Loading...
Thesis
Browse
Search Results
ThesisItem Open Access MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF Fusarium sp. CAUSING BAKANAE DISEASE OF RICE IN WESTERN U.P(SARDAR VALLABHBHAI PATEL UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE & TECHNOLOGY, MEERUT - 250 110 (U.P.), INDIA, 2019) DIPANJALI BAG; Dr. Kamal KhilariName: Dipanjali Bag Advisor: Dr. Kamal Khilari Id. No: 3962 Professor Degree: M. Sc. Ag. Deptt. Of Plant Pathology Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agri and Tech., Meerut-250 110 (U.P.), India Thesis title: “Morphological And molecular characterization of Fusarium sp. causing bakanae disease of rice in western U.P”. ABSTRACT Rice is considered as one of the main staple food grains and Asian countries leads in production and consumption of rice, i.e. more than 90% rice is produced and consumed in Asia. India is considered as one of the leading exporter of rice. Rice belongs to the family of Gramineae (Poaceae) and genus Oryza. Rice possesses high nutritive values containing moisture 13.6g, protein 6.38g, fat 0.5g, minerals 0.6g, carbohydrates 78.2g, calcium 10 mg, fibre 0.2g, phosphorus 160mg, iron 0.7mg and vitamins. . In India, the total area under rice production in the year 2018-19 was 44.50 million hectares, with yield of 3.91 metric tones per hectare and production of 116.00 million metric tones. Among the diseases a fungal disease known as bakanae disease is one of the most important and causes severe losses in rice yield particularly in basmati rice. It is caused by Fusarium moniliforme (Gibbrella fujikuroi) which produce gibberellic acid (GA3), due to which there is an increase in the height of plant, therefore it is is also known as elongation disease. Some other symptoms includes, seedlings rot, foot rot, grain sterility and grain discolouration which ultimately effect seed quality and grain yields. It is very important to identify the pathogen causing the disease to control plant diseases and reduce yield losses. A total of twelve isolates were collected from different locations of western U.P. and morphological and molecular characters were studied. All the twelve isolates were morphologically studied and all the morphological characters like, fungal growth and pigmentation, radial growth, colony characters, spore characters in all the isolates were recorded on PDA media. Initially the color of all the isolates was white which changed subsequently to purple with age. The radial growth was observed from 8.0 -8.8 cm in diameter. The twelve isolates were grouped into two groups according to there colony characters, i.e., Group I (GRP 1) with isolates Fm (1-6) and Fm 12 comprised of white coloured cottony colony producing isolates with the size of micro-conidia ranging between (7.4 – 8.8) X (2.8 – 3.7) µm and macro-conidia size between (24.24 – 35.70) X (3.2 – 3.87) µm, with no chlamydospores. Group II (GRP 2) with the isolates Fm (7- 11) comprised of creamy white coloured colony producing isolates with the size of micro-conidia ranging between (7.3 – 9.1) X (3.2 – 3.9) µm and macro-conidia size between (29.54 - 35.73) X (2.92 – 4.8) µm, with no chlamydospores. According to the morphological characters, all the isolates were identified as Fusarium moniliforme. For further confirmation molecular characterization was done with specific primers i.e. Ef-1 & Ef-2, rp32 & rp33, H3-1a&H3-1b and Bt2a& Bt2b. With primer Ef-1 & Ef-2, all the 12 isolates showed single amplicon of 750 bp, with another set of primers, i.e. rp 32 and rp33, all the 12 isolates and the control culture gave single amplicon of 690bp, with another set of primers H3-1a and H3-1b, all the 12 isolates and the control culture gave single amplicon of 450 bp, and with another primer, Bt2a & Bt2b, all the 12 isolates and the control culture gave single amplicon of 450 bp.. The results indicated that bakane disease of rice in western UP is primarily caused by Fusarium moniliforme. The study also confirm that identification based on morphological and culture characteristics must be coupled with molecular characteristics for proper identification of specific fungal sp. causing Bakanae disease.ThesisItem Open Access : “Effect of Nitrogen management in pigeon pea”.(SARDAR VALLABHBHAI PATEL UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE & TECHNOLOGY MODIPURAM, MEERUT- 250110 (U. P.), INDIA, 2019) PRASHANT SINGH; Dr. Prashant MishraDEARTMENT OF PLANT PATHOLOGY SARDAR VALLABHBHAI PATEL UNIVERSITY OF AGRI AND TECHNOLOGY, MEERUT-250 110 (U.P.), INDIA Name: Prashant Singh Advisor: Dr. Prashant Mishra Id. No: 3961 Professor Degree: M. Sc.