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ThesisItem Open Access Synthesis, Characterization and Evaluation of some Substituted isoxazoles as nematicides against root-knot nematode (meloidogyne javanica).(CCSHAU, 2004) Chopra, Indu; Rajvir SinghIsoxazole derivatives exhibit wide spectrum of biological activities. This nucleus has different agrochemical and pharmaceutical properties and has a lot of potential for their use in agrochemical (pesticides). Keeping this in mind, synthesis and bioevaluation of substituted isoxazoles (15-22 and 36-44) have been undertaken. Condensation of substituted aldehydes (1-4) and substituted acetophenones (5-6) refluxing in 20% ethanolic sodium hydroxide solution gave various substituted chalcones (7-14) in good yields. The reaction of chalcones (7-14) with hydroxylamine hydrochloride in presence of anhydrous sodium acetate gave substituted isoxazoles (15-22). Similarly substituted hydroxy isoxazoles (27-29) were prepared using substituted aldehydes (1, 3, 4) and hydroxy acetophenone (23). These compounds (27- 29) were further treated with epichlorohydrin in presence of catalytic amount potassium carbonate which yielded 3-(4-oxiranylmethoxyphenyl)-5-(4-chloro-/methyl- /2-chlorophenyl) isoxazoles (30-32). These compounds (30-32) were then reacted with substituted phenols (33-35) and yielded 3-{4-[3-(4-substitutedphenoxy)-2- hydroxypropoxy]phenyl}-5-(4-substitutedphenyl)isoxaz oles (36–44). The synthesized compounds were characterized by spectroscopic technique (NMR, IR) and elemental analysis data. All the synthesized compounds (15-22 and 36-44) were evaluated for nematicidal activity aginst root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne javanica) at 1000, 500, 250 and 125 ppm concentrations. It was found that compound 16 among 15-22 and compound 40 among compounds 36-44 were found to be most nematoxic. These compounds deserve for investigations for their possible use in agrochemicals for plant disease control.ThesisItem Open Access Degumming, alkali refining, bleaching and quality of five genotypes of Jatropha curcas seed oils(CCSHAU, 2006) Duhan, Anil; Khabiruddin, MohammadJatropha curcas can be considered as major non-traditional oil yielding crop, which can grow in adverse climatic conditions. Its seed oil has high commercial importance because of its use as biofuel. Being having good nutritional profile, its oil and defatted seed cake can also be used for edible purpose, after removal of toxic constituents. Before and after refining, different physico-chemical parameters i.e. oil yield, free fatty acid, iodine value, peroxide value, carotenoids value, saponification value, unsaponifiable matter, fatty acid composition, protein in defatted cake and lecithin in oils of five genotypes viz. Hansraj, Urly Kanchan, SKN (Big), Chattarpati and JH-1 (Hisar local) of J. curcas were examined and compared with edible oils of soybean (var. PK-416), sunflower (var. HSFH-848) and groundnut (var. MH-4). It was observed that after refining, different physico-chemical parameters of the various genotypes of J. curcas oils were improved and found comparable with the changes in soybean, sunflower and groundnut oils. The result shows that the refined J. curcas oil have comparable edible utility with that of soybean, sunflower and groundnut oils, but have high potential to be use as biofuel in comparision to soybean, sunflower and groundnut oils.ThesisItem Open Access Phytochemical investigation of citrus sinensis var. jaffa and its antifungal activity against fusarium oxysporum(CCSHAU, 2007) Vedwati; Kalidhar, S.B.Citrus sinensis (L) Osbeck (Syn C. aurantium L. var. sinensis) belongs to family Rutaceae. It is widely cultivated all over the world. It is known for its antimicrobial, Insecticidal and medicinal properties. Fruits of C. sinensis var. Jaffa were collected from Department of Horticulture, CCS HAU, Hisar. Rinds were separated from fruits and extracted with hot methanol. Column chromatography of the extractives over silica gel afforded two compounds. One of these was β-sitosteryl- β-D-glucoside and other was 5-hydroxy-3', 4’- dimethoxy flavanone 7-O-rhamnosyl (14) glucoside. Both these compounds are reported 1st time from this plant. Column chromatography of ethyl acetate extract of juice afforded only one compound i.e. 5-hydroxy -3', 4'-dimethoxy flavanone 7-O-rhamnosyl (1 4) glucoside. The characterization of isolated compounds was carried out on the basis of UV-visible, IR, 1H NMR, Mass spectral data and other properties of the compounds. The methanolic extract of flavido obtained from C. sinensis var. Jaffa was used for antifungal activity at 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 μg/ml concentration against Fusarium oxysporum and percentage inhibition was recorded. It was noted that the growth of Fusarium oxysporum was inhibited to the maximum extent at concentration 2000 μg/ml with 53% inhibition. Tannins, total sugars, titrable acidity, TSS, moisture content and ascorbic acid contents (Biochemical