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ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON PREVALENCE AND EFFICACY OF HERBAL ANTHELMINTICS ON GASTROINTESTINAL NEMATODES IN GOATS(Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, Jabalpur, 2019) MARAVI, DURPAT SINGH; Dixit, Dr. PoojaGastrointestinal nematodes utilize a major part of nutrients in animals leading to economic losess. To overcome the adverse effects of these parasites, anthelmintics are continuously being used. Indiscriminate use of these anthelmintics has led to the problem of anthelmintic resistance. Medicinal plants are potent source of many pharmacological activities. Of these ‘plants’ having anthelmintic action, some have attained greatest interest due to the capacity of plant and its compounds to treat a disease that causes major economic loss and reduce livestock production. Development of anthelmintic resistance and high cost of conventional anthelmintic drugs led to the evaluation of medicinal plants as an alternative source of anthelmintics. Gastrointestinal parasites (GIP) adversely affect livestock and cause economic losses. To overcome the adverse effects of these parasites, anthelmintics are continuously being used. Indiscriminate use of these anthelmintics has led to the problem of anthelmintic resistance. Some medicinal plants with anthelmintic action attained greatest interest due to the capacity of plant and its compounds to treat these parasites that cause major economic loss and reduce livestock production. The present study was designed to know the prevalence of gastrointestinal (GI) parasites, to detect benzimidazole resistance and to compare the efficacy of crude powder of seeds of three herbs i.e. Caesalpinia bonducella, Butea monosperma and Moringa oleifera against gastrointestinal nematodes in goats. Faecal samples of 1003 goats were collected and examined by standard floatation and sedimentation methods for the presence of eggs of different parasites. Status of anthelmintic resistance was also detected with standard egg hatch assay test (EHAT). On the basis of prevalence study, 50 goats having egg per gram (EPG) loads of 600 and above were divided into 5 groups of 10 goats each. Group G1 was kept as untreated control. Group G2, was given fenbendazole @ 7.5mg/kg BW orally. Group G3, G4 and G5 were given powder of seeds of Caesalpinia bonducella, Butea monosperma and Moringa oleifera respectively @ 3g / kg BW orally once and comparative therapeutic efficacy was evaluated. The overall prevalence of GI parasites was recorded as 92.52%. Maximum prevalence was of strongyles (92.22%), followed by that of coccidia (27.22%), Trichuris spp. (13.06%) and Moniezia spp. (7.78%). The prevalence was higher in the kids (96.39%) as compared to that of adults (91.59%). The prevalence of GI parasites was higher in males (93.97%) as compared to that of females (91.69%). However, seasonal prevalence was recorded highest in monsoon season (95.65%) followed by post monsoon season (95.41%), winter season (91.47%) and summer (79.73%). The overall prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) was 92.32%. Age wise prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes was higher in kids (95.88%) while in adults, it was 91.47%. Sex wise prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes was higher in males (93.70%) as compared to that of females (91.54%). Season wise prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes was highest in post monsoon season (95.41%) followed by that of monsoon (95.29%), winter (91.25%) and summer season (79.73%). In the present study, egg hatch assay test revealed ED50 value as 0.062 which indicated that the nematode population is susceptible to benzimidazole. In group G1 i.e. untreated control, mean EPG was slightly reduced at 5th day while increased at 10th day. In group G2 (given fenbendazole) per cent reduction in EPG at 5th and 10th day post treatment was 97.54% and 97.16% respectively. In group G3 (Caesalpinia bonducella ) per cent reduction in EPG at 5th day post treatment and 10th day post treatment were 69.76 and 74.52% respectively . In group G4 (Butea monosperma) per cent reduction in EPG was 56.44 and 74.26% at 5th day and 10th day post treatment respectively. In group G5 (Moringa oleifera) per cent reduction in EPG was 52.59 and 75.57% at 5th day and 10th day post treatment respectively. Fenbendazole was found to be the most effective, but among all these three plants, powder of seeds of Caesalpinia bonducella was having maximum anthelmintic efficacy. Haematobiochemical parameters like Hb, PCV, TEC, TLC, DLC, ALT, AST, BUN and creatinine in these groups before treatment, 5th and 10th day post treatment were within the normal range for goats. In group G2 (fenbendazole treated) group Hb, PCV, TEC