(Ag.) Plant Pathology Deptt. Of Plant Pathology Thesis title: “Studies on management of Dry Root Rot of Chickpea caused by Rhizoctonia bataticola (Taub.) Butler” ABSTRACT Pulses, also known as grain legumes, are main sources of protein among the vegetarians in India. Among all the pulses grown chickpea is the most important crop in terms of production & productivity ,grown in rabi season. There are various biotic and abiotic constraints especially the diseases, which has led to fall in its availability and pushed up their prices. Among them Dry root rot is an serious emerging threat to chickpea. Dry root rot caused by Rhizoctonia bataticola (Taub.) Butler is a soil borne fungal pathogen. The characteristic symptoms include yellowing of leaves, dark lesion on the stem at ground level, sclerotial bodies on affected tissues. The study was conducted with the objectives on the efficacy of the fungicides, bio-agents , assessment of induced systemic resistance in vitro. and comparative study combining various management tactics in field condition against R. bataticola . The complete mycelial inhibition was recorded with the fungicides Propiconazole and Carbendazim at all the i.e. 50, 75 and 100 ppm while Tebuconazole at 100 ppm concentrations after 96 hours of inoculation. Among the bio-agents the maximum was shown by Pseudomonas fluorescens (88.15%) followed by Trichoderma harzianum (83.70%) & Trichoderma viride (83.33%). During assessment for ISR; maximum PAL,PO & PPO activity and greater amount of lignification was their due to Biofilm of P. fluorescens- T. harzianum at 72 hrs. followed by decline in its activity up to 96 hrs. followed by P. fluorescens alone. During field experiment least per cent disease incidence, Yield and test weight was recorded in T. harzianum bioprimed seed @ 10g/kg followed Propiconazole @ 500 ml/ha. Hence, we can say seed biopriming & biofilmed have synergistic effect on reducing per cent disease incidence increasing growth, yield and resistance as well. (Advisor) (Author) PRASHANT MISHRA PRASHANT SINGHThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF NITROGEN MANAGEMENT IN PIGEON PEA(SARDAR VALLABHBHAI PATEL UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE & TECHNOLOGY, MEERUT - 250 110 (U.P.), INDIA, 2019) GOUTHU NAGA PANCHAVATHI; Dr. B.P. Dhyani,ABSTRACT Name: Gouthu Naga Panchavathi Id. No.: PG/A-3960/17-18 Degree: M.Sc. (Ag.) Minor: Agronomy Major: Soil Science & Agril. Chemistry Thesis Title: “Effect of Nitrogen management in pigeon pea”. A field experiment was conducted during kharif season 2018 at Crop Research Centre of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut (U.P.) to evaluate the effect of nitrogen management in pigeon pea. The area situated at a latitude of 29o 40′ North and longitude of 77o 42′ East with an elevation of 237 m above mean sea level. The soil of the experimental field was well drained, sandy loam in texture, low in available nitrogen, medium in available phosphorus and potassium. Ten treatments consisting application of different level of nitrogen and vermicompost were tested in randomized block design with three replications. The data on growth, yield and its contributing traits content and uptake of nutrients at various stages along with available N, P, K in soil were estimated as per the standard procedure. The experimental results revealed that growth attributes (plant height, number of branches, dry matter accumulation plant-1, number of nodules plant-1, nodules dry weight), yield attributing traits (Number of pods plant-1, number of grain pod-1, pod weight plant-1, grain yield plant-1, test weight), biological yield, grain yield, straw yield and uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, iron , zinc , boron in pigeon pea differ significantly among different treatments. Growth parameters were comparatively better in the treatments where 40 N in two split was applied. The highest grain yield and harvest index recorded in T7 was found statistically at similar to the treatments T6, T9, T10 and significantly higher than the rest of the treatments. The application of N, P over control resulted approximately 25 percent improvement in grain yield. Available nutrient in soil after harvest of pigeon pea were variable under different treatments. Treatments receiving higher level of N application as well as additional application of vermicompost over recommended N, P showed higher N availability. From the study it can be concluded that higher