parameters) were estimated in the juice of C. sinensis var.Jaffa. The juice was found to contain total sugars (10.45 g/100 ml), tannins (78.00 mg/100ml), ascorbic acid (47.90 mg/100ml), TSS (11.55%), moisture content (81.44%) and titrable acidity (1.14 g/100ml).ThesisItem Open Access Chemical constituents of lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus Stapf) oils and their nematicidal activity against meloidogyne javanica(CCSHAU, 2007) Maun, Poonam; Madan, V.K.Laboratory studies were conducted to study the effects of steam distillation time and silica gel column chromatography on the quality of essential oil of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus). Nematicidal activity of aqueous extracts of essential oil of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus) was also studied against the root knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica. For steam distillation studies, two Lemongrass varieties viz., CKP 25 and OD 19 and six genotypes viz., NLG 84, NLG 118, HL 2, HL 3, HL 10 and HL 11 were taken and the essential oils of the freshly harvested grasses of these eight varieties/genotypes were extracted by steam distillation using Clevenger apparatus. To obtain the optimum time of steam distillation, two sets of Clevenger apparatus were used for each variety/ genotype. One of the distillation units was labelled as “Full Time Distillation” and another distillation unit was labelled as “Fractional Distillation”. The distillation unit labelled as “Full Time Distillation” was boiled for 4 hours and all the essential oil that distils out from the grass in 4 hours was collected in one glass vial labelled as “Full Time”. The second distillation unit labelled as “Fractional Distillation Unit” was also boiled for 4 hours but the oil fractions recovered at periodical interval of 1 hour were collected in four glass vials and labelled as 0-1 h, 1-2 h, 2-3 h and 3-4 h. Among the various steam distilled oil fractions maximum oil (74.2-82.6%) was recovered in the first hour. The citral-a (44.3-54.3%), citral-b (30.4-35.0%) and total citral (75.1-89.3%) content in all the eight varieties/genotypes was higher in the 0-1 h distilled oil fractions in comparison to “Full Time” distilled oil (the range of citral-a, citral-b and total citral being 43.0-50.7%, 27.5-31.7% and 70.5-82.4%, respectively). The higher citral content in the first hour distilled oil fraction may be due to high volatility of citral-a and citral-b so that majority of these constituents distil out in the first hour itself. Qualitative analysis of oils recovered from some hexane fractions (from 151–400 ml) in silica gel column chromatography studies showed that citral-a (48.6-52.7%), citral-b (29.4-32.5%), and total citral (77.9-81.9%) content was higher in comparison to their contents (44.8%, 29.1% and 73.9%, respectively) in pure oil sample. This may be probably due to adsorption capacity of silica gel with citral-a and citral-b for sometime in the earlier stage and thereafter due to desorption of these constituents in the later stage, citral content increases in the oils recovered from later hexane fractions. Oils recovered from various hexane fractions were found to be effective in controlling root knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica. The mean percent mortality of aqueous extracts of essential oils recovered from various hexane fractions was in the range of 66.3-77.9% as compared to 74.0-75.3% in the aqueous extract of Lemongrass pure oil sample (variety CKP 25). Further, essential oils recovered from various hexane fractions were found to exhibit nematicidal activity to varying extents probably due to different percentages of citral in these oils. Keeping in view the steam distillation and column chromatographic studies, it can be inferred that the first hour (0-1 h) distilled Lemongrass oil is of superior quality and hence, can be used in preparations requiring high quality Lemongrass oil. Further, silica gel as an adsorbent can play a vital role in improving the quality of essential oil of Lemongrasss.ThesisItem Open Access Chemical components and antifungal activity of tamarindus indica linn stems(CCSHAU, 2008) Sushma; Sudhir KumarTamarindus indica Linn belongs to family Caesalpiniaceae. The plant is cultivated all over the world. It is known for its antimicrobial and medicinal properties. Stems of T. indica collected from Campus, CCS HAU, Hisar were extracted with hot methanol. Column chromatography of the extractives over silica gel revealed seven compounds. Three known compounds isolated from Tamarindus indica were β-sitosterol, β-sitoaterol-β-D-glucosiede and β-D-glucopyranose while other four compounds viz Propyl tricos-9-enoate, Propyl tricosanoate, bis-Hexadecanyl ketone, α-decyl-γ-undecyl glyceride are being reported for the first time. The characterization of isolated compounds was carried out on the basis of UV-vis, IR, 1H NMR and Mass spectral data. The methanolic extract of stems was tested for antifungal activity at 