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ThesisItem Open Access MORPHO-PHYSIO-BIOCHEMICAL AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF SELECTED POTATO (Solanum tuberosum L.) VARIETIES UNDER DROUGHT STRESS(SARDAR VALLABHBHAI PATEL UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, MEERUT- 250110 (U.P.),, 2020-12) VYANKATESH DHANRAJ BAGUL; Dr. R. S. SengarABSTRACT Name: Vyankatesh Dhanraj Bagul Id. No.: PG/4357/18-19 Degree: M.Sc. (Ag.) Major: Agriculture Biotechnology College: College of Agriculture Minor: Genetics and Plant Breeding Advisor: Dr. R. S. Sengar Thesis title: “Morpho-physio-biochemical and molecular characterization of selected potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) varieties under drought stress”. Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is considered as an important cash crop of the world and also known as apple of soil. It provides food for millions of people across the globe with being the 4th largest produced crop. Drought is one of the major stress factors affecting the growth and development of potato plants. In this study, we have selected 5 Indian potato varieties and supplemented them with 2 different drought treatments viz., allowed them to undergo heavy drought stress and application of aquasorb at the time of sowing at the rate of 30Kg/ha. Both the treatments were subjected for 15 days of drought stress by water withholding at tuber initiation stage which is known to be the most vulnerable stage due to drought stress. The experiment was conducted in CRD pattern using experimental pots at the rain out shelter of Department of Agriculture Biotechnology. Various morpho-physiobiochemical parameters regarding drought stress responses of plant were selected, measured and compared within the varieties after the drought stress period was completed. Also, seven drought related gene specific marker were synthesized using bioinformatics tools and were used for molecular characterization of selected potato varieties. The study suggests that, drought has negatively impacted on all the varieties used in the experiments regardless of their stress response nature. The impact of drought stress varied among the plant varieties, where K. Thar-1, a drought tolerant variety under drought stress was found significantly superior over K. Pukhraj, K. Bahar, K. Chipsona-1 and K. Chipsona-1 in the morpho-physio-biochemical parameters namely no. of compound leaves per plant (10.3), no. of tubers per plant (18.67), weight of tubers per plant (238.89gm), top biomass weight per plant (336.83gm), root biomass weight (20.7gm), average stolon length (10.8cm), chlorophyll content(31.80), leaf area index (1.52), relative water content (56.45%), sucrose content (381.49mg), reducing sugar content (73.87mg), proline content (28.83μmols), catalase activity (24.57U), peroxidase activity (61.45ΔA/min) and abscisic acid content (256.49pmol). In aquasorb treated drought stressed conditions, all the varieties shown great resilience and were found to be significantly superior over drought stressed conditions. This experiment suggest that Aquasorb can help to minimize the losses occurred in crop production. Molecular characterization of these selected potato varieties gave three polymorphic bands and seven monomorphic bands at an average pf 1.43 bands per primer. The dendrogram using bioinformatics tools explains inter-varietal hierarchical relationship. (R. S. Sengar) (Vyankatesh Bagul) Advisor AuthorThesisItem Open Access A study on phytochemical profiling and antimicrobial activity of Cymbopogon citratus (Lemon grass)(SARDAR VALLABHBHAI PATEL UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, MEERUT- 250110 (U.P.),, 2021-10) Saumya Jaiswal; Dr. Pankaj ChauhanABSTRACT Name: Saumya Jaiswal Id. No: 4890 Degree: M.Sc. Biotechnology Department: Department of Cell Biology Thesis title: “A study on phytochemical profiling and antimicrobial activity of Cymbopogon citratus (Lemon grass)” In recent years researchers have been paid attention to find out new alternative sources of antimicrobial agents especially from plant sources. Cymbopogon citratus (Lemon grass) is an aromatic medicinal plant in the family Poaceae. The main chemical components of lemon grass are: myrcene, geranial, limonene, citronellol, neral, caffeic acid, citral have been used extensively for many years in soap, perfumery, and detergents and pharmaceuticals. Phytochemical