rate of N application than the recommended N dose in pigeon pea seems better in the soils deficient in available N. Integrated nutrient management can also improve the pigeon pea yield. (B.P Dhyani) (G.N. Panchavathi) Advisor AuthoressThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF ORGANIC NUTRIENT SOURCES ON SOIL HEALTH AND PRODUCTIVITY OF WHEAT UNDER RICE-WHEAT SYSTEM(SARDAR VALLABHBHAI PATEL UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE & TECHNOLOGY, MEERUT - 250 110 (U.P.), INDIA, 2019) LAXMAN KUMAWAT; Dr. Yogesh KumarName : Laxman Kumawat Id. No. : 3959 Year of admission : 2017-18 Degree : M.Sc. (Ag.) Major : Soil Science and Agri. Chemistry Minor : Agronomy Thesis title : “Effect of Organic Nutrient Sources on Soil Health and Productivity of Wheat under Rice-Wheat System” Advisor : Dr. Yogesh Kumar, Associate Professor, Soil Science & Agricultural Chemistry Degree awarding University : Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut-250110 (U.P.) ABSTRACT The investigation entitled Effect of Organic Nutrient Sources on Soil Health and Productivity of Wheat under Rice-Wheat System was carried out at the Crop Research Centre of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture & Technology, Meerut, (U.P) during Rabi seasons of 2017-18. The experiment consisting seven treatments viz. T1- Control, T2- 10 t ha-1 FYM, T3-10 t ha-1 FYM +Cow urine + Azotobacter, T4- 10 t ha-1 Vermicompost, T5- 10 t ha-1 Vermicompost+ Cow urine + Azotobacter, T6- 7.5 t ha-1 FYM+ Cow urine + Azotobacter, T7- 80 % of RDF of nitrogen through vermicompost + 10 % through neem cake + Azotobacter was laid out in randomized block design with three replication. Result show that T7 (80 % of RDF of nitrogen through vermicompost + 10 % through neem cake + Azotobacter) significantly higher the growth and yield attributing character of wheat viz. plant height, dry matter accumulation, number of tillers m-1 row length, grains spike-1 and test weight over the control plot. it also recorded significantly higher spike length 67.69 % grain yield 70.16 %, test weight 52 % and harvest index 5% of wheat over control plot. The nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content were higher in fertility levels of T7 and T5. However, lower bulk density and pH were recorded with T7 (80 % of RDF of nitrogen through vermicompost + 10 % through neem cake + Azotobacter) plot. (Yogesh Kumar) (Laxman Kumawat) Advisor AuthorThesisItem Open Access Effect of Zincobensulf application on Zinc, Sulphur availability in soil and growth of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)(SARDAR VALLABHBHAI PATEL UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE & TECHNOLOGY, MEERUT - 250 110 (U.P.), INDIA, 2019) AKASH KUMAR; Dr. S.P. SinghName: Akash Kumar Id. No.: 3957 Major: Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry Minor: Agronomy Year of Admission: 2017-18 Degree Programme: M.Sc. (Ag.) Thesis title: “Effect of Zincobensulf application on Zinc, Sulphur availability in soil and growth of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)” Advisor: Dr. S.P. Singh, Associate Professor Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry ABSTRACT A field experiment was conducted during rabi season 2017-18 at Crop Research Centre of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut (U.P) to evaluate the effect of zincobensulf application on zinc, sulphur availability in soil and growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The area situated at a latitude of 290 40’ N and longitude of 770 42’ E with an elevation of 237 m above mean sea level. The soil of experimental field was well drained, sandy loam in texture, slightly alkaline in reaction (pH 8.01). It was low in organic carbon, available nitrogen and zinc, medium in available phosphorus, potassium and sulphur with an electrical conductivity of 0.30 dS m-1. Nine treatments comprising recommended NPK, S, Zn and farmer’s practice were tested in RBD with three replications. The crop was grown with the recommended package and practices for wheat with exception of zinc and sulphur application which was variable. The data on growth, yield and its contributing traits content and uptake of nutrients at harvest stage along with available NPK, S and Zn in soil were estimated as per the standard procedures. The result revealed that growth attributes (plant height, number of tillers) yield attributing traits (panicle length, number of grains per panicle and test weight), yields viz. grains, straw and biological, and content