M. Sc. Dissertations

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Open Access
Processing of Black Gram (Vigna mungo L) for quick cooking
(CCSHAU, 2004) Ajay Kumar; Rajendra Singh
The present work was undertaken for development of process for fast cooking of black gram (whole and splitted). The quick cooking black gram dhal was evaluated for sensory quality after processing and storage for two months in different packaging materials at room temperature. Black gram (whole and splitted) grains were procured from local market. Black gram (whole and splitted) grains were soaked in distilled water and salt solution (1.5 % sodium bicarbonate, 0.5% sodium carbonate, 0.75% citric acid) for 12 hrs. Water uptake and solute losses during soaking were determined. After soaking the samples were cooked by different methods viz. microwave coking, steam cooking, pressure-cooking, vat cooking. Cooking time and solute losses were recorded. After cooking, samples were dried by cabinet drying and fluidized bed drying at 600C. After drying the samples were analyzed for grain hardness, cooking time, hydration and dispersion. . Whereas, salt soaked black gram (splitted) showed significantly lower cooking time than water soaked black gram (splitted) dhal. But in case of whole grains no effect of salt soaking on cooking time of instantized dhals was found. So water soaking was considered for instantization. Cabinet drying was found best suited for dying of cooked dhal. Treatments showed significant decrease in fat and protein and ash. The best combination was then packed in different packaging material viz. polypropylene, aluminum foil-polyethylene laminated pouches, polyethylene, and glass jar and stored for two months at room temperature. After two months the samples were analyzed for cooking time. It was observed that cooking time significantly increased after two months storage at room temperature, non-significant changes in sensory quality of products were observed. Steam precooked black gram dhal had better hardness, less cooking time, less dispersion, sufficiently higher hydration. Thus, salt soaking, steam cooking and cabinet drying was concluded as best treatment for development of quick cooking splitted black gram dhal and water soaking, steam cooking, and cabinet drying in whole black gram dhal.
Open Access
Studies on the interaction of carbosulfan as seed treatment and fertilizers against root-knot nematode (Meloidogye javanica) in chickpea.
(CCSHAU, 2004) Raheja, Sandeep; Gupta, D.C
Studies on the interaction of carbosulfan as seed treatment with both the methods i. e. seed dressing and seed dipping and fertilizers against root-knot nematode (M. javanica) in chickpea showed that the carbosulfan as seed treatment in the presence of NPK performed well. Among various doses of carbosulfan as seed treatment, carbosulfan 25 SD @ 3 per cent a. i. w/w as seed dressing significantly proved better as compared to carbosulfan 25 EC @ 0.1 per cent a. i. v/v as seed dipping. NPK at recommended dose significantly improved plant growth characteristics and reduced the number of galls as compared to check. Maximum plant growth characteristics and reduction in number of galls was observed in sandy loam soil as compared to sandy soil. Various interactions of fertilizers, chemicals and soil types were also found significant.
Open Access
Evaluation of wheat varieties and development of high fiber biscuits
(CCSHAU, 2004) Suruchi Singh; Grewal, R.B.
The present study was conducted with the objectives to evaluate different wheat varieties and to develop high fibre biscuits. Ten wheat varieties were taken from plant breeding section of CCS HAU, Hisar. Wheat varieties were analyzed for physical, chemical, functional and rheological characteristics. Biscuits were prepared from flour of these varieties and analyzed for sensory and physical attributes. On the basis of sensory and physical characteristics the wheat varieties were selected for preparation of high fibre biscuits. The fiber sources viz., wheat bran, guar gum, chickpea husk and isabgol were used for preparation of high fiber biscuits. These fiber sources were also analyzed for proximate composition and total dietary fiber. Physical evaluation indicate that C-306 had maximum 1000 kernel weight. Grain density was highest for UP-2425 and minimum for HD-2627. C-306 had maximum test weight and grain hardness whereas WH- 711 and WH-912 had minimum. Chemical evaluation revealed that protein, gluten and crude fiber content was highest in WH-291, UP-2425 and WH-595. Total dietary fiber was maximum in WH-283 and minimum in WH-912. Similarly, functional properties such as water absorption capacity, sedimentation value, pelshenke value, dough development time, stability and mixing tolerance index. varied among varieties studied. Sensory and physcial evaluation of biscuits prepared from these varieties indicated that sweet biscuits prepared from HD-2687 and WH-711 whereas sweet 'n' salty biscuits prepared from UP-2425 were most acceptable. Hence, different fiber sources were incorporated in WH-711 and UP-2425 for preparation of high fiber sweet and sweet 'n' salty biscuits, respectively. Sensory and physical evaluation of high fiber biscuits indicated that upto 40% wheat bran, 2% guar gum, 10% chickpea husk and 10% isabgol can be added in sweet biscuits whereas upto 20% wheat bran, 1% guar gum, 10% chickpea husk and 10% isabgol can be incorporated in sweet 'n' salty biscuits. Significant increase in spread ratio and no adverse effect on sensory parameters of biscuits were found with use of above mentioned levels of different fiber sources. Results of study indicate that these fiber sources can be successfully incorporated in biscuits to a certain extent without adversely affecting sensory and physical characteristics of biscuits.
