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Effect of different paired row arrangement on growth, yield and quality of kharif maize (Zea mays L.)
(Punjab Agricultural University, 2024) Ashesh, Ayush; Dr. Harpreet Singh
The present study entitled “Effect of different paired row arrangement on growth, yield and quality of kharif maize (Zea mays L.)” was conducted at Regional Research Station (RRS), Gurdaspur and Punjab Agricultural University (PAU), Ludhiana during kharif 2022. The soil of Regional Research Station, Gurdaspur and Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana was clayey loam and sandy loam respectively and pH of soil at both the locations is neutral. The research was conducted in Randomized complete block design having twelve treatments and three replications. The hybrid variety used during research was PMH-13. The treatment comprise of 9 paired rows and 3 conventional methods at standard spacing of 60 cm x 20 cm. The paired rows are at different spacing where intra-paired rows are 20, 30 and 40 cm with inter-paired row distance of 60, 80 and 100 cm. Plant height significantly varied with planting population and paired spacing. The treatment with 20 cm intra-row spacing and 60 cm inter-row spacing consistently resulted in taller plants at various stages of growth. The treatment with 40 cm intra-row spacing and 100 cm inter-row spacing, which had the lowest population, exhibited significantly thicker stem girth. Days to reach tasseling and silking stages were not affected by different paired row arrangements and population densities. Leaf area index (LAI) was highest in the treatment with 20 cm intrarow spacing and 60 cm inter-row spacing, and a population of 125,000 plants ha-1. Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) levels were significantly higher in the treatment with 20 cm intra-row spacing and 60 cm inter-row spacing, attributed to early and complete ground cover. Yield attributes like cob weight was not influenced by the treatments. However, cob length, cob girth, number of grains, and test weight were maximized in the treatment with 40 cm intra-row spacing and 100 cm inter-row spacing, with the lowest population. The highest grain yields were achieved with 20 cm intra-row spacing and 60 cm inter-row spacing, and a population of 125,000 plants ha-1. Similar yields were obtained with 40 cm intra-row spacing and 60 cm inter-row spacing, with a population of 100,000 plants ha-1. Nutrient and protein content in the plant were not significantly affected by the treatments. Stover yield was also higher in the treatment with 20 cm intra-row spacing and 60 cm inter-row spacing. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium uptake were significantly higher for 20 cm intra-row spacing and 60 cm inter-row spacing due to increased dry matter accumulation. From economic perspective, the treatment with 40 cm intra-row spacing and 60 cm inter-row spacing was the most cost-effective option, with lower cultivation costs and higher net income at both the locations (PAU, Ludhiana and RRS, Gurdaspur).
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Management of nutrients and crop residue in rice-potatowheat cropping system
(Punjab Agricultural University, 2024) Rose Maria Paul; Manhas, Surjeet Singh
The present study entitled “Management of nutrients and crop residue in rice-potato-wheat cropping system” was conducted at Students’ Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during 2022-23. The research was conducted in a split plot design having three main plot treatments and four subplot treatments with three replications. The main plot treatments included rice + wheat + potato residue + FYM @ 12.5 t ha-1, rice residue + FYM @ 25 t ha-1 and without residue + FYM @ 50 t ha-1. The subplot treatments included 75% RDN & P, 75% RDN, 50% RDN & P and 50% RDN. The growth parameters of wheat such as plant height, dry matter accumulation and the number of tillers m-2 were significantly higher with treatment without residue + FYM @ 50 t ha-1 than the rice + wheat + potato residue + FYM @ 12.5 t ha-1. The treatment 75% RDN & P resulted significantly higher growth parameters than 50% RDN but at par with 75% RDN and 50% RDN & P. Similarly, the yield attributes such as number of spikes, spike length, number of spikelets spike -1 and number of grains spike-1 were significantly more with without residue + FYM @ 50 t ha-1. 