increased significantly (p≤0.05) after treatment. In group G3 (treated with Caesalpinia bonducella) TLC decreased significantly (p≤0.05) at 10th day post treatment as compared to pretreatment values. In group G3 and G5 mean albumin values significantly (p≤0.05) increased post treatment. In group G5 (treated with Moringa oleifera) TEC values increased significantly (p≤0.05) at 10th day post treatment. ALT and AST values in all groups were within normal range for goats after treatment.ThesisItem Open Access PREVALENCE OF ENTERIC COLIBACILLOSIS AND CLINICO-THERAPEUTIC EVALUATION OF HERBAL ANTI- DIARRHOEAL IN CALVES(Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University Jabalpur, 2018) MISHRA, ABHILASHA; Mishra, Dr. K.K.The present study was conducted with the objective to evaluate the prevalence of calf diarrhoea due to E. coli in and around Rewa District of MP and comparative therapeutic potential of herbal antidiarrhoeal formulation vis-a-vis standard treatment with antibiotics and parenteral/oral fluids in the treatment of diarrhoea in calves. In Phase I of the study, for calculating the prevalence of entero-colibacilosis in calves, the calves suffering with diarrhoea were screened for presence of E. coli. The microbiological samples were processed for the isolation of E. coli and isolates were identified on the basis of cultural, morphological and biochemical characteristics. The E. coli isolates obtained were sent to National Salmonella and Escherichia Centre (CRI, Kasauli, H.P., India) for serotyping on the basis of O antigen and were also subjected to antibiotic sensitivity test for determining antimicrobial sensitivity/resistance pattern. Maximum prevalence for enterocolibacillosis were recorded in the age group of 0-7 days (27%) followed by 7-15 days ( 26%) and females calves were found more susceptible to entero-colibacillosis as compared to males. Most frequently recorded serotype was O88 which was reported in 54.25% of cases, followed by O5, O35, O101, O126 and O128 each having sero-prevalance of 6.24%.Majority of the E. coli isolates showed maximum susceptibility for Ciprofloxacin (98.5 %) followed by Ceftriaxone (98%) , chloramphenicol (96.17%) , norfloxacin (95.62%) and Amikacin (93.98%).On the other hand, tetracycline, cotrimazole, cefotaxim and gentamicin expressed resistance. In the Phase II, the diarrhoeic calves were randomly divided into various groups and were assigned various treatments i.e. standard antibiotic treatment (Ciprofloxacin and tinidazole) along with IV fluid and electrolyte support (G II), along with ORS supplemented with zinc (G-III), herbal mixture consisting of bark of Kutaz/ Conessi tree (Holarrhena antidysenterica), root tuber of Nagarmotha/Mustaka/Nutgrass (Cyperus rotendus), root of Atees/Ativisha/ Indian Atees (Aconitum heterophyllum) and unripe fruit of Bael/Bilva/ Apple wood (Aegle marmelos) and administered @ 10 gm orally twice daily for five days either alone (G-IV),or along with ORS supplemented with Zn (G-V),or along with antibiotics as described above (G-VI). Significant improvements were recorded in clinical scores (Faecal consistency, depression and dehydration) as well as haemato-biochemical parameters (reduction in PCV, TLC, Neutrophil %, serum Potassium and elevation in serum Sodium and Chloride levels) of diarrheic calves, when treated with herbal mixture orally especially when combined with ORS supplemented with zinc, although statistically comparable improvements were recorded between all treatment groups and also when compared to pretreatment values. No adverse effect of any treatment in diarrhoeic calves including the herbal formulation could be noticed on liver and kidney functions.ThesisItem Open Access ACRYLIC VERSUS EPOXY CONNECTING BAR IN EXTERNAL FIXATOR FOR APPENDICULAR FRACTURE OF GOATS(Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University Jabalpur, 2018) Nagar, Sandeep; Singh, Dr. RandhirThis study was conducted on 10 goats, aged between 10 months to 5 years, brought to T.V.C.C, Jabalpur for the treatment of fracture in metacarpal, tibia and metatarsal. These goats were randomly divided into 2 groups, consisting of 5 animals each. The animals were selected irrespective of their age, sex, breed and body weight. In group I, external skeletal fixation using Acrylic as the connecting bar, where as in group II Epoxy was used as connecting bar. Fracture was more common in male animals (60.00%). Automobile accident was most common (90.00%) cause of fracture. Rectal temperature decreased significantly in both groups postoperatively. Wound area at fracture site decreased significantly at 30th day in both the groups as compared to 0 day. Exudation was present significantly at 5th day in both the groups. The mean haemoglobin concentration significantly increased at 15th day