Open Access
Studies on the ecofriendly management of Powdery mildew (erysiphe cruciferarum opiz ex. Junell) of mustard (brassica juncea (linn.) Czern & Coss)
(CCSHAU, 2004) Karn Singh; Mehta, Naresh
Powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe cruciferarum Opiz ex. Junell is one of the important disease of mustard (B. juncea (L.) Czern & Coss) growing all over the India. Disease progression was maximum during mid of March (15-3-04) on all the four varieties in all the three staggering dates of sowing when T. Max. 32.5ºC, T. Min. 12.7ºC, RHM 94.5 per cent, RHE 38.5 per cent, Avp. M 12.30mm, Avp. E 14.30 mm, Wind Speed 2km/hr and Sunshine 8.80 hrs. Disease intensity and AUDPC increased from 48-74 per cent and 326-440 respectively with delay in date of sowing. The apparent infection rate also observed higher during mid of March on all the varieties during first two dates of sowing. In third date of sowing apparent infection rate was maximum after mid of March i.e. 3 days later. Amongst nine varieties evaluated for slow mildewing components, the speck size, no. of specks/leaf, no. of conidia/speck, disease progression and disease intensity were less in the slow mildewing variety GSL-1 as compared to fast mildewing cultivars/varieties such as RH-30, RH-9801, RH-9304 RH-8812, RH-9901, RC-781 and Purple Mutant. The disease did not appear in the variety HC-9603. Maximum yield loss was recorded in the variety RH-9304 (29.47%) followed by RH-9801(26.04%), RH-8113 (23.03%) and RH-30 (19.0%) whereas average yield loss was 24.55 per cent. Among the fifty four varieties/lines tested for resistance against powdery mildew under field conditions, eleven varieties/lines viz. YSPb-24, TH-68, GSL-1, Midas, MNS-9605, HC- 1, HC-2, HC-9605, HC-9603, B. alba and Sinapis alba were observed as resistant, five varieties/line viz. Domo-4, BSH-1, TMH-50, TMH-52 and T-27 as moderately resistant to powdery mildew. Similarly, six varieties/lines such as Vaibhav, Varuna, Kranti, RLM-1359, RL- 198 and B. chinensis were susceptible and all other varieties/lines were moderately susceptible to powdery mildew. Powdery mildew can be effectively controlled by foliar application of Karathane (0.1%), Sulfex (0.2%), Salicylic acid (0.05%) and Nimbicidin (0.15%). Sulfex (0.2%) was most economical in managing the powdery mildew and gave maximum B:C ratio 6.34:1, 8.24:1 in both the varieties RH-9801, RH-9304 respectively. It was followed by Salicyclic acid 2.53:1, 3.24:1 in both the varieties RH-9801 and RH-9304 respectively.
Open Access
Development and nutritional evaluation of value added products from mothbean [Vigna aconitifolia (Jacq.) Marechal]
(CCSHAU, 2004) Dahiya, Deepti; Boora, Pinky
Value added matthi, papad, wadi, biscuit, sev and noodles were prepared using mothbean (varieties RMO-423 and RMO-435), fenugreek (variety Hisar Sonali) and spinach (variety S-23) in different proportions. The most acceptable ones were analysed for their nutritional value and shelf value. Chemical analysis of raw ingredients and the products prepared was done for their proximate composition, sugars, β-carotene, in vitro protein and starch digestibility, bioavailability of minerals and for antinutrients. Matthiprepared by supplementation with mothbean, fenugreek and spinach were found better for their protein, fat, ash, fibre, total calcium, iron and zinc content. However, the supplementation also increased the antinutrients significantly. Fenugreek and spinach also increased β-carotene content in matthi and all other products. In vitro protein digestibility of supplemented matthiincreased significantly. Proximate composition, protein and starch digestibility and HCl-extractability of minerals of supplemented papadwas similar to that of control. However, antinutritional factors calcium and iron content were increased on supplementation with mothbean, fenugreek and spinach. Protein content in wadi increased with mothbean. Fenugreek and spinach increased antinutrients ash, fibre, calcium and β-carotene content in wadi. Protein and starch digestibility were at par with control. HCl-extractability of calcium increased in supplemented wadi. Proximate composition of biscuits was found improved in all combinations for protein, ash, fibres, calcium and iron. Antinutrients increased while protein and starch digestibility decreased significantly in supplemented biscuits. HCl-extractability of calcium, iron and zinc increased after supplementation. Supplemented sev were found better in their proximate composition. Antinutrients were found increased in sevsupplemented with fenugreek and spinach. Mineral content and their HCl-extractability increased after supplementation of sev. Proximate composition and sugar content were not changed in case of noodles after supplementation. Protein and starch digestability also remained unchanged. Calcium, iron and their HCl-extractability were found increased. Shelf life of biscuits and matthi was found quite satisfactory upto one month. It was good for papad, wadi, sevand noodles even upto two months. Fresh fenugreek and spinach leaves may be converted into dry powder which may be used round the year for preparing different value added products in combination with mothbean. Supplemented products have better acceptability due to their better nutritional quality. Therefore these value added products should be included in the diet of vulnerable groups due to their better nutritional quality.