75% RDN & P had the highest results for yield attributes of wheat but was at par with 75% RDN and 50% RDN & P. The grain yield and harvest index of wheat were significantly higher with without residue + FYM @ 50 t ha-1. Furthermore, there was a 14.25% and 11.1% increase in grain yield over the rice + wheat + potato residue+ FYM @ 12.5 t ha-1 and rice residue + FYM @ 25 t ha-1 treatments respectively. However, the treatments had non-significant on quality parameters of wheat. The NPK uptake by grains was significantly more with treatment without residue + FYM @ 50 t ha-1 compared to rice + wheat + potato residue + FYM @ 12.5 t ha-1. Additionally, the grain NPK uptake was significantly higher with 75% RDN & P compared to 50% RDN but at par with 75% RDN and 50% RDN & P. The micronutrient content in grain and straw such as Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu was significantly higher as a result of the treatment without residue + FYM @ 50 t ha-1. However, the different levels of nutrient application had a non-significant effect on micronutrient content in grains. Furthermore, the soil parameters such as pH, EC and organic C were also unaffected by the treatments however, there was an increment in the organic C over the initial years. The soil available NPK was significantly higher with the treatment without residue + FYM @ 50 t ha-1 compared to rice + wheat + potato residue + FYM @ 12.5 t ha-1 whereas only soil N & P was significantly affected by the fertilizer treatments 75% RDN & P. Additionally, the soil micronutrients such as Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu was significantly more with without residue + FYM @ 50 t ha-1 compared to rice + wheat + potato residue + FYM @ 12.5 t ha-1. Potato crop, treatment without residue + 100 RDF + FYM @ 50 t ha-1 demonstrated the highest growth parameters such as plant height, DMA, number of haulms plant-1 and yield and the yield attributing factors like the number of tubers plant-1 and tuber weight and protein and starch content but the difference were non-significant compared to other treatments. Similarly, the treatments had a non-significant effect on the rice. Nevertheless, the treatment without residue + FYM @ 50 t ha-1 demonstrated higher results for growth parameters and yield and yield attributing characters of rice.
Embargo
Effect of irrigation scheduling on yield, quality and water productivity of direct seeded and transplanted canola quality oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.)
(Punjab Agricultural University, 2023) Jashanpreet Kaur; Sardana, Virender
A field experiment was conducted during rabi 2022-23 at the Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana to study the effect of sowing and transplanting dates, and irrigation scheduling on growth, yield, quality of oil and seed meal and water productivity of canola oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). The experiment was laid out in split plot design in three replications with six combinations of three dates (10 October, 30 October and 20 November) and two methods of crop establishment (direct sowing and transplanting) in main plots and four irrigation schedules (IW:CPE 0.8, 1.0, 1.2 and irrigation based on crop growth stages) in sub plots. Soil of the experimental field was sandy loam. Canola oilseed rape variety GSC 7 was sown/transplanted at 45 cm × 10-12 cm spacing. Thirty days old seedlings were used for transplanting. Results revealed that with delay in sowing/transplanting from 10 October to 30 October to 20 November, number of days required for emergence and initiation of flowering significantly increased and for physiological maturity decreased. Delay in sowing/transplanting caused significant reduction in plant height, dry matter accumulation (DMA) and PAR (photosynthetically