screening of the plant leaf reveals that the presence of saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, phenols, tannins and glycosides. Different leaf extracts of Cymbopogon citratus leaves were prepared and its antimicrobial activity were evaluated by agar well diffusion method against both Bacterial species such as: Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli as well as Fungi pathogens such as: Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans, Penicillium Chrysogenum. The antimicrobial activity of crude methanolic, ethanolic, acetone and aqueous extract of C. citratus was evaluated to find the zone of inhibition, so that Antimicrobial activity of various extract of leaves of Cymbopogon citratus was carried in attempt to develop a new pharmaceutical drug from natural origin for prevention of pathogenic microbes. Key words: Cymbopogon citratus, Lemon grass, Phytochemicals, Zone of Inhibition, Extract, Microbes (Saumya Jaiswal) (Pankaj Chauhan) Id.No.4890 AdvisorThesisItem Open Access Studies on isolation and characterization of rhizosperic fungi for phosphate solubilisation activity under in vitro condition(SARDAR VALLABHBHAI PATEL UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, MEERUT- 250110 (U.P.),, 2021) DEEKSHA CHAUDHARY; Dr. Akash TomarABSTRACT Name: DEEKSHA CHAUDHARY Id. No. : 4889 Semester and year of admission: 1 sem. 2019-2020 Degree: M. Tech/M.sc Major: Biotechnology College: Biotechnology Advisor: Dr. Akash Tomar Thesis Title: “Studies on isolation and characterization of rhizospheric fungi for phospahte solubilisation activity under invitro condition.” Plant require phosphorus, a vital plant nutrient, it is found in fixed forms in most soil. Thus, poor availability of P in soil and consequent P-deficiency represents a major constraint to crop production globally. This has led to a search for environment-friendly and economically feasible alternative strategies for improving crop production in low or P deficient soils, PSM are known to bring about mobilisation of insoluble phosphates and stimulate plant development even under the condition of phosphorus deficiency. Mineral solubilization is the mechanism of soil microorganisms releasing bound nutrients and making them available for plant uptake by one of three mechanisms: acidification of the medium, formation of chelating metabolites, or redox activity. The nutrient-solubilizing bacteria produce a halo zone around their colony, which was used to determine their solubilization capacity. The phosphate solubilizing fungus (PSF) secretes some kinds of organic acids which act on insoluble phosphates and convert the same into soluble form, thus providing phosphorous to plant. Ninteen of the rhizospheric soil sample were collected from the different region of the district Meerut and Muzaffarnagar and were sceened on PDA and PVK plates to obtain variety of fungal isolates. 17 fungal cultures were isolated from the 19 soil samples and 03 isolates were obtained from different studies. These 20 isolates were screened and selected on the basis of its ability to form halo (zone of solubilisation) zone on PVK medium plates. Out of 20 isolates 15 isolates were found to solubilise the TCPs. Further, colony morphology and microscopic studies shows that the 12 isolates (S2,S3.A,S5,S7.AS8,S10,S12,SS6.A,SS6.B ISOL.1,S4 and S7.B) belong to the genera Aspergillus, 04 isolate (S11,S13,S3.B,S7.C) belongs to the Trichoderma, 03 Penicillium (S1,S15 and ISOL.2) and 01 of Fusarium spp. 15 isolates (Aspergillus and Penicillium) showed the zone for P solubilisation while the other 05 fungal isolates (Trichoderma 04 no and Fusarium 01 no) did not show any zone of solublization. However, Trichoderma isolates showed production of acid in PVK medium which was evident by appearance of red colour zone surrounding the culture colony. Among all of the Aspergillus isolates maximum solubilisation efficiency (SE) was shown by S2 of 2.62 followed by SS6.B(2.33), S8(2.25), S3.A(2.08) and S7.A(2.00), the minimum (SE) was shown by isolate S12 of 0.43. While considering about the SI value isolate SS6.A had the maximum value of 1.19. Among all three Penicillium isolates tested for P solubilisation, ISOL.2 was recorded to have more efficiency (SE) of 1.08 than other isolates followed by S1(1.00) and S15 (0.58) on the twelfth day of observation. If considering about the solubilisation index (SI) then, ISOL.2 shows