in both the groups as compared to 0 day. Total erythrocyte count markedly increased at 30th day in both the groups as compared to 0 day. In both groups, Neutrophil increased significantly at 7th day in comparison to 0 day and decreased at 30th day where as Lymphocyte decreased significantly at 7th day and increased at 30th day. Alkaline phosphatase increased significantly in both groups at 30th day and decreased at 60th day, although serum calcium level significantly decreased at 30th day in both the groups. The level of serum phosphorus increased significantly at 15th day. The mean radiographic score increased significantly at 30th day in both the groups and was highest at 60th day in both the groups. In group I, weight bearing score (while standing) improved on 15th day as compared to group II. The mean weight bearing score (while walking) improved significantly on 15th day as compared to group II. The mean weight bearing score (while running) improved significantly on 15th day as compared to group II. Therefore, on the basis of above findings, it was concluded that Acrylic and Epoxy has no impact on haemato-biochemical parameters during fracture repair, although weight bearing was good with Acrylic connecting bar as compared to Epoxy connecting bar. The Acrylic connecting bar was lighter in weight and having less hardening time.ThesisItem Open Access THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT OF PARVOVIRUS INFECTION IN DOGS(Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, Jabalpur, 2018) KHARE, DHARAM SINGH; . Gupta, Dr. D. KThe present work on therapeutic management of parvo virus infection in dogs was carried out in the Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, Jabalpur during the period from August, 2017 to January, 2018. On screening, 980 dogs were found to be suffered from gastroenteritis. The parameters pertaining to age, sex, breed and feeding habits of each suspected dog were recorded to study the epidemiological pattern of canine parvovirus (CPV). The cases were confirmed by Scanvet canine parvovirus antigen detection kit (Scan vet Parvotm kit). For therapeutic study, a total of 32 confirmed cases of CPV were selected and randomly divided into 4 groups as T1 to T4, each group comprised of 8 dogs. Group T1 received the antibiotic amikacin @ 10 mg/kg b. wt., group T2 received antibiotic amikacin along with immunomodulator, group T3 received antiviral acyclovir @ 20 mg/kg b.wt. and group T4 received antiviral acyclovir along with immunomodulator. However, 8 apparently healthy dogs were selected as healthy control (TC). The overall prevalence was found to be 7.24% (71/980). The age wise prevalence recorded was significantly higher (11.9%) in the pups of 0-3 months of age followed by 3-6 months of age (7.09%), 6-12 months of age (5.31%) and least in the dogs of above 12 months of age (1.11%). No significant difference was observed in sex wise prevalence of CPV. Significantly higher prevalence was noticed in the pups kept on vegetarian diet (9.34%) in comparison to non-vegetarian diet. Vomiting was observed to be the most common clinical finding in almost all the cases of CPV. There was no significant difference in clinical, haematological and biochemical parameters in different treatment groups. However, there was significant difference in pre-treatment and post-treatment values of clinical, haematological and biochemical parameters at different interval within the group. Response to therapy was evaluated on the basis of results of clinical score. The 5 clinical attributes of each patient: attitude, appetite, vomiting, temperature and feces were recorded at different interval from each clinical case under the treatment group. The clinically normal parameters were represented by score '0' which got increased as per the severity of signs maximum up to score '3' for each variable. The combination of antiviral acyclovir along with immunomodulator was found to be superior than the therapy used in other treatment groups.ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF ACARICIDAL THERAPIES FOR SARCOPTIC MANGE IN CATTLE(Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University Jabalpur, 2018) SINGH, ANJALI; Tiwari, Dr. AmitaThe present study was undertaken to know the prevalence of sarcoptic mange in and around Jabalpur, to evaluate acaricidal therapies for sarcoptic mange in cattle and to compare the economics of various acaricidal therapies. Out of 684 cattle screened from various organized and unorganized sectors in and around Jabalpur, 112 cattle were showing signs of dermatological disorders and were selected for further study. Confirmation of sarcoptic mange was done by microscopic detection of Sarcoptes scabiei mite in the skin scraping. After confirmation of the presence of mite Sarcoptes scabiei, 