active radiation) interception at different growth stages, main shoot length, primary branches and siliquae plant-1, seeds siliqua-1 and 1000 seed weight. Crop sown/transplanted on 10 October produced 16.8%, 18.4%, 15.0% and 18.5% higher seed, stover, oil and protein yield than 30 October sown/transplanted crop which in turn significantly out yielded 20 November sown/transplanted crop by 60.0%, 30.2%, 62.9%, 66.1% for seed, stover, oil and protein yields, respectively. Crop sown/transplanted on 20 November contained significantly lower oleic and linolenic acid in oil and significantly higher glucosinolates in defatted seed meal as compared to 10 and 30 October sowing/transplanting dates. Real-, apparent- and total- water productivity decreased with delay in sowing/transplanting. Transplanted crop took significantly less number of days for initiation of flowering and physiological maturity, attained significantly more plant height, DMA and PAR interception at different growth stages and SPAD values up to 80 DAS/DAT, number of siliquae plant-1 and seeds siliqua-1 and seed oil content than direct sown crop. Transplanted crop produced 12.2%, 13.3%, 11.9% and 17.4% higher seed, stover, oil and protein yields than direct sown crop. Apparent- and total- water productivity of direct sown crop was significantly higher than transplanted crop. Application of irrigations at IW:CPE 1.2 resulted in significantly higher plant height, DMA and PAR interception, SPAD values at different growth stages, siliquae plant-1 and seeds siliqua-1 than other irrigation treatments. Irrigations at IW:CPE 1.2 resulted in significantly higher seed protein but lower proline content and total sugars than other irrigation treatments. Irrigations at IW:CPE 1.2 resulted in significantly higher seed yield as compared to the IW:CPE 0.8. Application of irrigations at IW:CPE 1.2 resulted in significantly higher oleic, linoleic and linolenic acid in oil and significantly lower glucosinolates in defatted meal as compared to other irrigation treatments. Irrigations at IW:CPE 0.8 resulted in significantly higher apparent- and total- water productivity. Seed and oil yield of crop transplanted on 30 October was at par with direct sown crop on 10 October. Crop transplanted on 30 October and 20 November produced significantly higher seed yield and oil yield than its direct sowing.
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Growth, water productivity and root architecture of rice-wheat cropping system under different methods of irrigation
(Punjab Agricultural University, 2023) Navdeep Singh; Brar, Ajmer Singh
A study entitled “Growth, water productivity and root architecture of rice-wheat cropping system under different methods of irrigation” was conducted during kharif and rabi, 2020 at the research farm of Department of Agronomy, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab. Soil was loamy sand in texture. Experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 14 treatments with two methods of irrigation [surface drip (SD) and subsurface drip (SSD)] having two methods of sowing [direct seeded (DSR) and transplanted rice (PTR), followed by wheat in these plots] and three levels of irrigation (140%, 160%, 180% ETc in rice and 60%, 80% and 100% ETc in wheat) and 2 control (flood DSR followed by wheat with PAU recommendation and flood PTR followed by wheat with PAU recommendation). The grain yield of rice was statistically similar between DSR control and 180% ETc irrigated with either SSD or SD, established as DSR or PTR. DSR with 180% ETc in SSD saved 26% irrigation water as compared to DSR flood, 33% water as compared to PTR flood and 1.8% water in comparison to SSD PTR 180% ETc. Grain yield of wheat irrigated with 80% ETc was statistically at par with 100% ETc but it saved 17.1% water as compared to 100% ETc and 42% in comparison to flood. Root characteristics were not statistically affected with irrigation methods, establishment methods and irrigation levels in rice and wheat. System productivity was statistically at par between 180% ETc rice-100% ETc wheat and 160% ETc rice- 80 ETc wheat.
