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ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT THROUGH ORGANIC SOURCES ON YIELD AND QUALITY OF CORIANDER (Coriandrum sativum L.) AND SOIL PROPERTIES UNDER ORGANIC FARMING(jau.junagadh, 2019-08) Kaneria Sagar Chandubhai; Dr. S. G. SavaliaAn experiment was conducted on medium black calcareous soil at Junagadh (Gujarat) to evaluate FYM, biofertilizers and botanicals for organic cultivation of coriander (var. Gujarat coriander 2). Nine treatments comprising of Control (T1), FYM @ 5 t/ha (T2), FYM @ 5 t/ha + Azotobacter (T3), FYM @ 5 t/ha + Azotobacter + PSB (T4), FYM @ 5 t/ha + Azotobacter + PSB + KSB (T5), FYM @ 5 t/ha + Azotobacter + PSB + KSB + SOB (T6), FYM @ 5 t/ha + Azotobacter + PSB + KSB + SOB + seaweed extract as foliar spray @ 3.5% at 30 and 60 DAS (T7), FYM @ 5 t/ha + Azotobacter + PSB + KSB + SOB + seaweed extract as foliar spray @ 3.5% at 30 and 60 DAS + banana pseudostem sap as foliar spray @ 1% at 30 and 60 DAS (T8) and FYM @ 5 t/ha + Azotobacter + PSB + KSB + SOB + seaweed extract as foliar spray @ 3.5% at 30 and 60 DAS + banana pseudostem sap as foliar spray @ 1% at 30 and 60 DAS + cow urine as foliar spray @ 5% at 30 and 60 DAS (T9). Biofertilizers @ 1 lit/ha were applied as a drenching in all plots except control at a time of sowing. Experiment was layed out in randomized block design with three replications. The results revealed that the growth parameters, yield attributes and yield, quality parameters, content and uptake of nutrients, soil available nutrients and soil properties were significantly influenced by the various organic treatments. The experiment results revealed that the application of FYM @ 5 t/ha + Azotobacter + PSB + KSB + SOB + seaweed extract as foliar spray @ 3.5% at 30 and 60 DAS + banana pseudostem sap as foliar spray @ 1% at 30 and 60 DAS + cow urine as foliar spray @ 5% at 30 and 60 DAS (T9) was found superior in respect of growth parameters, yield attributes and quality parameters along with higher seed yield (1379, 1377 and 1378 kg/ha), stover yield (1585, 1581 and 1583 kg/ha) in 2018, 2019 and pooled results respectively, N, P, K, S and Mn content in seed, N, P, K, S, Mn, Zn and Cu content in stover, N, P, K, S, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu uptake by seed and stover and total uptake by the crop, available N, P2O5, K2O, S, Fe and Mn, physical and biological properties of soil. The highest contribution of organic sources in seed yield of coriander was observed in FYM to the tune of 13.1 % followed by seaweed extract (4 %). Name of Student Major Guide Kaneria Sagar Chandubhai Dr. S. G. Savalia ABSTRACT Abstract II Application of FYM @ 5 t/ha + Azotobacter + PSB + KSB + SOB + seaweed extract as foliar spray @ 3.5% at 30 and 60 DAS + banana pseudostem sap as foliar spray @ 1% at 30 and 60 DAS (T8) enhanced the Fe, Zn and Cu content in seed, Fe content in stover, available Zn and Cu content in soil and organic carbon content in soil. It is concluded that higher production of coriander under organic farming can be secured by application of FYM @ 5 t/ha + Azotobacter + PSB + KSB + SOB + seaweed extract as foliar spray @ 3.5% at 30 and 60 DAS + banana pseudostem sap as foliar spray @ 1% at 30 and 60 DAS + cow urine as foliar spray @ 5% at 30 and 60 DAS (T9), which also maintain physico-chemical and biological properties of calcareous soil under South Saurashtra Agro-climatic conditions.