maximum SI value of 1.13 followed by S1(1.10) and S15(1.05). Comparatively among all the Aspergillus spp. S3.A, S10 and S2 can be considered as the best solubilisers while S15 and ISOL.2 were better among the Penicillium species. (Akash Tomar) (Deeksha Chaudhary) ADVISOR AUTHORThesisItem Open Access ISOLATION AND BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF SALMONELLA FROM UNPASTEURIZED SUGARCANE JUICE(SARDAR VALLABHBHAI PATEL UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, MEERUT- 250110 (U.P.),, 2021) RUCHI BALIYAN; Purushottam)ABSTRACT NAME RUCHI BALIYAN ID. NO. 4888 DEGREE MSc. BIOTECHNOLOGY Title “ Isolation and biochemical characterization of Salmonella from unpasteurized sugarcane juice.” Advisor Dr. Purushottam Fruit juice are extremely popular because of their nutritional worth, mineral richness and vitamin content as well as their affordibility. A lack of knowledge about hygienic practices procedures among vendors leaves goods such as fruit juices susceptible to higher bacterial contamination levels. Increased intake of fruit juice has a direct positive impact on economic status, but it may have detrimental impact as foodborne illness, outbreaks and spoilage issues occur. Globally there are instances of people becoming sick from fruit juices owing to foodborne illness. About 150-177 million people are expected to be affected by this illness by 2030 based on the no. of cases recorded in United States in 2001. Pathogens like enterohaemorrhagic E.coli, Salmonella, etc have all been found in juices. Salmonella is a Gram- negative, oxidase negative, rod- shaped bacterium belongs to the family enterobacteriaceae. It is a intracellular pathogen which can grow and reproduce inside the host cell. Salmonella leads to systemic disease in human body. The role of Salmonella in human illness has been recognized virtually since its discovery in 1885. Therefore, this study is planned out to evaluvate the presence of Salmonella in unpasteurized sugarcane juice. Which were collected from different regions of Shamli and Meerut. The samples were inoculated into T.T broth and incubated at 37° C for 24 hrs followed by streaking on MacConkey agar plates and then BSA plates followed by biochemical characterization. Total 15 samples out of 34 samples found to be positive for Salmonella as they display non-lactose fermenting white colony on BSA, and blue- green colour colony on HEA. A series of biochemical tests was performed, results of these test confirms the presence of Salmonellain the samples. The isolates showed sensitivity to levofloxacin, netillin, and norfloxacin. The zone of inhibition was 20 mm, 10 mm, and 20 mm respectively. And the isolates showed resistance to a no. of antibiotics like ampicillin, imipenam, ceftazidime, cefixime, etc. Antimicrobial effect of Haldi was also tested and Haldi have a significant effect on Salmonella, Hence, it is suggested that natural antimicrobials can be used as an alternate to antibiotics. The Salmonella isolates were resistant to many antibiotics. Therefore there is a need of measuring hygienic protocols and prescribed and limited use of antibiotics to prevent the transfer of resistance gene among the pathogen population. (Purushottam) Ruchi Baliyan AdvisorThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTATION OF TULSI (Ocimum sanctum) LEAF POWDER ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE IN COMMERCIAL BROILER(SARDAR VALLABHBHAI PATEL UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, MEERUT- 250110 (U.P.),, 2021-12) SURAJ GAJANAN MADAVI; Dr. RajkumarABSTRACT Name : Suraj Gajanan Madavi I.d. No.: 4825 Advisor : Dr. Raj Kumar Degree : M.Sc. (Ag.) A. H. Department : Animal Husbandry Thesis Title : Effect of supplementation of tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) leaf powder on growth performance in commercial broiler The present study was aimed to explore the effect of supplementation of tulsi leaf powder on growth performance in commercial broilers. A total of 160, day-old chicks (Vencobb-430 strain) were used for this study purpose and divided into four groups, and each group was divided into four replications, 10 chicks in each. The group first was offered a basal diet without any supplementation, which acted as a control and the second, third and fourth group was supplemented with dried tulsi leaf powder @ 0.5, 10.0, 15 g/kg feed, respectively for the 42 days of the study