Open Access
Efficacy of various grain protectants against pulse beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) infesting chickpea, Cicer arietinum (L.) seeds
(CCSHAU, 2004) Sunil Kumar; Singal, Shiv K
The chickpea, Cicer arietinum (L.) is having vital role in the diet of people and stands first in area and production in the country and plays an important role in the agricultural economy of India. Use of quality seed is the basic input in crop production. After harvest, the seeds have to be stored for different periods before these are actually used for sowing in the next season. Under normal storage conditions, chickpea is damaged by a bruchid viz. Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) upto a great extent. Synthetic organic chemicals are used to protect stored pulses and found effective in controlling the pest but having toxic effect to grain and human beings. This has led to diversity the control measures that should be non-toxic and effective approach against the pulse beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis (L.). The present investigations were carried out to study the efficacy of grain protectants i.e. neem seed kernel powder @ 20 g/kg, neem oil @ 10 ml/kg, Mustard oil @ 7.5ml/kg, groundnut oil @ 7.5 ml/kg, turmeric powder @ 3.5 g/kg mustard oil + turmeric powder @ 3.75 ml + 1.75g/kg, groundnut oil + turmeric powder @ 3.75ml+1.75g/kg, saw dust (7cm covering) sand (7cm covering), dung cake ash (7cm covering) and wheat husk (7cm covering) against C. chinensis and their effect on germination of chickpea seeds (var. HC-3). There were a total of 12 treatments and each treatment was replicated thrice including untreated seeds as control and kept in plastic as well as glass jars under ambient storage conditions. All the oils and dung cake ash gave significantly higher adult pulse beetle mortality as compared to untreated control. On the basis of number of eggs laid, adult emergence and seed damage saw dust, sand and dung cake ash (7cm covering each) were considered as most effective against C. chinensis. None of the grain protectant treatments had an adverse effect on germination and vigour index except oils and mixture of oils with turmeric powder which slightly hampered the standard germination of chickpea seeds.
Open Access
Indole acetic acid production by Pseudomonas species and its effect on plant growth of green gram and black gram
(CCSHAU, 2004) Om Prakash; Sindhu, S.S.
In the present studies, IAA producing Pseudomonas strains CPS59 and MPS90 were mutagenized with transposon Tn5 using E. coli strain S17-1. The frequency of mutants with low amount of IAA production varied from 35.14 to 46.75% from Pseudomonas strains CPS59 and MPS90, respectively and only 3.43 to 3.75% mutants produced higher levels of IAA in comparison to respective parent strains in LB medium supplemented with tryptophan. Inoculation of mutants derived from Pseudomonas strain CPS59 showed stunting effect on root development of green gram seedlings at both 5 and 10 days of observation whereas mutants CPS59-138, CPS59-162 and CPS59-231 showed stimulatory effect on root growth at 5 days in black gram. Majority of the mutants caused stimulation of shoot growth at both 5 and 10 days of observation in comparison to uninoculated treatment. MPS90-derived mutants i.e. MPS90-39, MPS90-157, MPS90-102 and MPS90-106 showed slight stimulation of root growth whereas most of the mutants showed stunting effect on shoot growth at 10 days in black gram. Coinoculation studies of Pseudomonas mutants with Bradyrhizobium sp. strain S24 resulted in increased nodule number, nodule fresh weight and shoot dry weight in green gram and black gram under chillum jar conditions. Shoot dry weight gains in green gram after coinoculation with CPS59-derived mutants varied from 107-149 per cent and from 110-137 per cent with MPS90-derived mutants in comparison to Bradyrhizobium-inoculated plants at 60 days of growth. Similarly, shoot dry weight gains in black gram varied from 102-178 per cent and 105-198 after inoculation with mutants derived from CPS59 and MPS90, respectively. The stimulation effect on shoot dry weight in comparison to uninoculated control treatment varied from 280-390 per cent in green gram and 179-357 per cent in black gram. Four mutants CPS59- 138, CPS59-321, MPS90-133 and MPS90-51 showed more enhancements in nodule formation by Bradyrhizobium strain S24 in green gram whereas mutants CPS59-162, CPS59-64, MPS90- 102 and MPS90-280 caused more stimulation for nodule formation in black gram at 60 days of plant growth. Significant enhancements in shoot dry weights of green gram were observed by coinoculation with Pseudomonas mutants CPS59-138, CPS59-231, CPS59-321, MPS90-280, MPS90-14 and MPS90-145. Similarly, coinoculation of Bradyrhizobium strain with Pseudomonas mutants CPS59-162, CPS59-321, CPS59-214, MPS90-102, MPS90-280 and MPS90-51 showed significant gains in shoot biomass of black gram at 60 days of plant growth. The better performance of IAA over producing mutants in relation to nodulation and plant biomass indicated that IAA production by Pseudomonas strains is a beneficial trait for selection of rhizobacterial strains having plant growth promotion ability.
Open Access
Comparative evaluation of different drying methods for drying of Kasuri Fenugreek leaves (Methi)
(CCSHAU, 2004) Balwan Singh; Kashyap, M.C.