and uptake of NPK, S and Zn in wheat differ significantly among different treatments. The highest values were recorded in the treatment T6 (RDF + Zinco Bensulf @ 45 kg ha-1). From the study it may be concluded that the application of only NPK fertilizers was not capable of exploiting the fullest potential of the Triticum aestivum L. Therefore, in addition of supplementary nutrients like sulphur and zinc is essential to get the higher production and productivity. Thus, the combination of RDF + Zinco Bensulf @ 45 kg ha-1 seems to be more economic and promising for boosting the productivity of wheat. Besides, it also improves the quality of soil in terms of available nutrient status. (S.P. Singh) (Akash Kumar) Advisor AuthorThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF MODE OF MICRONUTRIENTS APPLICATION ON MICRONUTRIENT AVAILABILITY, GROWTH, YIELD AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF PIGEON PEA (Cajanuscajan) IN SANDY LOAM SOIL(SARDAR VALLABHBHAI PATEL UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE & TECHNOLOGY, MEERUT - 250 110 (U.P.), INDIA, 2019) ARCHANA VERMA; Dr. U.P. ShahiABSTRACT ________________________________________ Name : Archana Verma Id. No : 3956 Year of admission : 2017-18 Degree : M.Sc. (Ag.) Major : Soil Science & Agricultural Chemistry Minor : Agronomy Thesis title : Effect of Mode of Micronutrients Application on Micronutrient Availability, Growth, Yield and Chemical Composition of Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L.) in Sandy Loam Soil. Advisor : Dr. U.P. Shahi, Associate Professor, Soil Science Degree Awarding University : Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut- 250110 A field experiment was conducted during Kharif season 2018 at Crop Research Centre of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut (U.P.) to evaluate the effect of mode of micronutrients application on micronutrient availability, growth, yield and chemical composition of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L.)in sandy loam soil. The area lie at a latitude of 29o 8’ North and longitude of 77o 40’ East with an elevation of 237 meters above mean sea level. The soil of the experimental field was well drained, sandy loam in texture, neutral to alkaline in reaction (pH 7.60), low in available nitrogen, medium in available phosphorus and available potassium with an electrical conductivity 0.21 dSm-1.. Nine treatments consisting of micronutrients (Zn, Fe and B) viz T1 [Control (NPK)], T2 (ZnSO4@ 25 kg/h), T3 (Fe SO4@ 40 kg/ha), T4 (Borax@ 10 kg/ha), T5 (ZnSO4+ FeSO4+ Borax), T6 (foliar spray ZnSO4@0.5%), T7 (foliar spray FeSO4 @1%), T8 (foliar spray Borax@0.2%), T9 (foliar spray ZnSO4+ FeSO4+ Borax) were tested in randomized block design with three replications. NPK was commonly applied in all the plots. The data on growth, yield and its contributing traits were calculated on plot area basis (12.6 m2), whereas content and uptake of nutrients alongwith available N, P, K, Zn, B and Fe was recorded as per the standard procedure. The experimental results revealed that growth attributes (plant height, number of primary branches), yield attributing traits (pods plant-1, grains pod-1, test weight, dry matter accumulation), yields viz., grain, straw and biological and uptake of macronutrients viz.nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium as well as micronutrients viz.zinc, iron and boron in pigeon pea differ significantly among different treatments and were maximum with the foliar spray of ZnSO4+ FeSO4+ Borax followed by soil application of ZnSO4+ FeSO4+ Borax. Combined application of these three micronutrients showed the better yield, uptake and quality than the recommended dose of NPK only. Soil and foliar application of ZnSO4+FeSO4+ Borax along with the recommended dose of NPK improved organic carbon of soil. The soil application of ZnSO4+ FeSO4+ Borax proved to be better for maintaining the micronutrient status of soil. Therefore, the combined application of various micronutrients should be taken into consideration. (U.P. Shahi) (Archana Verma) Advisor AuthoressThesisItem Open Access Effect of PSB Inoculation With and Without P and S Application on Physico-Chemical Properties of Soil, Nodulation, Nutrients Uptake and Productivity of Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) in Western U.P.(SARDAR VALLABHBHAI PATEL UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE & TECHNOLOGY, MEERUT - 250 110 (U.P.), INDIA, 2019) PANKAJ CHAURASIYA; Dr. Satendra KumarName: Pankaj Chaurasiya Id. No.: 3954 Major: Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry Minor: Agronomy Year of Admission: 2017-18 Degree Programme: M.Sc.