period. Bodyweight and feed consumption were recorded at weekly intervals. Bodyweight was significantly (P<0.05) higher in tulsi leaf powder supplemented groups as compared to the control group at 1st and 3rd weeks of the trial period. During the 2nd and 6th weeks of study, body weight was significantly higher in T1 as compared to control but no statistical differences were observed with T2 and T3 groups. However, body weight was reported significantly (P<0.05) higher in T1 and T2 groups in comparison to the control group at 4th and 5th weeks of the experimental period. Body weight gain was statistically (P<0.05) higher in the T1 group as compared to the control group from 1st to 6th weeks expect at 3rd week. Overall body weight gain at the 42nd day of experimental trail was statistically (P<0.05) higher in the T1 and T2 group as compared to control group. Feed consumption did not show any statistical differences among Control, T1, T2 and T3 groups at 1st week. However, feed consumption was reported statistically (P<0.05) different for the control, T1, T2 and T3 groups at 6th week. Feed conversion ratio was statistically (P<0.05) improved in tulsi leaf powder supplemented groups as compared to the control group during 42 days of tail period. The study was concluded that supplementation of dried tulsi leaf powder at 5g/kg feed in the broiler’s diets showed better body weight, body weight gain and improves feed conversion ratio compared to other treatment groups. Dr. Rajkumar Suraj Gajanan Madavi Advisor AuthorThesisItem Open Access SEED PRIMING USING SNP (SODIUM NITROPRUSSIDE) IN COMBINATION WITH OTHER PGRS TO IMPROVE DROUGHT TRAITS IN WHEAT (Triticum aestivum L.)(SARDAR VALLABHBHAI PATEL UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, MEERUT- 250110 (U.P.),, 2021-10) VANDNA KUSHWAHA; Dr. M. K. YadavABSTRACT Name: Vandna Kushwaha Id No: 4801 Year of admission: 2019-20 Degree: M .Sc. (Agriculture Biotechnology) Major: Agriculture Biotechnology Minor: Genetics and Plant Breeding Thesis title: Seed priming using SNP (Sodium nitroprusside) in combination with other PGRs to improve drought traits in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Advisor: Dr. M. K. Yadav Abstract Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a major staple food crop belongs to family Poaceae. The germination, seedling vigor, crop establishment and yield of wheat important crops are negatively affected by many abiotic stresses including drought stress. In the present study priming by SNP and its combination with Salicylic acid was used to induce drought tolerance in ten high yielding wheat genotypes Viz. PBW71, C-306, UP-2784, DBW187, DBW90, WB02, DBW222, DBW17, DBW88 and PBW226. For seed priming, 100 seeds of each genotype were treated with three SNP concentrations (0.1mM 0.2mM, and 0.3mM) and in combination with SA (250μM) to observe their effect on morpho-physiological and biochemical parameters under irrigated and drought conditions. The highest germination percentage (93.33%) was recorded in PBW-71 genotype treated with 0.1mM SNP and 250μM SA. Similarly, the highest number of tillers (9) was observed in PBW71 genotype treated with 0.1mM SNP under irrigated condition. The highest plant height (71.13cm) was recorded in DBW222 genotype treated with 0.2mM SNP in combination with 250μM SA under drought condition. Maximum number of days (126.67) required to get mature was observed in DBW88 genotype treated with 250μM in drought condition. The maximum number of grains per spike (40.67) was observed in PBW226 genotype treated with 0.2mM SNP in combination with 250μM SA in irrigated condition. The maximum test weight (40.87grams) was recorded in DBW222 genotype treated with 0.1mM SNP in combination with 250μM SA under irrigated condition. Further, highest amount of chlorophyll content (48.3) was observed in PBW71 genotype treated with 0.1mM SNP in combination with 250μM SA in irrigated condition. Moreover, highest activity of peroxidase (29.88 u/mg protein) and catalase (13.56 u/mg protein) was recorded in C-306 and PBW71 respectively under drought condition while, the proline content was high (2 to 2.5 times) in drought treated plants as compare to irrigated plants. Furthermore, the genetic diversity was assessed using five ISSR primers among ten selected wheat genotypes, which showed good polymorphism with scorable and reproducible bands. ( M. K. Yadav) (Vandna Kushwaha)ThesisItem Open