(An abstract of the thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of M.Tech. (Agricultural Engineering) in Agricultural Processing and Food Engineering of the CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar). The green leafy vegetable plant of fenugreek (Triogenella-Foenumgraecum L.) selected for study are important green leafy vegetable plants grown in Haryana and provide vegetable to market. Fenugreek leaves have a very high moisture content i.e. (80-92% wb.) at the time of harvest. They should be immediately dried after harvest for proper storage, easy transportation and handling to avoid any spoilage. Since, mostly sun drying is followed for drying of these fenugreek leaves by the farmers, it -93- affects the quality of the product. There is a need to suggest drying system that gives good quality of the produce and suitable for farmers to dry the product at field level and fetch good price. In the present research work was carried out for different drying methods were studies i.e. sun drying, shade drying, fluidized bed drying 40, 50, 60ºC and tray drying at 40, 50, 60ºC. To bring the moisture content of fenugreek leaves was brought to storable condition i.e. (6-12% db.). Tray drying at 60ºC took minimum time 4 hrs followed by Fluidized bed drying at 60ºC took minimum time of 6 hrs, and open sun drying took 8 hrs followed by and shade drying 12 hrs of blanched treatment sample while in pyramidal treatment sample of tray drying at 60ºC took minimum time of 3 hrs followed by fluidized bed drying at 60ºC took minimum time 5 hrs, and open sun drying took 7 hrs followed by shade drying took 10 hrs. Henderson and Pabis model was tested for prediction of drying behaviour of Fenugreek leaves empirically. The values of model constants for different drying method were also determined. In the different methods of drying were compared for drying of fenugreek leaves. The drying methods were tray drying 40, 50, 60ºC, fluidized bed drying 40, 50, 60ºC, shade drying and open sun drying. The dehydrated product were stored for 60 days and the effect of storage was also studied. The total chlorophyll content ascorbic acid of the fenugreek leaves were significantly affected by drying methods as well as storage time. But there was non- significantly effect on drying methods and storage time on the calcium and iron content. There was no effect of drying methods on the rehydration ratio.
Open Access
Synthesis, Characterization and Evaluation of some Substituted isoxazoles as nematicides against root-knot nematode (meloidogyne javanica).
(CCSHAU, 2004) Chopra, Indu; Rajvir Singh
Isoxazole derivatives exhibit wide spectrum of biological activities. This nucleus has different agrochemical and pharmaceutical properties and has a lot of potential for their use in agrochemical (pesticides). Keeping this in mind, synthesis and bioevaluation of substituted isoxazoles (15-22 and 36-44) have been undertaken. Condensation of substituted aldehydes (1-4) and substituted acetophenones (5-6) refluxing in 20% ethanolic sodium hydroxide solution gave various substituted chalcones (7-14) in good yields. The reaction of chalcones (7-14) with hydroxylamine hydrochloride in presence of anhydrous sodium acetate gave substituted isoxazoles (15-22). Similarly substituted hydroxy isoxazoles (27-29) were prepared using substituted aldehydes (1, 3, 4) and hydroxy acetophenone (23). These compounds (27- 29) were further treated with epichlorohydrin in presence of catalytic amount potassium carbonate which yielded 3-(4-oxiranylmethoxyphenyl)-5-(4-chloro-/methyl- /2-chlorophenyl) isoxazoles (30-32). These compounds (30-32) were then reacted with substituted phenols (33-35) and yielded 3-{4-[3-(4-substitutedphenoxy)-2- hydroxypropoxy]phenyl}-5-(4-substitutedphenyl)isoxaz oles (36–44). The synthesized compounds were characterized by spectroscopic technique (NMR, IR) and elemental analysis data. All the synthesized compounds (15-22 and 36-44) were evaluated for nematicidal activity aginst root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne javanica) at 1000, 500, 250 and 125 ppm concentrations. It was found that compound 16 among 15-22 and compound 40 among compounds 36-44 were found to be most nematoxic. These compounds deserve for investigations for their possible use in agrochemicals for plant disease control.
Open Access
Development of quality assurance method for biofertilizers using LACz marker
(CCSHAU, 2004) Manoj kumar; Gera, Rajesh
Biofertilizers are living microorganisms used to supplement nutritional requirement of plants. Strains of Azotobacter, Rhizobium, Azospirillum, Pseudomonas, Bacillus and Acetobacter have been developed as biofertilizers for various crops and are suppled as carrier based inoculants. The responses of biofertilizers are inconsistent and generally related to the poor quality and poor competitive ability of the inoculants. The quality control methods include standard plate count and most probable number (MPN) by plant infection. Both these methods are not very specific and require at least 10-30 days. Thus, the quality control methods are not strictly followed because producers are not willing to hold their product for 30 days and thus substandard biofertilizers are being supplied to the farmers. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop simple method for quality assurance of biofertilizers, which could be completed with in 6-12 hours. lacZ marked strains of Azotobacter (A-2), Rhizobium (T-19CL and PP1021L), Pseudomonas (P-35) and Bacillus (BPL-2) showed relationship between -galactosidase activity with viable cell number at different stages of growth in liquid medium. The Z buffer with 0.1% Triton X-100 was found to be the best diluent for enumeration of viable cell population in charcoal based inoculants. There was relationship in -galactosidase activity and viable cell number of all these above strains in charcoal based inoculants, which remained stable up to three months. Time for development of yellow colour of ONPG filter paper discs was correlated with viable cell number, thus providing the qualitative method for enumeration of viable cell number in the bioinoculants.