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 dilutions against Fusarium oxysporum and percentage inhibition was recorded. All dilutions were found to be devoid of any antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum.ThesisItem Open Access Effects of Pongamia pinnata extracts on phytopathogenic fungi and characterisation of active components(CCSHAU, 2008) Jain, Jigyasa; Rajvir SinghPongamia pinnata is an avenue tree, belonging to family Leguminosae and sub family papilionoideae, distributed throughout India. The plant is known for its anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic and anti-ulcer activity. Plant of P.pinnata was collected from different places, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. Its leaves and seeds were shadow dried and then extracted with hot methanol. Colomn chromatography of the extract over silica gel afforded Five compounds. Four of these, Nonacosane, Methyl hexatriacontanoate, Tritracontane and Pentacosanoic acid were already reported. The compound 22, 29, 30-Trisnor-(17αH)-Hopane has been reported for the first time from P. pinnata. Isolated compounds were characterized on the basis of IR, 1H-NMR, ii mass spectral data and other properties of the compounds. The identities of some of the compounds were confirmed by direct comparisons with the authentic samples. The hexane, chloroform, acetone fractions and methanolic extract of leaves and seeds of P. pinnata were evaluated for the antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum and Colletotrichum falcatum by poisoned food technique. The extracts each in 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 μg/ml concentrations were tested against F. oxysporum and C. falcatum and percentage inhibition was recorded. The mycelial growth of F. oxysporum was inhibited to the maximum extent by chloroform fraction with 47% inhibition followed by hexane and methanolic extract 43% at 2000 μg/ml concentration. Chloroform fraction was found active having the percentage inhibition 50, hexane and acetone fractions with 41 and 38 against F. oxysporum at 2000 μg/ml concentration. It may be concluded that F. oxysporum fungus is more susceptible to these extract/fractions.ThesisItem Open Access Salts and solvent effect on recovery and quality of Lemongrass (cymbopogon flexuosus stapf) oil and its nematicidal activity(CCSHAU, 2009) Saini, Sunayana; Madan, V. K.Laboratory studies were conducted to study the effect of salts and solvent on quantity and quality of essential oil of lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus Stapf.). Nematicidal activity of aqueous extracts of essential oil of lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus) recovered by adding salts viz., NaCl, Na2CO3, CaCl2 and CaCO3 and solvent (acetone) was also studied against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica. The essential oils were analyzed by Gas Liquid Chromatography (GLC) techniques employing Flame Ionization Detector (FID) equipped with capillary column Thermo TR–Wax (Polyethylene glycol). To study the effect of addition of salts during hydro-distillation, four varieties/genotype viz., CKP-25, OD-19, OD-58 and HL-2 were taken and the essential oils of the freshly harvested grasses were extracted by hydro-distillation using Clevenger apparatus. During hydro-distillation additives viz., NaCl, Na2CO3, CaCl2 and CaCO3 were added in 1500 ml of water in two amounts i.e. 50 and 100 g for each variety/genotype thereby maintaining the salt concentration of 33.6 g/L and 66.7 g/L, respectively. The experiment was performed in three replications for each variety/genotype. The distillation unit was boiled for 5 h and all the essential oils that distil out from the lemongrass leaves in 5 h were collected in glass vials and subjected to GLC for qualitative analysis. Small quantity of sodium sulphate was added in oil to remove the traces of water. The oil content increased when chlorine containing salts i.e. CaCl2 (0.56%) and NaCl (0.54%) were added in water during hydro-distillation, whereas it decreased when carbonate containing salts i.e. CaCO3 (0.50%) and Na2CO3 (0.45%) were added in water during hydro-distillation in comparison to control (0.53%) i.e. where no salt was added in water during hydro-distillation. Citral–a, citral–b and total citral content in essential oil of four varieties/genotype increased when calcium containing salts viz., CaCl2 and CaCO3 were added in water during hydro-distillation whereas these values decreased on addition of sodium containing salts viz., NaCl and Na2CO3 in comparison to control i.e. where no salt was added in water during hydro-distillation. The value of citral–a content was 48.6%, 48.5%, 46.5%, 41.7% and 47.7%; citral-b content was 30.1%, 30.0%, 28.8%, 25.5% and 29.6%; total citral content was 78.7%, 78.5%, 75.3%, 67.2% and 77.3% on addition of CaCl2, CaCO3, NaCl, Na2CO3 and in control samples, respectively. The varying amounts of citral content in essential oils recovered by adding salts may be probably due to the conversion