Access IN-SILICO CHARACTERIZATION OF FLOWER DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATED MIKC TYPE MADS BOX GENE IN PETUNIA (Petunia hybrida)(SARDAR VALLABHBHAI PATEL UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, MEERUT- 250110 (U.P.),, 2021-10) KRATIKA KESWANI; Dr. Pushpendra KumarABSTRACT Name Kratika Keswani Id.No. 4797 Degree Programme M.Sc. (Ag.) Biotechnology Department Agricultural Biotechnology Title In-silico characterization of flower development associated MIKC Type MADS Box Gene in Petunia (Petunia hybrida) Advisor Dr. Pushpendra Kumar Petunia (Petunia hybrida) is an ornamental plant belongs to the Solanaceae family which includes other well known species such as Solanum tuberosum, Lycopersicon esculentum, Capsicum annuum and Nicotiana tabacum. Transcription factors are proteins involved in the process of converting or transcribing, DNA into RNA. MADS-box have ~60 Amino acid DNA binding domain and classified as TFs family known to plays significant role during the development of floral organs in plants. The name MADS-Box was proposed by Schwarz-Sommer and colleagues and derives from the initials of the first four cloned genes MCM1 in yeast, AGAMOUS in Arabidopsis, DEFICIENS in snapdragon, and SERUM RESPONSE FACTOR in human. The MADS-box gene family characterized by a conserved ~58 Amino acid domain, can be divided into two lineages, type I and type II. Plant type I MADS-domain genes can be further subdivided into three groups: (Mα, Mβ and Mγ) based solely on phylogenetic criteria while, in the case of Type II genes, MIKCC and MIKC*group genes are distinguished by different lengths of their encoded K-domains and also on phylogenetic criteria. Here, we performed in-silico characterization of MIKC Type MADS Box PhFBP26 and PhFBPP29 genes based on MSA, Phylogeny, Exon/intron structure, Conserved Motifs and Protein structure using in silico approach. Multiple sequence alignment analysis of PhFBP26 and PhFBP29 proteins indicated that both genes shared highly conserved signature domain of their family MADS-box and K-box domain. Furthermore, phylogeny analysis helped to find the evolutionary related genes in Arabidopsis, Potato, Tobacco, and Tomato, revealed that both PhFBP26 and PhFBP29 genes are close to AtAGL8 and their homolog in other analysed plant species. Gene structure analysis of PhFBP26 and PhFBP29 from CDS and genomic region revealed the presence of large Intron and small exon region. The protein motifs prediction analysis by MEME-Suite confirmed the presence of conserved MADS box family signature domain along with other protein motifs. The 3-D proteins structure modeling of petunia hybrida (PhFBP26 and PhFBP29) MADS box proteins were computed by PHYRE2 showed α-helix region 57% and 51% respectively and both α-helix and β-sheet of proteins. The computational analysis of PhFBP26 and PhFBP29 proteins modelled structure revealed the high conservance, good alignment with other reported template, low to average mutational sensitivity, good order of folding and significant protein pocket in active site. (Pushpendra Kumar) (Kratika Keswani)ThesisItem Open Access Effect of different growth regulator on in-vitro multiplication of banana (Musa acuminata)(SARDAR VALLABHBHAI PATEL UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, MEERUT- 250110 (U.P.),, 2021-09) Mohd Sharik; Dr. R. S. SengarABSTRACT Name: Mohd Sharik Id. No.: PG/4796/19-20Degree: M.Sc. (Ag.) Major: Agriculture Biotechnology College: College of Agriculture Minor: Genetics and Plant Breeding Advisor: Dr. R. S. Sengar Thesis title: “Effect of different growth regulators on in-vitro multiplication of banana (Musa acuminata)”. Banana is a perennial herbaceous monocot which belongs to Musa genus of the Musaceae family and is an important fruit crop in India. Basically, Banana has gained the status of commercial and cash crop. Conventionally banana producers, with the exception of a few large national and international companies, are solely responsible for most of the global production of banana. The present study for standardized micropropagation protocol supplemented with different concentrations and combinations of cytokinins and auxins for Grand Naine cultivar of banana. Data collected for in vitro culture consists of the selected parameters i.e. days for bud initiation, rate of shoot proliferation (%), and number of multiple shoot buds during multiplication stage. Remarkable