Open Access
Studies on the interaction of carbosulfan as seed treatment and fertilizers against root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne javanica) in chickpea
(CCSHAU, 2004) Raheja, Sandeep; Gupta, D.C.
Studies on the interaction of carbosulfan as seed treatment with both the methods i. e. seed dressing and seed dipping and fertilizers against root-knot nematode (M. javanica) in chickpea showed that the carbosulfan as seed treatment in the presence of NPK performed well. Among various doses of carbosulfan as seed treatment, carbosulfan 25 SD @ 3 per cent a. i. w/w as seed dressing significantly proved better as compared to carbosulfan 25 EC @ 0.1 per cent a. i. v/v as seed dipping. NPK at recommended dose significantly improved plant growth characteristics and reduced the number of galls as compared to check. Maximum plant growth characteristics and reduction in number of galls was observed in sandy loam soil as compared to sandy soil. Various interactions of fertilizers, chemicals and soil types were also found significant.
Open Access
Toxicity of some insecticides to Trichogramma chilonis Ishii
(CCSHAU, 2004) Krishan Kumar; Chhillar, B.S.
Studies on the influence of 12 insecticides viz. Lindane 20 EC, neem (Achook 0.03 %), profenofos 50 EC, triazophos 40 EC, chlorpyriphos 20 EC, fenvalerate 20 EC, alphamethrin 10 EC, quinalphos 25 EC, carbaryl 50 WP, deltamethrin 2.8 EC, cypermethrin 25 EC and Bacillus thuringiensis (Halt 5 WP) on different biological parameters of T. Chilonis using Corcyra cephalonica Stainton as laboratory host were carried at 27  1oc and 75  5 % relative humidity in the Biocontrol Laboratory of the Department of Entomology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. Parasitization of C. Cephalonica eggs when exposed to T. Chilonis after insecticidal treatment was highest (except control, 28.50 %) in B. Thuringiensis (22.13 %) followed by neem (19.50 %). No parasitization was recorded when host eggs treated with lindane, profenofos, chlorpyriphos, quinalphos, deltamethrin, and cypermethrin treated host eggs. Parasitization in case of triazophos, fenvalerate, alphamethrin and carbaryl ranged between 2.47 to 3.07 per cent. Adult emergence from such parasitized eggs was highest i n B. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Thuringiensis (88.30 %) followed by neem (80.88 %) and lowest in carbaryl (38.46 %). Sex ratio did not differ significantly among the treatments. When parasitized eggs (3 days old) of C. Cephalonica were dipped in different insecticidal solutions highest adult emergence (except control) was observed in B. Thuringiensis (84.60 %) followed by neem (73.20 %). No adult emergence was observed from parasitized eggs treated with lindane, profenofos, chlorpyriphos and quinalphos. Female longevity among the insecticides was highest in B. Thuringiensis (18.00 days) while lowest in carbaryl (0.25 days) and in control 20.10 days. Fecundity was highest in control (219.7 eggs) followed by B. Thuringiensis (195.3 eggs). Lowest fecundity was observed in triazophos (116.4 eggs) which was at par with deltamethrin (121.1 days). In residual toxicity test carbaryl was the insecticide which retained toxicity for maximum number of days (15 days) followed by lindane (10 days). Any insecticide in residual toxicity test did not influence adult emergence and sex ratio (per cent females in progeny). When adults of T. Chilonis were exposed to cotton leaves after 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 10 and 15 days of spray only carbaryl caused mortality upto 15 days followed by lindane (10 days). On the basis of LC50 values, lindane (0.00059 %) was found most toxic insecticide as compared to others. Parasitization at LC50 was highest in B. Thuringiensis (84.51 %) and lowest in lindane (38.21 %).