24 cattle were selected for therapeutic study and 6 apparently healthy cattle were selected for healthy control group. Cattle of groups T1, T2, T3, T4 were treated with Individually prepared formulation, Tablet ivermectin, 1% injection ivermectin and 3.15% injection ivermectin, respectively. Skin scraping examination and estimation of hemato biochemical parameters were done on day 0 and on days 14, 28, 42, respectively. On the basis of clinical recovery response on day 42 post treatment and skin scraping examination results therapeutic evaluation of various acaricidal drugs were done. The assessment of economics of various acaricidal therapies were done by comparing the total cost of treatment per cattle after completion of therapy. The overall prevalence of sarcoptic mange in cattle was found to be 4.5% and among dermatological disorders it was 27.67%. The age wise prevalence of sarcoptic mange was highest in age group of 0-6 months (28.23%). Gender wise prevalence was more in female cattle (28.57%). All the clinical parameters viz body temperature, pulse rate and respiration rate varied within normal physiological range before and after treatment. A significantly lowered (p<0.05) haemoglobin and total erythrocyte count were observed in groups T1, T2, T3 and T4 as compared to T5 (healthy control group) on day 0 (pre treatment). After treatment the significant increase (p<0.05) was observed in groups T1 and T2. Significantly higher (p<0.05) total leukocyte count was observed in groups T1, T2, T3 as compared to group T5 on day 0 pre treatment. No significant difference was observed in all the hemato biochemical parameters within different treatment groups at different intervals. All the values of these parameters varied within normal physiological range. The observed clinical signs in sarcoptic mange affected cattle were found to be pruritus (100%), alopecia (100%), erythema (54.17%), exocoriation (79.16%) and thickening and wrinkling of skin (70.83%). On the basis of clinical observation and presence of mite injection ivermectin 1% @ 200 mcg/kg b.wt. was found to be most efficacious. The comparative cost of all the treatment in different groups revealed lowest treatment cost in group T4 (injection ivermectin 3.15%).ThesisItem Open Access DECELLULAR BUBALINE DIAPHRAGMATIC SCAFFOLD FOR REPAIR OF ORAL DEFECTS IN DOG(Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University Jabalpur, 2018) Navade, Jyoti; Navade, Jyoti; Shahi, Dr. Apra; Shahi, Dr. ApraIn dogs oral defects are very common. In dog mostly oronasal fistula develops secondary to extraction of maxillary canine teeth and upper 4th premolar teeth. Closure of these defects is very difficult because of limited mucoperiostium availability in the oral cavity, continuous irritation due to saliva and mobility. Looking to this the present study was designed with the following objectives; to standardize the procedure for placement of xenogenic decellular bubaline diaphragmatic scaffold for oral defects in dogs and to compare xenogenic decellular bubaline diaphragmatic scaffold with gingival flap for repair of oral defects in dogs. During the study period oral cavity of 62 dogs brought to the T.V.C.C. Jabalpur were examined irrespective of age, sex and breed. In T.V.C.C. Jabalpur the incidence of periodontal diseases was recorded as 1.09%. Gingivitis and dental tartar were found in all dogs except with traumatic injury. Gingival hyperplasia 12.95%, gingival recession 19.35%, furcation 9.67%, tumorous growth 9.67%, oronasal fistula 4.83%, dental fistula 1.61%, chronic mouth ulcer 6.45%, epulis 1.61% and accidental injury 6.45% were recorded. Study was conducted in two phases in phase I decellular bubaline diaphragmatic scaffold was prepared using 1% sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) as a detergent and stored at -200 C till use. In phase II out of these 62 cases 12 dogs suffering with oral defect were randomly divided into two equal groups comprising of 6 animals each. In group I repair of oral defect by autologus gingival advancement flap was done and in group II repair of oral defect by xenogenic decellular bubaline diaphragmatic scaffold was done. The symptoms like foul smelling mucopurulent discharges, pyrexia, ulcerated gum, pus along the gum line, severe tartar deposit and mobile teeth or defect due to loss of teeth etc. were examined. Among these 12 cases maximum incidence of oral fistulous defect was observed in young animals of dog in 4-7 years age (41.66%). In study male dogs (66.66%) were found more prone for oral fistulous defect in comparison to female dogs (33.33%). the dogs maintained on pure vegetarian showed oral defects earlier than combined diet and non vegetarian dogs’ The periodontal probing depth was recorded from 3 mm to 9 mm the average size of