effects of Cytokinins and Auxins were observed. Out of various treatments, best concentration for multiple shoots in short period of time for Grand Naine was found in mediums 6mg/l BAP + 1 mg/l NAA. While the highest number of roots developed in basal ½-MS+ 4.0 mg/L BAP + 1.0 mg/l NAA. Survival rate of in-vitro regenerated plants of Grand Naine variety of banana was 75 per cent. Genetic variation is rudimentary for any crop improvement programme to become successful. Assessment of genetic diversity within a germplasm pool is very crucial nowadays and molecular markers are very important and versatile tools for the evaluation, characterization and conservation of genetic diversity in different plant species. Random amplification polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers are quick, simple, easy to assay, and more importantly do not require prior sequence information of the target for design of the primers. They are randomly distributed throughout the genome, thus have a high genomic abundance with dominant nature. The implication of RAPD markers is useful to investigate genetic variation among banana cultivars by using random primers. This study suggested that abundant genetic variation through RAPD marker was present in banana genotype selected for study. Among the primers used in the investigation OPA-19 was highly informative as it recorded high PIC value (0.91). Average PIC value 0.616 was recorded as by these RAPD markers with the range of 0.05 to 0.91. In future large number of cultivars should be analyzed with more numbers of primers. Knowledge of genetic diversity among banana cultivars can be applied in future for the improvement of banana and in the detection of gene flow between species. (R. S. Sengar) (Mohd Sharik)ThesisItem Open Access MOLECULAR DIVERSITY ANALYSIS OF TOMATO (SOLANUM LYCOPERSICUM L.) GERMPLASM USING SSR/RAPD MARKERS.(SARDAR VALLABHBHAI PATEL UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, MEERUT- 250110 (U.P.),, 2020-12) SUHAIL ALAM; Dr. Mukesh KumarABSTRACT Name: Suhail Alam Id. No.: PG/4195/18-19 Degree: M.Sc. (Ag.) Major: Agriculture Biotechnology College: College of Agriculture Minor: Genetics and Plant Breeding Advisor: Dr. Mukesh Kumar Thesis title: “Molecular analysis of tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum L.) germplasm using SSR/RAPD markers”. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is the most important vegetable crop in the world after potato, being cultivated in many regions of the world. Genetic diversity of a germplasm is of utmost importance for plant breeding activities that seek the development of varieties with high quality, yield, resistant to disease, biotic and abiotic factors, among other characteristics of economic importance. In this present investigation eighteen Indian tomato germplasm were studied. The germplasm were grown in three replications in pots and their morphological characters like germination percentage, growth habit, hypocotyl colour, plant height, leaf shape, leaf area, leaf length and leaf width were investigated. The maximum germination was recorded in Kashi Amrit as 90.00%. In COMLCR-3 the maximum plant height 102 cm was recorded. The growth habit of fifteen germplasm was found to be determinate type. The hypocotyls were green color in most of the tomato germplasm. The longest plant leaf length was recorded as 42.40cm in COMLCR-3. The broadest tomato plant leaf was recorded in COMLCR-3 as 29.5cm width and largest tomato plant leaf area was recorded in COMLCR-3 as 948.8cm2. The eleven germplasm showed peruvianum type of leaf shape. The germplasms were also subjected to molecular analysis using SSR and RAPD markers. For molecular analysis five SSR and two RAPD primers were used by which a total eighteen polymorphic band and one monomorphic band were obtained. They were obtained with an average of 2.71 bands per primers showing 95.23% polymorphism. The cluster analysis and dendrogram of all the germplasm used based on the molecular analysis revealed the relationship of inter-varietal hierarchical relationship. The Kashi Adarsh and Kashi Amrit germplasm found more diverged from eighteen germplasm of tomato. The present study is extremely useful for genetic diversity of tomato germplasm. The variability was observed in tomato germplasm might be used as an important input for the further breeding programs. (Mukesh Kumar) (Suhail Alam) Advisor Author