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF PHOSPHORUS AND PHOSPHORUS SOLUBILIZING BACTERIA (PSB) ON YIELD AND NUTRIENT UPTAKE BY WHEAT (Triticum aestivum L.) 2941(JAU, JUNAGADH, 2019-08) BAVALIYA ANKITABEN HAMIRBHAI; Dr. B. B. KunjadiaA field experiment entitled “Effect of phosphorus and phosphorus solubilizing bacteria (PSB) on yield and nutrient uptake by wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)” was conducted at Instructional Farm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh on clayey texture soils during rabi season of 2017-18 having low available N and medium of available P, K and S and alkaline in reaction (pH 7.98). The experiment comprised of 16 treatment combination having 4 levels of P (0, 30, 45 and 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 ) and 4 level of PSB (0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 L PSB ha-1 ) carried out in factorial randomized block design replication at thrice. The experimental results revealed that application of 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 promoted growth parameters viz., plant height at 30 DAS (32.69 cm), 60 DAS (75.93 cm), 90 DAS (88.13 cm) and at harvest (89.75 cm), number of total tillers meter-1 row length (82.93), number of effective tillers meter-1 row length (60.00), spikelets per spike (15.39), length of spike (8.93 cm) at harvest of wheat. Dry matter at 30 DAS (3.38 g plant-1 ), 60 DAS (9.96 g plant-1 ), 90 DAS (19.03 g plant-1 ) and at harvest (28.62 g plant-1 ), and crop growth rate (CGR) at 30 DAS- 60 DAS (0.220 g plant-1 day-1 ) and 60 DAS-90 DAS (0.302 g plant-1 day-1 ) except 90 DAS - harvest (0.268 g plant-1 day-1 ) it was at found in P2 (45 kg P2O5 ha-1 ) . Similarly significantly higher grain yield (4519 kg ha-1 ) and straw yield (5340 kg ha-1 ) as well as, quality parameters viz., test weight (57.99 g) and protein yield (553.30 kg ha-1 ) were registered at 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 . Chemical parameters viz. plant analysis included grain P content (0.302%) and straw P content at 30 DAS (0.255%), 60 DAS (0.181%), 90 DAS (0.161%) and at harvest (0.143%). Uptake of N by grain (88.59 kg ha-1 ) and straw (31.83 kg ha-1 ), uptake of K by grain (31.97 kg ha-1 ) and straw (62.78 kg ha-1 ) and P of uptake by grain (13.80 kg ha-1 ) while in straw P uptake at 30 DAS (8.62 mg plant-1 ), 60 DAS (18.23 mg plant-1 ), 90 DAS (30.94 mg plant-1 ) and at harvest (41,47 mg plant-1 ). Soil analysis included soil available P at initial (41.20 kg ha-1 ) and 30 DAS (41.07 kg ha-1 ), 60 DAS (38.05 kg ha-1 ), 90 DAS (34.49 kg ha-1 ) and at harvest (29.56 kg ha-1 ). The experimental results show at that the application of PSB 1 L ha-1 promoted growth parameters viz., plant height at 30 DAS (31.47 cm), 60 DAS (74.81 cm), 90 DAS (88.06 cm) and at harvest (89.82 cm), number of total tiller meter-1 row length (79.25), number of effective tiller meter-1 row length (58.91), spikelet per spike (14.59), length of spike (8.29 cm) at harvest of wheat. Dry matter at 30 DAS (2.78 g plant-1 ), 60 DAS (9.38 g plant-1 ), 90 DAS (17.58 g plant-1 ) and at harvest (27.02 g plant-1 ), and crop growth rate (CGR) by P3 (60 kg P2O5 ha-1 ) 30 DAS- 60 DAS (0.219 g plant-1 day-1 ), 60 DAS-90 DAS (0.274 g plant-1 day-1 ) and 90 DAS - harvest (0.236 g plant-1 day-1 ). Higher grain yield (4540 kg ha-1 ) and straw yield (5248 kg ha 1 ) over the control, also enhanced quality parameters viz., test weight (58.18 g) and protein yield (561.26 kg ha-1 ) with application of PSB at 1 L ha-1 . Chemical parameters viz. (i) plant analysis included grain P content (0.292%) and straw P content at 30 DAS (0.257%), 60 DAS (0.191%), 90 DAS (0.160%) and at harvest (0.157%). Uptake of N by grain (89.80 kg ha-1 ) and straw (30.85 kg ha-1 ), uptake of K by grain (32.00 kg ha-1 ) and straw (61.49 kg ha-1 ) and uptake of P by grain (13.40 kg ha-1 ) while in straw P uptake at 30 DAS (7.59 mg plant-1 ), 