oral defect was 5.0±0.73 mm - 5.5±0.88mm that was medium. The premolar oral defect was observed more followed by canine defect and ventral defect. In dogs different types of oral defect were observed most of the cases were of dentoalveolar pockets followed by oronasal fistula and ventral fistula. Heart rate, respiration rate and capillary refill time was within normal physiological limit in both the groups. Haematological parameters were also fluctuated within normal physiological limit in both the groups. For placement of scaffold three different procedures were performed among which placement of double scaffold with mucoperiosteal covering was found to be more successful. In value of degree of inflammation significant reduction was seen in group I and group II from day 0 to day 14 and on visual healing assessment from day 14 to day 90 normal pinkish mucous membrane at site of oral defect was observed which was suggestive of complete healing. Complication in group I was recurrence that was in 33.33% cases and in group II the complication was suture dehiscence in 16.66% casess. Success rate in group I was 66.66% and in group II was 83.33%. On the basis of present study it was concluded that double scaffold placement with mucoperiosteal covering showed less recurrence rate as comparision to advancement flap technique. Decellular bubaline diaphragmatic scaffold can be used successfully in clinical cases of oral defect.ThesisItem Open Access COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON THE EFFICACY OF ALOE VERA AND TRIDAX PROCUMBENS ON WOUND HEALING IN CALVES(Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, Jabalpur, 2019) VERMA, ABHISHEK; Kumar, Dr. DharmendraSince time immemorial man has used various parts of the plants in treatment and prevention of many ailments. Studies on wound healing property of Aloe vera and Tridex procumbens in terms of gross, histological and histopathological changes were done. Twenty four male calves aged between 6 month to 1 year having wounds were randomly divided in four groups and were treated with Normal saline, Povidone Iodine, Aloe vera and Tridax procumbens in group A, B, C and D respectively. An incidence of 7.9 % of wound in all species was reported with highest cases of wound in canine followed by bovine and caprine. Males were having more cases of wound and maximum cases were observed in the age group of 1-3 years. Highest incidence of wound was recorded on limbs followed by trunk and maximum of it was lacerated wound. Presentation of case following occurrence of incidence was too observed and it was found that most of the cases were presented between 3-5 days after occurrence of incidence. General clinical parameters like temperature, pulse, respiration and haematological values fluctuated within the normal physiological limit. The data obtained were in accordance with Basha et al. (2011). Grossly on 0th day almost all the wound appeared lustreless whitish yellow and contaminated which later on converted to pinkish, reddish, reddish brown and brownish white on 5th, 10th, 15th and 20th post treatment day however, colours were more prominent in case of group B, C and D. Exudation gradually reduced in all cases, however its complete absence was observed on 10th post-treatment day in group B, C and D compared to group A, where it was observed till 15th day. Pain too decreased gradually in all groups but its complete absence was observed on 10th post-treatment day in group C. Degree of pain in group B and D on 10th day was meagre compared to group A, where it was more prominent. A gradual decrease in wound area, almost in all group was observed with maximum wound contraction in group C on 15th, 20th and 25th post-treatment day. Comparison between group B and D revealed higher wound contraction on 10th, 15th and 20th day in group B but it was superseded by group D on 25thday. However, data of group B and D did not vary significantly. Least wound contraction was observed in group A throughout the study period. Histological section of 5thpost-treatment day revealed heavy infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages accompanied with serofibrinous exudates, haemorrhage and necrotic foci in wounds of group A, but these infiltration was of moderate nature in group B, C and D. Evidence of meagre amount of angioblasts and scant fibroblasts were too observed in the deep layer of dermis of wound in all the groups, however its density was more in group B, C and D as compared to group A. On 10th post – treatment day the more denser fiboblast cells than the previous day was observed and its density was more in group B followed by C, D and A. Histological findings on 15th day revealed dense collagen fibres in group C followed by group B, D and A. There was a neck to neck similarity in findings