Open Access
Development and nutritional evaluation of value added products from mothbean [Vigna aconitifolia (Jacq.) Marechal]
(CCSHAU, 2004) Dahiya, Deepti; Boora, Pinky
(An abstract of the dissertation submitted to the CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science) Value added matthi, papad, wadi, biscuit, sev and noodles were prepared using mothbean (varieties RMO-423 and RMO-435), fenugreek (variety Hisar Sonali) and spinach (variety S-23) in different proportions. The most acceptable ones were analysed for their nutritional value and shelf value. Chemical analysis of raw ingredients and the products prepared was done for their proximate composition, sugars, β-carotene, in vitro protein and starch digestibility, bioavailability of minerals and for antinutrients. Matthi prepared by supplementation with mothbean, fenugreek and spinach were found better for their protein, fat, ash, fibre, total calcium, iron and zinc content. However, the supplementation also increased the antinutrients significantly. Fenugreek and spinach also increased β-carotene content in matthi and all other products. In vitro protein digestibility of supplemented matthi increased significantly. Proximate composition, protein and starch digestibility and HClextractability of minerals of supplemented papad was similar to that of control. However, antinutritional factors calcium and iron content were increased on supplementation with mothbean, fenugreek and spinach. Protein content in wadi increased with mothbean. Fenugreek and spinach increased antinutrients ash, fibre, calcium and β-carotene content in wadi. Protein and starch digestibility were at par with control. HCl-extractability of calcium increased in supplemented wadi. Proximate composition of biscuits was found improved in all combinations for protein, ash, fibres, calcium and iron. Antinutrients increased while protein and starch digestibility decreased significantly in supplemented biscuits. HClextractability of calcium, iron and zinc increased after supplementation. Supplemented sev were found better in their proximate composition. Antinutrients were found increased in sev supplemented with fenugreek and spinach. Mineral content and their HCl-extractability increased after supplementation of sev. Proximate composition and sugar content were not changed in case of noodles after supplementation. Protein and starch digestability also remained unchanged. Calcium, iron and their HCl-extractability were found increased. Shelf life of biscuits and matthi was found quite satisfactory upto one month. It was good for papad, wadi, sev and noodles even upto two months. Fresh fenugreek and spinach leaves may be converted into dry powder which may be used round the year for preparing different value added products in combination with mothbean. Supplemented products have better acceptability due to their better nutritional quality. Therefore these value added products should be included in the diet of vulnerable groups due to their better nutritional quality.
Open Access
Effect of Cd toxicity and its possible alleviation by putrescine/spermidine and ascorbic acid in Pisum sativum L.
(CCSHAU, 2004) Anita Kumari; Sheokand, Sunita
The present investigations were conducted on pea genotype hisar harit to study the accumulation of cd in different plant parts and to evaluate the causes of cd toxicity in relation to antioxidant defence mechanism and its possible amelioration by ascorbic acid and putrescine. in the first experiment plants were grown in dune sand treated with 0, 100, 200 and 400 m cdcl2. Cd caused significant but variable decline in dry weight of all the plant parts, though it accumulated mainly in the roots. in the second experiment the effect of cd on reactive oxygen species (ros) scavenging enzymes was studied. The plants were treated woth 0, 100, 400 and 800 m cdcl2 at the vegetative stage and sampled after 3 and 9 day. Cd induced a significant increase in lipid peroxidation in the leaves and nodules, but had no appreciable effect on total soluble protein and non-protein thiols. A concentration dependent increase in ros production was observed, which could be compensated to some extent by increased activity of sod, apx and cat isoforms in leaves. higher concentrations of cd resulted in a decrease in sod and apx activity could be compensated to some extent by increased catalase activity in the nodules. in the third experiment the effect of ascorbic acid and putrescine on cd induced toxicity in leaves and nodules was studied. Ascorbic acid was more effective in ameliorating the deleterious effects of cd on plant growth, lipid peroxidation and ros production. Among the antioxidant enzymes, asa had a positive effect on apx isozymes in cd treated plants. Among the two putrescine concentration used, the lower concentration of 0.5 mm. Was more effective in ameliorating the toxic effects of cd. Putrescine had a positive effect on catalase and sod isozymes. Key words: Pisum sativum L. , cadmium, antioxidative enzymes, reactive oxygen species(ROS).
Open Access
Studies for genetic diversity for herbicide resistance in Phalaris minor Retz.
(CCSHAU, 2004) Meenakshi; Saharan, R.P.
Phalaris minor is most abundant grassy weed infesting wheat crop. Due to continuous use of herbicides the plants become resistant to these herbicides. The present study was conducted on 40 biotypes taken from different regions of Haryana state to standardize DNA extraction method and PCR amplification conditions and to analyze genetic diversity among various biotypes of P. minor. DNA was isolated using CTAB method with slight modifications. Biotype from Mundhal yielded highest amount of DNA (1404 ng/μl) and from Pirthala (lead treated) yielded lowest amount of DNA (110 ng/μl). Quality of DNA was tested on agarose gel electrophoresis and spectrophotometer. A single discrete band of high molecular weight showed that DNA was pure, free from contaminant, intact and of high quality. The ratio of absorbance ranged from 1.74 to 1.84. Clear and reproducible bands were generated by PCR amplification conditions of 50 ng genomic DNA, 1.6 mM MgCl2, 1 unit Taq DNA polymerase, 100 μM of each dNTP’s, 1 μl of 10X reaction buffer of Taq DNA polymerase 0.2 μM of primer and 40°C of annealing temperature. Of the 21 primers screened, 15 primers showed amplification while 6 primers did not show any amplification with any of the biotype of P. minor. All 15 primers were polymorphic showing 97 per cent polymorphism. In total, 102 bands were obtained of which 99 bands were polymorphic while 3 bands were monomorphic, generated by 15 primers. For the biotypes tested, 2 to 15 bands were obtained with an average of 4.85 per primer. Eight primers amplified 40 biotypes followed by one primer, which amplified 38 biotypes. All the biotypes were distinguishable with the combinations of polymorphic bands generated by various primers. Estimates of genetic similarity ranged from 0.489 to 0.885 indicating a high genetic variability among the biotypes. Based on the tree cluster analysis using NTSYS, the genetic variation among biotypes was high enough to group the biotypes in three clusters. First cluster comprising five biotypes (four susceptible and one resistant), second cluster has 18 biotypes (12 susceptible and six resistant) and third cluster has 17 biotypes (four susceptible and 13 resistant). The results indicate that RAPDs are efficient for grouping the resistant and susceptible biotypes i.e. most of resistant biotypes grouped into separate cluster showing that these are genetically different from susceptible biotypes. This information can be used further for identification of molecular marker for herbicide resistance gene(s) in Phalaris minor Retz.
