G.A comparative study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of supplementing spore probiotics in pre-pellet or non-spore conventional probiotics in post-pellet feed on the performance of broiler chicken to assess whether non-spore probiotics adequately perform. Four spore forming B. subtilis (BS, NCDC 70), B. amyloliquefaciens (BA, ATCC 23842), B. coagulans (BC, ATCC 7050), and B. clausii (BCL, BCL 2B) and two non spore forming L. acidophilus (LA, NCDC 15) and B. bifidum (BB, HI 48) probiotics were procured and experimented. BC showed highest recovery (38 %) followed by BS (36 %), BC (33 %), BA (31 %), LA (30 %) and BB (29 %) after spray-drying. Addition in crumble feed and stored for 0, 7 and 14 days at room temperature, BA (8.88 to 8.49 log10 cfu/ml, 4.39 %) and BB (6.03 to 5.14 log10 cfu/ml, 14.76 %) survived better on day 14.ThesisItem Restricted NUTRIGENOMIC EVALUATION OF ANDROGRAPHIS PANICULATA ON THE PERFORMANCE OF BROILER CHICKEN(TANUVAS, CHENNAI, 2021) HARIHARAN, T.; TANUVAS; VASAN, P.; PURUSHOTHAMAN, M.R.; GOPALAKRISHNA MURTHY, T.R.; SARAVANAN, R.The growth promoting properties of Andrographis paniculata whole plant powder (APWP) in broiler chicken diet was studied. For the study, A. paniculata (AP) whole plants of around 120 days old were randomly collected from Namakkal and authenticated by the Botanical Survey of India, Coimbatore and confirmed by HPTLC analysis. The mean moisture, crude protein, crude fibre, ether extract, total ash and NFE content of shade dried APWP samples were 8.79, 7.97, 26.62, 1.66, 9.57 and 45.39 per cent, respectively.ThesisItem Restricted CALCIUM AND PHOSPHORUS REQUIREMENTS FOR GROWTH IN ASEEL CHICKEN(TANUVAS, CHENNAI, 2022) KHALANDER, N.; TANUVAS; VASANTHAKUMAR P.; SENTHILKUMAR S.; KANNAN D.A study was undertaken to investigate the requirements of calcium (Ca) and Non-phytate phosphorus (NPP) in the diet of Aseel chicken based on the growth performance, carcass characteristics, blood components, bone traits and mineral retention. Two hundred and forty, day-old, sexed Aseel chicks belonging to a single hatch were randomly distributed into four homogenous groups (with regard to sex and weight of chicks) in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, which included two levels of dietary Ca (1.0 % and 0.8 %) and two levels of dietary NPP (0.4 % and 0.3 %). Each group was subdivided into six replicates of ten chicks each. The chicks were housed in deep litter system of management during the entire experimental period of 12 weeks.ThesisItem Restricted DIETARY NON-STRUCTURAL CARBOHYDRATE LEVELS ON PERFORMANCE OF MECHERI SHEEP(2022) SENTHILKUMAR; TANUVAS; VASAN P; MOHAN B; SELVARAJ P; MURALIDHAR JThe present investigation was carried out in two phases to assess the effect of varying levels of dietary non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) on growth performance, rumen development, fermentation pattern, meat characteristics, gestation and lactation performance of Mecheri sheep. The first phase was conducted in pre-weaning (15-90 d) and post-weaning (91- 270 d) male lambs. The second phase was conducted in Mecheri ewes (6 months). Four isonitrogenous and isocaloric complete diets differing in NSC level were prepared viz., NSC1 (40 %), NSC2 (45 %), NSC3 (50 %) and NSC4 (55 %) for each phase. The first phase was conducted on thirty-two Mecheri ram lambs with an average body weight of 5.23±0.012 kg, aged about 15 d. Lambs were randomly allotted to four groups of 8 each in a completely randomized block design. Lambs were fed with weighed quantity of respective experimental diets twice daily ad libitum throughout the study (15-270 d). During the pre-weaning period, lambs were allowed to suckle milk in addition to the experimental diet. The total DMI and DMI/day was significantly (P<0.01) lower in NSC1 group lambs than NSC4, NSC3 and NSC2. No significant difference (P>0.05) was observed in the body weight of lambs and feed conversion efficiency during pre-weaning period.