(Ag.) Thesis title “Effect of PSB Inoculation With and Without P and S Application on Physico-Chemical Properties of Soil, Nodulation, Nutrients Uptake and Productivity of Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) in Western U.P.” Advisor: Dr. Satendra Kumar, Professor Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry ABSTRACT A field experiment was conducted during summer season 2018 at Crop Research Centre of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut (U.P.) to evaluate the effect of PSB inoculation with and without P and S application. The area situated at a latitude of 290 4’ N and longitudes of 770 42’ E with an elevation of 237 m above mean sea level. The soil of experimental field was well drained, sandy loam in texture, alkaline in reaction (7.82), low in available nitrogen and sulphur, medium in available phosphorus and potassium with an electrical conductivity of 0.21 dS m-1. Thirteen treatments comprising control, inoculation of PSB with and without P and S application were tested in RBD with three replications. The crop was grown with recommended package and practices for mungbean with exception of phosphorus and sulphur application which was variable as per treatments. The data on growth, yield and its contributing traits content and uptake of nutrients at harvest stage along with available N, P, K, S and bulk density of soil were estimated as per the standard procedures. The experimental results revealed that growth parameters (plant population, plant height, primary branches plant-1, nodules and their dry weight plant-1 and dry matter accumulation plant-1), yield attributing traits viz. number of pods plant-1, number of grains plant-1, grain yield plant-1, test weight and biological yield, grain yield, straw yield and content and uptake of N, P, K and S in mungbean differ significantly among different treatments. Growth parameters were significantly better in the treatment T13 (PSB + 40 kg P2O5 ha-1 + 30 kg S ha-1). The highest grain yield was recorded in T13 where 40 kg P2O5 ha-1 + 30 kg S ha-1 was applied with inoculation of PSB. This treatment was statistically at par with T12. Growth and yield attributing characters were comparatively higher in T13. Available nutrients in soil and physico-chemical properties of soil after harvest of mungbean were variable under different treatments. From the study it may be concluded that the application of 40 kg P2O5 ha-1 + 30 kg S ha-1 with PSB inoculation (T13) gave best results (Grain yield increased by 13.2%, 15.2%, 4.7% and 100.2% over T2, T4, T12 and T1, respectively) and proved to be beneficial for summer mungbean. Application of 40 kg P2O5 ha-1 + 15 kg S ha-1 with PSB inoculation (T12) also gave better results, besides saving of 15 kg S ha-1. The balanced and combined use of P and S along with PSB in mungbean improved the growth attributes, total uptake of nutrients along with maintaining the soil fertility balance. (Satendra Kumar) (Pankaj Chaurasiya) Advisor AuthorThesisItem Open Access ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF FISH FARMING PRACTICES IN WESTERN UTTAR PRADESH(SARDAR VALLABHBHAI PATEL UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE & TECHNOLOGY, MEERUT - 250 110 (U.P.), INDIA, 2019) GAURAV TOMER; Dr. H.L. Singh,ABSTRACT Name : Gaurav Tomer Id.No. : 3953 Degree : M.Sc. (Ag.) Batch: 2017-18 Department: Agricultural Economics Thesis Title: Economic Analysis of Fish Farming Practices in Western Uttar Pradesh Advisor: Dr. H. L. Singh (Professor), Department of Agricultural Economics Fish and fish products have presently emerged as the largest group in agricultural exports from India, with 13.77 lakh tonnes in terms of quantity and Rs. 45,106.89 crore in value.The present study was conducted during the period of years (2018-19).It was found thatthe estimated per hectare total cost of fish production was Rupees 139956.00, 86018.94 and 44720.58 on small, medium and large farms respectively, indicating highest cost incurred in small followed by medium and large category. The average fish production was 3449.35 kg. per hectare in the study area and 4651.70, 2668.18 and 1989.47 kg. per hectare were in small, medium and large category respectively. The average net profit was Rupees 140666.05 per hectare in the study area. The average net profit was Rupees 140666.05 per hectare in the study area. The estimated total cost of production of fish under extensive