Open Access
Impact of Women’s Education on Socio-Economic Status of Rural Families in Haryana
(CCSHAU, 2004) Sunita Rani; Bangarwa, B.S.
Education would make women to better contribute to family earning to adopt desirable family size norms, rear children in better ways, broaden his outlook and soften dogma and prejudices which reflect on child personality. So the study was carried out to know the impact of women education on socio-economic status of rural families in Haryana. The study concentrated on the objectives given underneath : 7. To find out the existing socio-economic status of rural families. 8. To study the association between education of women and socio-economic status. 9. To suggest measures to improve the socio-economic status of rural families. The study was carried out in two villages. Kanwalgarh and Kabular from Fatehabad and Rohtak districts respectively of Haryana state to know the impact of women education on two hundred respondents were selected randomly. The researcher personally gathered the information from the respondents with the help of pretested interview schedule. The study revealed that 96% and 89% of the respondents were married in Fatehabad and Rohtak respectively. 47 percent and 51 percent of the respondents belonged to upper caste 30% of the respondents were landless and 55% were large farmers. 50.50% of the respondents representing small families and 62.50 were belonged to nuclear family. A overwhelming (63%) of the respondents main occupation was agriculture. Majority (51%) of the respondents were illiterates. Half of the respondents belonged to medium income group. Annual family income increase with increase in literacy status no association was found between literacy status and age of respondents. Most of the respondents main occupation in both the district was agriculture i.e. 73 % in Fatehabad and 54% in Rohtak. A signficiant association was found between literacy status and land holding. Only 9% and 13% social participation exist in Fathabad and Rohtak respectively. Size of family was found decreasing with increase in literacy. Among literate respondents 1% in Fatehabad and 2% in Rohtak belonged to large family size. Literate respondent were assisting help to their children in studies and performance of children of literate respondents also showing better performance in studies rather than the children of illiterate respondents. A significant association was found between literacy status and possession of house hold articles. Possession of house hold articles was found high in literate respondents. Association between literacy status and decision regarding purchase of house hold articles was found significant. Thirty percent and 33% of literate respondents in Fatehabad and Rohtak respectively were participating in decision regarding purchase of house hold articles and in illiterate it was 19% and 3% in Fatehabad and Rohtak respectively. Literate respondents were found aware about the future planning of their children i.e. 13% in Fatehabad and 43% in Rothak. The study concludes that women education enhances family income, occupation, decision-making process, performance of children in studies, social participation and reduces family size. Therefore, it is suggested that for the improvement of socio-economic status of family women education needs attention.
Open Access
DNA fingerprinting of self-Compatible and self-Incompatible genotypes of sunflower (Helianthus Annuuns L.)
(CCSHAU, 2005) Mehta, Deepa; Boora, K.S.
Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) ranks second among oilseed crops in the world after soybean. Sunflower is protrandrous. Seed set in sunflower is a complex phenomenon and one of the mean to overcome this problem is by identifying self fertile and open pollinating lines. The present study was undertaken to identify molecular marker closely linked to self compatible and self incompatible gene(s) in sunflower using RAPD analysis. A total of 26 genotypes (13 self compatible + 13 self incompatible) of sunflowers were used. Protocols were optimized for DNA extraction and PCR amplification of self compatible and self incompatible genotypes of sunflower using RAPD markers. DNA was isolated using CTAB method with some modifications and among different genotypes, CMS 338 (C)A gave highest quantity (1034.5 μg/ml) of DNA whereas genotypes Acc-1445-6 gave lowest amount (317.5 μg/ml) DNA. Quality of DNA was tested by agorase gel electrophoresis and UV spectrophotometer. A single discrete band of high molecular weight showed that DNA was pure and free from contaminants. Optimum PCR amplification was observed on all DNA samples when reaction mixture contained genomic DNA (100 ng), MgCl2 (1.5 mM), Taq DNA polymerase (3 units), dNTPs (200 M), 10X Taq DNA polymerase buffer (1 μl), primer (10 μM) and annealing temperature of 400C. A total of fifty four random primers were screened and thirty eight primers produced polymorphism. These thirty eight primers were screened with self compatible and self incompatible bulks. Primer OPA-9 and OPE-2 produced a unique DNA band in self incompatible and self compatible bulks, respectively. Marker OPA-9 produced unique band in all the self incompatible genotypes except genotypes IHT-298 and HB-342. This marker is 7.6 cM away from the genes for self incompatible. Similarly, marker OPE-2 produced unique band in all the self compatible genotypes except IB-43, Acc-1351-3, HB-105. This marker is about 11.53 cM away from the genes for self compatibility. Marker OPA-9 produced a unique band in twelve self compatible genotypes. Marker OPE-2 produced unique band in eleven self incompatible genotypes. These markers may be proved useful in marker assisted selection for self compatible and self incompatible traits, respectively.