Open Access
In-situ rice residue management and its effect on growth and tuber yield of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Jasneen Kaur; Harmeet Singh
The present investigation entitled “In-situ rice residue management and its effect on growth and tuber yield of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)” was carried simultaneously out at two different locations viz. Students’ Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana and Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Moga during autumn season of 2019-20. Soil of the experimental field at PAU, Ludhiana was sandy loam in texture with average bulk density of 1.45 g cm-3, normal in reaction (pH 7.40) and electrical conductivity (0.224 ds m-1), low in organic carbon (0.36 per cent) and low in available soil nitrogen (169.4 kg ha-1) and medium in available soil phosphorous (19.6 kg ha-1) and available soil potassium (206.4 kg ha1 ). While at Moga, soil was clay loam in texture with average bulk density of 1.37 g cm-3, normal in reaction (pH 8.1) and electrical conductivity (0.416 ds m-1), medium in organic carbon (0.51 per cent), low in available soil nitrogen (244.6 kg ha-1), high in available soil phosphorous (25.2 kg ha-1) and medium in available soil potassium (286.9 kg ha-1). Present field experiment laid out in strip plot design comprised of twelve treatments which included two straw load treatments which consisted of control (no loose straw) and 7 tonnes/ha straw load in vertical plots and three machinery operations which included harvesting by combine fitted with SMS + Mulcher + Reversible Mould Board Plough + Rotavator, harvesting by combine fitted with SMS + Reversible Mould Board Plough + Rotavator, harvesting by combine fitted with SMS + Disc Harrow + Rotavator and two depth of ploughing (shallow and deep) in horizontal plots with four replications. The results revealed that significantly higher number of plants emerged with straw load of 7 tonnes/ha, harvesting by combine fitted with SMS + Mulcher + Reversible Mould Board Plough + Rotavator machinery operation and deep ploughing treatment. At 70 DAP and maturity, plant height, dry matter accumulation by haulms and tubers, Leaf Area Index were recorded significantly higher with 7 tonnes/ha straw load, harvesting by combine fitted with SMS + Mulcher + Reversible Mould Board Plough + Rotavator machinery operation and deep ploughing treatments. However, plant height, dry matter accumulation by haulms and tubers and Leaf Area Index were not significantly affected at 35 DAP among different treatments. The treatment where 7 tonnes/ha straw load was added produced tuber yield of 27.0 t/ha at Ludhiana which 7.1 per cent higher than control (no loose straw) and at Moga, the tuber yield was 23.5 t/ha which was 8.2 per cent higher than control (no loose straw) treatment. Among machinery operations, harvesting by combine fitted with SMS + Mulcher + Reversible Mould Board Plough + Rotavator machinery operation resulted in 10.9 and 15.6 per cent higher tuber yield at Ludhiana and Moga, respectively than harvesting by combine fitted with SMS + Disc harrow + Rotavator machinery operation. Deep ploughing recorded 12.2 and 7.3 per cent higher tuber yield at Ludhiana and Moga, respectively than shallow ploughing. Similar trend was found for other yield attributes (number of tubers per plant, tuber weight per plant and tuber grading) as for tuber yield was recorded at both the locations. Straw load, machinery operations and depth of ploughing treatments showed no significant influence on chlorophyll index, soil physical and chemical properties (soil pH, electrical conductivity, organic carbon, bulk density, soil strength and infiltration rate) after harvest of potato, available soil nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium at 35 DAP, 70 DAP and maturity. Quality parameters failed to show any significant improvement with incorporation of straw load, machinery operations and depth of ploughing treatment. Soil moisture content was found to be significantly affected under different treatments at both the locations at all the stages except at 35 DAP. However, soil temperature was found non-significant under different machinery operations at Ludhiana but was found significant at Moga except at 35 DAP. Higher gross returns, higher net returns with higher benefit cost ratio was obtained when straw load of 7 tonnes/ha was added, harvesting by combine fitted with SMS + Mulcher + Reversible Mould Board Plough + Rotavator machinery operation and deep ploughing treatment.
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Foliar nitrogen application under reduced sunlight intensity in rice (Oryza sativa L.)