practices was Rupees 99145.41 per hectare and in semi-intensive the total cost was Rupees 98907.97 per hectare. The average net profit under extensive fish practices was estimated to be Rupees 109942.77 per hectare but in case of semi-intensive practices the average net profit was more (Rupees 150906.47 per hectare) as compared to extensive practices. The average total fish production was found to be more in case of semi-intensive fish practices as compared to extensive (3043.58 kg. per hectare) and it was 3587.60 kg. per hectare. The total estimated cost of production of fish practices was Rupees 98966.82 and 91946.82 per hectare under poly-culture and monoculture. The average total production under poly-culture and monoculture was estimated to be 3449.35 and 3333.89 kg. per hectare. The average total return under poly-culture and monoculture was estimated to be Rupees 239632.87 and 212624.00 per hectare and net revenue was Rupees 140666.05 and 120677.18 per quintal under poly-culture and monoculture respectively. There were five marketing channels identified in the study area. Channel I – (Producer – Consumer) was found more efficient than channel – II (Producer – Retailer – Consumer) in comparison to Channel – III (Producer- Trader – Wholesaler – Consumer), Channel – IV (Producer – Wholesaler – Retailer – Consumer) and Channel – V (Producer – Trader – Wholesaler – Retailer – Consumer), respectively. Minimum marketing cost was found to be Rupees 85.00 and 300.00 per quintal in channel II and I the share of producer in consumer’s rupee was found to be 86.09 and 96.15 per cent. (H. L. Singh) (Gaurav Tomer) Advisor AuthorThesisItem Open Access ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF RICE BASED CROPPING SYSTEM IN MEERUT DISTRICT OF WESTERN UTTAR PRADESH(SARDAR VALLABHBHAI PATEL UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE & TECHNOLOGY, MEERUT - 250 110 (U.P.), INDIA, 2019) Rohit Chaudhary; Dr. H.L. Singh,ABSTRACT Name of the student : ROHIT CHAUDHARY Id. No. : 3952 Degree : M.Sc. (Ag.) in Agricultural Economics Year of Admission : 2017-18 Advisor : Dr. H. L. Singh (Professor), Dept of Agricultural Economics Title : ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF RICE BASED CROPPING SYSTEM IN MEERUT DISTRICT OF WESTERN UTTAR PRADESH The study was conduct in the year 2018-19 on “ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF RICE BASED CROPPING SYSTEM IN MEERUT DISTRICT OF WESTERN UTTAR PRADESH” with the following objectives (i) To study the socio-economic profile of the respondents in the study area. (ii) To identify the cropping system in the study area. (iii) To work out the costs and returns of rice based cropping system. (iv) To identify the major constraints related to rice based cropping system in the study area. From the purposively selected district, two blocks were selected purposively on the basis of highest area under the crop. A total four village were selected randomly and then from the list of the farmer of the selected village, total 100 farmers, 43 marginal (less than 1 hectare), 27 small (1-2 hectare), 20 medium (2-4 hectare), 10 large (up to 4 hectare) were selected for the collection of data. To meet the objective suitable statistical tool were employed. Present study indicated, that mostly respondents were of middle age group and literate and belongs to other backward class with an average family size 6 members. The average size of holding found to be 1.81 hectare. The annual income in the study area was more than 2 lacs and having liabilities of Rs. 75750.00. Results revealed that overall average cost of cultivation of Rice-Potato cropping system were Rs. 215354.00 per hectare, followed by Rice-Wheat cropping system Rs. 184983.00 per hectare and Rice-Mustard cropping system Rs. 171541.00 per hectare. The overall average gross returns obtained from Rice-Potato were more expansive (Rs. 318813.00) as compared to Rice-Wheat Rs. 230221.00 and Rice-Mustard Rs. 214004.00. The overall average net returns per hectare were the highest in case of Rice-Potato (Rs. 103460.00) followed by Rice-Wheat and Rice-Mustard cropping system. The benefit-cost ratio was the measure of profitability of the cropping system from the study it was highest in case of Rice-Potato than the other. Besides that the farmers reported high cost and ultimately availability of credit and the problem like wild animal and crisis of labour during the crop season. Price fluctuations were also reported as one of the important problem. (H. L. Singh) (Rohit Chaudhary) Advisor