of citral-a (geranial) which is aldehyde form into geraniol i.e. alcoholic form or vice-versa. On addition of solvent (acetone) @ 0.2 to 0.8% concentrations, the oil content (FWB) increased from 0.57% to 0.60% in comparison to control (0.53%) where no solvent was added in water during hydro-distillation. Qualitative analysis of oils recovered by adding solvent (acetone) at various concentrations showed that desirable constituents i.e. citral–a, citral–b and total citral content decreased approximately by 2% in comparison to control where no solvent was added in water during hydro-distillation. Since increase in oil content may be due to increase of some undesired chemical constituents hence, the amount of citral-a, citral-b, total citral, geraniol and citronellal content decreased slightly in the recovered oil. Aqueous extracts of essential oils of lemongrass recovered by adding salts and solvent (acetone) in water during hydro-distillation showed toxicity to varying extents against Meloidogyne javanica which may be probably due to different percentage of citral content in these oils. On the basis of these studies, it is observed that calcium chloride was found to enhance the oil yield and citral-a (geranial), citral-b (neral) and total citral content in the essential oil. Hence, it can be inferred that the salts may play significant role in enhancing the lemongrass oil yield and quality.ThesisItem Open Access Chemical composition of stem of kinnow mandarin (Citrus reticulata)(CCSHAU, 2009) Mamta Rani; M. KhabiruddinKinnow mandarin (Citrus nobilis × Citrus deliciosa) belongs to the family Rutaceae is a variety of citrus fruit. It is cultivated widely in tropical and subtropical regions. It has special importance due to their multifold nutritional and medicinal values. It is known for its antimicrobial, insecticidal and medicinal properties. Stems of Citrus reticulata were collected from the Department of Horticulture, CCS HAU, Hisar and were chopped into small pieces and then extracted with hot methanol. The extractives were column chromtographed over silica gel and five compounds were obtained. 10 Compound A (Tricosane) was obtained on elution with benzene:hexane (1:19). Compound B (Campesterol) was obtained on elution with ethyl acetate – benzene (1:9). Compound C (β-sitosterol) was obtained on elution with ethyl acetate-benzene (1:5). Compound D [5,7,3,4'-Tetrahydroxyflavone (Kaempferol)] was obtained on elution with ethyl acetate–benzene (1:3). Compound E (β-sitosterol- β-D-glucoside) was obtained on elution with ethyl acetate:benzene (2:1). The characterization of isolated compounds was carried out on the basis of UV-visible, IR and 1H NMR data and other properties of the compounds. The methanolic extract of stem of Citrus reticulata was tested for antifungal activity at 2000, 4000, 6000, 8000 and 10000 ppm against Fusarium solani and Rhizoctonia solani and percent inhibition was recorded. It was found to have inhibitory effect on both the pathogens (F. solani and R. solani). The area of per cent inhibition was more in F. solani in comparison to R. solani and the maximum inhibition (about 100%) of both the pathogens was at 10000 ppm.ThesisItem Open Access Chemical composition of seeds of tumba (Citrullus colocynthis L.)(CCSHAU, 2009) Dusyant; M. KhabiruddinCitrullus colocynthis (Tumba) a member of the cucurbitaceae family consists of about 120 genera and 825 species is xerophytic, highly aridity tolerant perennial herb. It grows naturally in abundance in arid zone of Rajasthan. The production of tumba was found to be 5.6 lac quintals in 4 western districts of Rajasthan during famine. The gourds are eaten after pickling and are also used as vegetable after removing their rind. In the traditional medicine, this plant is used to treat constipation, oedema, bacterial infection, cancer and diabetes. It is also given in cough and asthma in children. In industry the oil is used for soap making, paints and blackening of hair. The meal left after extraction of oil is a good source of protein which is rich in methionine and cysteine. In the present investigation the powdered seed kernel was extracted with petroleum ether (60-800C) for its oil content. The oil was studied for its physical and chemical characteristics as well as for fatty acid composition. The low peroxide value (0.50%) and low free fatty acid content (3.02 meq/kg of the oil) indicated high stability of the oil, low level of oxidative and lipolytic activities. The lower content of saturated fatty acid and higher amount of oleic and linoleic acid content (17.1% and 46.4% respectively) showed its potentiality for edible purpose. It was concluded that tumba seed oil may be safely used for edible purpose and the seed cake along with its good nutraceutical value can be used for food and feed purposes. The defatted seed cake was extracted with hot acetone and two flavones, namely quercetin and querectin-3-O--L-rhamnopyranoside was identified on the basis of UV-VIS spectral shift studies, 1HNMR and other properties.