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Garima; Sandhu, Sandeep Singh
The study entitled, “Foliar nitrogen application under reduced sunlight intensity in rice (Oryza sativa L.)” was conducted at Department of Climate Change and Agricultural Meteorology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana and Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Bahowal, Hoshiarpur. The soil of experimental field was loamy sand in texture at both the locations, medium in organic carbon, available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium at Ludhiana, high in organic carbon and available nitrogen and medium in available phosphorous and potassium at Hoshiarpur. The soil was normal in reaction at both the locations. The experiment was conducted in randomized block design with three replications. The 20 treatment combinations comprised of four levels of sunlight intensity (control, 50% reduction in sunlight light intensity from 15-45, 46-75 and 76-105 DAT) and five levels of foliar nitrogen application (control, spray of 3% urea before, midway, afterwards and midway-afterwards the reduction in sunlight intensity). Sunlight intensity was reduced by covering the plots from top (leaving the sides open) with green shade net capable of reducing 50% sunlight intensity. The shade net was placed with the help of GI pipe structures specially prepared for this purpose. Rice variety used in the experiment was PR 122. At harvest, the growth parameters like plant height was significantly increased when sunlight intensity was reduced from 46-75 DAT as compared to control and other parameters like number of tillers m-2 and dry matter accumulation were significantly decreased at harvest when sunlight intensity was reduced from 46-75 DAT as compared to control at both the locations. Maximum reduction in the yield attributes like number of effective tillers m-2, panicle length and number of grains panicle-1 was also observed when there was reduction in sunlight intensity from 46-75 DAT as compared to full sunlight intensity at both the locations. Significantly lowest grain yield (48.70 and 53.44 q ha-1 at Ludhiana and Hoshiarpur, respectively) as compared to other levels of the treatment was recorded with the reduction in sunlight intensity during 46-75 DAT. Reduction in sunlight intensity during any period caused a significant increase in chlorophyll content and minimum cooking time of milled rice, while it significantly decreased the elongation ratio of milled rice as compared to control. All other quality parameters were observed to vary statistically non-significantly with the reduction in the sunlight intensity. The application of foliar nitrogen before the reduction in the sunlight intensity recorded the highest values of growth parameters, yield attributes, grain and biological yield, chlorophyll content and the minimum cooking time of rice.
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Productivity and quality of direct seeded rice (Oryza sativa L) in response to foliar application of liquid organic manures
(Punjab Agricultural University, 2023) Lakhwinder Singh; Sidhu, Amandeep Singh
The present study entitled, "Productivity and quality of direct seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.) in response to foliar application of liquid organic manures" was carried out at two locations viz. Research Farm (Rice Section), Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, PAU, Ludhiana and University Seed Farm, Nabha during kharif 202 1 -22. The field experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design consisting of nine treatments viz. 100 per cent recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) 150-30-30 kg ha N-P,0;-K,0, RDF + foliar spray of urea @3 per cent, RDF + foliar spray of cow urine (1:1), RDF + foliar spray of vermiwash (@ 10 per cent, RDF + foliar spray of FYM extract (1:2), RDF + foliar spray of cow dung cake extract (1:2), RDF + foliar spray of jeevamrit @ 500 liters ha', RDF + foliar spray of sagarika (sea weed extract) @ 0.3 per cent, RDF + water spray to study the effect of foliar application of liquid organic manures on productivity, quality, economics, insect-pest and disease (s) incidence of direct seeded rice (DSR). Three foliar applications of liquid organic manures was done at maximum tillering, booting and grain development stages. Among all the treatments, foliar application of3 per cent urea produced highest grain yield (75 q ha' at PAU and 80.6 q ha' at Nabha) which was statistically at par with foliar application of cow dung cake extract (74.7 q ha at PAU and 79.5 q ha" at Nabha) and 0.3 per cent sagarika (seaweed extract) (74.4 q ha" at PAU and 78.9 q ha at Nabha) but significantly higher than rest of the treatments. Yield and growth attributes followed the similar trend. Similarly, highest gross returns (Rs 1,47,000 ha' at PAU and Rs 1,57,927 ha' at Nabha), net returns (Rs 1,08,568 at PAU and Rs 1,19,495 ha' at Nabha) and benefit-cost ratio (B:C) (2.82 at PAU and 3.11 at Nabha) were recorded with foliar application of urea followed by cow dung cake extract, sagarika and vermiwash. Quality of rice grains was not significantly affected by foliar application of different liquid organic manures except protein and amylose content, which were highest with foliar application of urea (8.88% at PAU and 9.06% at Nabha, 20.2% at PAU and 20.8% at Nabha) and statistically at par with cow dung cake extract (8.81% at PAU and 9.00% at Nabha, 20.0% at PAU and 20.7% at Nabha) and sagarika (8.75% at PAU and 8.94% at Nabha, 19.8% at PAU and 20.6% at Nabha). The application of different liquid organic manures had no significant effect on incidence of different insect-pests and diseases.