of group B and D. Elastic fibres were too discernible at this stage in all groups ,however its density was more in group C followed by group D, B and A. On 20th day abundant collagen fibres and moderate amount of elastic fibres was observed in all groups but its density was more in group A. Keratinisation of the epidermis was too observed at this stage with maximum density in group C. Slide of 25th day showed thick layer of epidermis almost covering the entire wound area in all the groups but maximum well differentiated epidermis with close rete pegs extending uniformly was observed in group B, C and D with maximum differentiation in group C and least in group A. From the above findings it can be concluded that all the medicaments facilitates wound healing but Aloe vere masks the healing of all other groups at each stage.ThesisItem Open Access DECELLULAR BUBALINE DIAPHRAGMATIC SCAFFOLD FOR REPAIR OF ORAL DEFECTS IN DOG(Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University Jabalpur, 2018) Navade, Jyoti; Shahi, Dr. ApraIn dogs oral defects are very common. In dog mostly oronasal fistula develops secondary to extraction of maxillary canine teeth and upper 4th premolar teeth. Closure of these defects is very difficult because of limited mucoperiostium availability in the oral cavity, continuous irritation due to saliva and mobility. Looking to this the present study was designed with the following objectives; to standardize the procedure for placement of xenogenic decellular bubaline diaphragmatic scaffold for oral defects in dogs and to compare xenogenic decellular bubaline diaphragmatic scaffold with gingival flap for repair of oral defects in dogs. During the study period oral cavity of 62 dogs brought to the T.V.C.C. Jabalpur were examined irrespective of age, sex and breed. In T.V.C.C. Jabalpur the incidence of periodontal diseases was recorded as 1.09%. Gingivitis and dental tartar were found in all dogs except with traumatic injury. Gingival hyperplasia 12.95%, gingival recession 19.35%, furcation 9.67%, tumorous growth 9.67%, oronasal fistula 4.83%, dental fistula 1.61%, chronic mouth ulcer 6.45%, epulis 1.61% and accidental injury 6.45% were recorded. Study was conducted in two phases in phase I decellular bubaline diaphragmatic scaffold was prepared using 1% sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) as a detergent and stored at -200 C till use. In phase II out of these 62 cases 12 dogs suffering with oral defect were randomly divided into two equal groups comprising of 6 animals each. In group I repair of oral defect by autologus gingival advancement flap was done and in group II repair of oral defect by xenogenic decellular bubaline diaphragmatic scaffold was done. The symptoms like foul smelling mucopurulent discharges, pyrexia, ulcerated gum, pus along the gum line, severe tartar deposit and mobile teeth or defect due to loss of teeth etc. were examined. Among these 12 cases maximum incidence of oral fistulous defect was observed in young animals of dog in 4-7 years age (41.66%). In study male dogs (66.66%) were found more prone for oral fistulous defect in comparison to female dogs (33.33%). the dogs maintained on pure vegetarian showed oral defects earlier than combined diet and non vegetarian dogs’ The periodontal probing depth was recorded from 3 mm to 9 mm the average size of oral defect was 5.0±0.73 mm - 5.5±0.88mm that was medium. The premolar oral defect was observed more followed by canine defect and ventral defect. In dogs different types of oral defect were observed most of the cases were of dentoalveolar pockets followed by oronasal fistula and ventral fistula. Heart rate, respiration rate and capillary refill time was within normal physiological limit in both the groups. Haematological parameters were also fluctuated within normal physiological limit in both the groups. For placement of scaffold three different procedures were performed among which placement of double scaffold with mucoperiosteal covering was found to be more successful. In value of degree of inflammation significant reduction was seen in group I and group II from day 0 to day 14 and on visual healing assessment from day 14 to day 90 normal pinkish mucous membrane at site of oral defect was observed which was suggestive of complete healing. Complication in group I was recurrence that was in 33.33% cases and in group II the complication was suture dehiscence in 16.66% casess. Success rate in group I was 66.66% and in group II was 83.33%. On the basis of present study it was concluded that double scaffold placement with mucoperiosteal covering showed less recurrence rate as comparision to advancement flap technique. Decellular bubaline diaphragmatic scaffold can be used successfully in clinical cases of oral defect.ThesisItem Open Access