Open Access
Evaluation of phosphate solubilizing bacterial strains/mutants with improved phosphate solubilization and their effect on mustard crop
(CCSHAU, 2005) Manu Dev; Kundu, B.S.
Sixty eight isolates of phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) from rhizosphere of mustard grown in different region of Haryana showed a large variation in P-solubilization on solid as well as in liquid media. Most of isolates fell in <50% class of P-solubilization while in liquid media in 50-100μg/ml. No correlation was recorded between P-solubilization on solid media and liquid media. The selected isolates 15M, 22M and 25M showed P-solubilization 273.0 μg/ml, 301.0 g/ml, and 276.0 g/ml in liquid PVK, while in NBRIP 288.0 g/ml, 314.0 g/ml and 286.0 g/ml, and were used for subsequent studies. These isolates were identified as Pseudomonas sp. based on morphological and biochemical characteristic. The selected isolates were mutagenesied with NTG (50g/ml) for high P-solubilization. One hundered forty four mutants were selected based on killing rate between 70-80%. These mutants were checked for P- solubilization in solid and liquid PVK and NBRIP medium. The PSE of 15M mutants on solid medium varied from18.2-98.6% on PVK and from 14.1-96.2% on NBRIP media. While PSE of 22M mutants varied from 12.4-98.1% on PVK and from 18.4-100.2% on NBRIP media. The PSE mutant 25M varied from 12.1-77.1% on PVK and 10.2-85.4% on NBRIP solid media. The pH of 15M mutants varied from 3.6-6.0 in PVK in NBRIP it varied from 3.4-5.8, while pH of 22M mutant in PVK varied from 2.9-5.8 in PVK, in NBRIP it ranged from 2.1-5.6. The pH of 25M mutants varied from 2.5-5.9 in PVK and 2.3-5.8 in NBRIP. The 15M mutants showed P-solubilization between 177.1-324.1 g/ml in liquid PVK, while 176.4-336.4 g/ml in liquid NBRIP. 22M mutants showed P-solubilization between 182.2-362.2 g/ml in liquid PVK from 201.3-380.1g/ml in NBRIP. 25M showed P-solubilization between 167.4-351.9 g/ml in liquid PVK, while 175.8-364.5 g/ml in NBRIP. Strains (15M, 22M and 25M) and mutants (15M2, 15M6, 22M28, 22M29, 25M11, 25M30) were selected on basis of P-solubilization for pot culture experiment on mustard cv. RH-30. Total bacterial count in rhizosphere increased with URP at 30 and 45 DAS, while decrease was observed at 60 DAS. The number of these bacteria improved with seed inoculation and was more with URP. The number varied from 10-78, 27-91, and 13-37 at 30, 45, and 60 DAS respectively. The maximum number was observed with 15M6 with URP (50x105 cfu/g) followed by 22M28 with URP (78x105 cfu/g) at 30 DAS. At 45 DAS the maximum number was observed with 22M28 with URP (91 x 105 cfu/g) followed by 15MP with URP (85 x 105 cfu/g) and at 60 DASnumber was observed with 22M28 with URP (37 x 105 cfu/g) followed by 22M29 with URP (27 x 105 cfu/g). The PSB count in the rhizosphere varied from 1-24, 2-20 and 1-11 at 30, 45 and 60 DAS, respectively. The maximum number was observed with 22M28 (24 x 103 cfu/g) followed by 15M6 (19 x 103 cfu/g) at 30 DAS. At 45 DAS the maximum number was observed with 22M29 (20 x 103 cfu/g) followed by 22M29 with URP (19 x 103 cfu/g). The mustard biomass was more with SSP and with URP compared to the control at 30, 45 and 60 DAS. There was increase at 30 and 45 DAS but a 60 DAS with SSP marginal increase was observed. Almost all the mutants with URP showed increase in biomass except 25M30. The maximum biomass was observed with 22M28 (0.682 g/plant) followed by 22M29 (0.456 g/plant) at 30 DAS while at 45 DAS in case of 22M28 with URP (2.114 g/plant) followed by 22M29 (1.651 g/plant). At 60 DAS the maximum plant dry biomass was observed in 22M29 (3.161 g/plant) followed by 22M28 (2.927 g/plant). Phosphate uptake was increased upto 21 and 11% with application of SSP and URP at 30 DAS respectively but at 45 DAS increase was 12% with SSP and 4% with URP. But at 60 DAS there was 53% increase with SSP and 50% with URP. The maximum P-uptake was observed with 22M28 with URP (529%) followed by 22M29 is (429%). However, at 60 DAS the maximum P-uptake was by 22M29 (31%) followed by 22M28 with URP that was 308% it shows that mutants had significant effect on increase in plant dry biomass and P-uptake under pot house conditions.

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