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Yield dynamics studies of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under different sowing dates
(Punjab Agricultural University, 2022) Bhavjit Singh; Kalra, Vajinder Pal
A Field experiment entitled Yield dynamics studies of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under different sowing dates" was conducted at two locations i.e., the Research farm, Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana and PAU Regional Research Station, Gurdaspur during the year 2020-21. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with combination of three sowing dates (November 10, November 30 and December 20) in the main plot and eight varieties (DBW 187, Unnat PBW 550, PBW 771, PW 824, PBW 752, PBW 725, HD 3226 and HD 3086) in sub plots, using three replications. At both the locations, November 10 sown crop recorded higher emergence count, dry matter accumulation, higher ear length, 1000-grain weight, number of grains per ear, grain yield, straw yield and biological yield. However, plant height, tiller density, chlorophyll content and effective tillers were statistically similar in November 10h and November 30 sown crop. Protein content and nitrogen content was higher in December 20 sowing but protein yield, grain hardiness, hectolitre weight and grain appearance score were higher in November 10" SOwn crop. PBW 824 and DBW 187 recorded higher effective tiller, ear length and 1000- grain weight at both the locations. PBW 824 recorded significantly higher grain yield as Compared to HD 3226 and HD 3086 at both the Jocations. DBW 187, PBW 824 and HD 3086 las nigher grain appearance score. Wheat crop can be sown under normal date of sowing for nigher grain yield, PBW 824 perform better in timely sowing and PBW 752 and PBW 771 perform better in late sowing.
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Performance of maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids in relation to sowing dates and planting density
(Punjab Agricultural University, 2022) Goyal, Mohit; Mahesh Kumar
The field experiment entitled “Performance of maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids in relation to sowing dates and planting density” was conducted at the research farm, Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana and research farm, ICAR- IIMR, Ladhowal during Kharif 2021. The soil at the experimental field of PAU, Ludhiana is loamy sand and IIMR, Ladhowal is sandy loam had normal pH, electrical conductivity and organic carbon levels. Soil in PAU, Ludhiana was medium in available N and K content and high in available P content and soil in IIMR, Ladhowal was low in available N, high in available P and K content. The field experiment was comprised of 24 treatment combinations with eight main plot treatments that consist dates of sowing (1 June, 15 June, 30 June and 15 July) and two Planting density [67.5 × 18 cm (82305 plants ha-1)] and [67.5 × 15 cm (98765 plants ha-1)] and three hybrids (JH 19014, JH 17011 and PMH 13) were kept as sub plot treatments. The experiment was laid out in a split plot design with three replications. Among different dates of sowing, 1 June recorded significantly higher growth parameters (plant height, number of leaves per plant, dry matter accumulation) of kharif maize as compared to 30 June and 15 July sowing and remains statistically at par with 15 June sowing. However, in case of yield attributes significantly higher value was recorded under 15 June sowing as compared to 30 June and 15 July and remains statistically at par with 1 June sowing. 15 June recorded maximum grain yield of 6583 kg ha-1 at PAU, Ludhiana and 6387 kg ha-1 at IIMR, Ladhowal which was statistically at par with 1 June sowing (6313 kg ha-1 at PAU, Ludhiana and 6138 kg ha-1 at IIMR, Ladhowal) but was significantly higher than that recorded under 30 June and 15 July sowing. Planting density significantly effect grain yield. Maize under planting density of 67.5 × 15 cm (98765 plants ha-1) recorded higher grain yield of 5.8 per cent and 8.8 per cent (PAU, Ludhiana and IIMR, Ladhowal) in comparison to plant density of 67.5 × 18 cm (82305 plants ha-1). Among the different hybrids, JH 19014 and JH 17011 produced better growth and yield attributes as compared to PMH 13. JH 19014 recorded highest grain yield but was statistically at par with JH 17011 while PMH 13 recorded a significantly lower yield. Maize hybrids (JH 19014, JH 17011 and PMH 13) responded similar to different dates of sowing (1 June, 15 June, 30 June and 15 July) and planting densities (82305 plants ha-1 and 98765 plants ha-1).

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