EFFICACY OF ULTRASOUND GUIDED TISSUE CORE BIOPSY AND FINE NEEDLE ASPIRATION CYTOLOGY IN DOGS(Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University Jabalpur, 2014) Jain, Pankaj; Shahi, Dr. ApraUltrasound is sensitive but often nonspecific for the diagnosis of soft tissue abnormalities. Some diseases generate no sonographic changes; while some diseases cause a variety of sonographic changes. Tissue core biopsy (TCB) and fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) are often employed in conjunction with ultrasonography to obtain confirm diagnosis in patients with focal or diffuse lesions. The present study was conducted for a period of six months from October, 2013 to March, 2014. Total 24 samples were collected, out of which 18 samples were collected by TCB using 16G automatic spring loaded tissue core biopsy gun using free hand technique and 6 were collected for FNAC by using 22G needle under ultrasound guidance. Before taking biopsy samples, all the animals underwent a thorough physical, clinical, haemato-biochemical and ultrasonographic examination. Clotting time was also determined in case of TCB to assess the clotting ability of blood. All the cases were divided into five groups depending upon the underlying disease condition. Group 1 comprised of four animals suffering from liver affections. Hepatic cyst, hepatocellularcarcinoma and hepatitis were diagnosed in three animals based on histopathological findings of biopsy samples. In one case only liver capsule was approached. The mean depth of needle penetration was calculated as 39.32 ± 5.49 mm. In group 2 five animals which were suspected to have renal disorders based on ultrasonographic findings, were included. Biopsy samples were collected from caudal pole of kidney in all cases. In all animals urine analysis showed presence of protein, epithelial cells and cast. Histopathologically two animals revealed tubulo-interstitial nephritis and glomerulonephritis. Rest of the three cases showed normal kidney tissue on histopathology. Mean depth of penetration was 26.84 ± 1.49 mm in his group. Group 3 comprised of five animals suspected to have splenic affections based on clinical and ultrasonographic findings. Splenic texture was found altered in all cases. Biopsy samples were collected at a mean depth of 17.26 ± 1.26 mm from left paracostal area. In two cases splenitis was detected on histopathology while aspiration of fluid from one case revealed degenerated macrophages and bacteria. Two samples were found unfit for histopathology due to crush artifacts. In group 4 six animals suffering from fluid accumulations in peritoneal cavity were included which underwent ultrasound guided FNAC to collect the fluid sample for physical, cytological and biochemical analysis. Physical examination revealed clear to red fluid and turbidity. Erythrocytes and epithelial cells were detected cytologically but no tumorous cells were found. Total protein content of fluid fluctuated from 1.8 to 5.5g/dl based on which exudative nature of fluid was detected in two cases. Group 5 comprised of four animals which had swelling or growth at various body parts, increasing in size continuously. Based on histopathological findings of ultrasound guided TCB of inguinal and popliteal lymph node, the lymph node enlargement was detected as lymphoma, growth on right fore limb was diagnosed as fibroma, growth related to sternum was confirmed as myositis with muscle degeneration and FNAC confirmed the swelling in the region adjacent to inguinal mammary gland as haematoma. In all the cases, animals were treated symptomatically using fluid therapy, antibiotics, non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs, corticosteroids, hepatoprotectives, immunosuppressive drugs and surgically as per underlying disease condition. Ultrasound examination 5th and 10th day post treatment showed improvement in all the cases. No complications were detected after TCB and FNAC except one case of haematuria. All samples, except two splenic samples, were fit for histopathological diagnosis. Three kidney samples and one sample of spleen were found normal on histopathological examination. Thus, the efficacy and diagnostic value of the technique were calculated as 91.66 and 79.16%, respectively. TEC and Hb counts, immediately and 24 hours after biopsy showed no marked variation. Ultrasound examination repeated at 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes after biopsy did not revealed any sign of haemorrhage, however biopsy tract can be visualized. Based on the findings of present study it can be concluded that ultrasound guided tissue core biopsy and fine needle aspiration cytology is a safe procedure and has minimal complications and thin tape of tissue obtained by TCB gun was found sufficient for histopathology.