60 DAS (18.18 mg plant-1 ), 90 DAS (28.60 mg plant-1 ) and at harvest (43.03 mg plant-1 ). (ii) Soil analysis included soil available P at 30 DAS (41.22 kg ha-1 ), 60 DAS (37.82 kg ha-1 ), 90 DAS (33.83 kg ha-1 ) and at harvest (28.97 kg ha -1 ) and microbial parameters of soil viz., PSB periodical count(1× 106 cfu g-1 soil) at 30 DAS (2.37), 60 DAS (3.60), 90 DAS (6.05) and at harvest (7.63) expect of application of 1.5 L PSB ha-1 . The combined effect of phosphorus and PSB found significant in respect of grain yield, no. of effective tiller meter-1 row length, P content in straw at 30 DAS and 60 DAS and P uptake by grain and 30 DAS, 60 DAS, 90 DAS and at harvest in straw with phosphorus P3 (60 kg P2O5 ha-1 ) and PSB2 (1 L PSB ha-1 ). Over all, the application of phosphorus at 60 kg ha-1 along with PSB at 1 L ha 1 plays a crucial role in improving yield and quality of wheat and maintain the phosphorus statusThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF POTASSIUM AND POTASSIUM SOLUBILIZING BACTERIA (KSB) ON YIELD AND NUTRIENT UPTAKE BY WHEAT (Triticum aestivum L.)(jau.junagadh, 2019-07) Maheta Aishwarya Atulkumar; Dr. J. J. VaghaniA field experiment entitled Effect of potassium and potassium solubilizing bacteria (KSB) on yield and nutrient uptake by wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Var. GW 366 was conducted on clayey soils of Junagadh having status of low available nitrogen and medium available phosphorus and potassium during rabi season of 2017-18 at Instructional Farm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh. The experiment comprised of 16 treatments having four levels of potassium (K) (0, 30, 45 and 60 kg K2O ha-1) and four levels of potassium soluiblizing bacteria (KSB) (0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 lit ha-1) carried out in factorial randomized block design (FRBD) replicated at thrice. The experimental results revealed that application of 60 kg K2O ha-1 (K3) as soil application promoted growth parameters viz., plant height 34.77 cm, 74.67 cm, 89.14 cm and 90.87 cm at 30, 60, 90 DAS and at harvest respectively, dry matter per plant at 3.29 g plant-1, 9.96 g plant-1, 19.51 g plant-1 and 29.31 g plant-1 at 30, 60, 90 DAS and at harvest respectively, crop growth rates (CGR) with 60 kg K2O ha-1 0.332 g plant-1 , 0.983 g plant-1 day-1 at 60 DAS-90 DAS and 90 DAS- harvest respectively except 30 DAS-60 DAS. Number of effective tillers per meter row (75.99) and total tillers per meter row (88.83), spikeletes per spike (16.06) and spike length (8.62 cm) also significant influenced by 60 kg K2O ha-1 ; yield and yield attributes viz., higher grain yield (4561 kg ha-1) and straw yield (6717 kg ha-1) over the 0 kg K2O ha-1, also enhanced quality parameters viz., test weight (61.03 g) and protein yield (547 kg ha-1) with K3 treatment while protein content was not affected by potassium application. Chemical parameters viz. (i) plant analysis included nitrogen, phosphorus content in grain and straw at harvest stage were found non significant with application of potassium while potassium content in straw at 30 DAS (3.04 %), 60 DAS (2.42 %), 90 DAS (1.89 %) and at harvest content in grain (0.524%) and straw (1.35 %) significantly affected by 60 kg K2O ha-1. Uptake of nitrogen and phosphorus by grain and straw was found significant with 60 kg K2O ha-1as well as uptake of potassium by straw at 30 DAS (99.66 mg plant-1), 60 DAS (240.48 mg plant-1), 90 DAS (368.75 mg plant-1) and at harvest by grain (24.15 kg ha-1) and straw (90.92 kg ha-1), (ii) soil analysis available nitrogen and phosphorus at initial and harvest stage, while available potassium at 30DAS (326 kg ha-1), 60 DAS (319 kg ha-1), 90 DAS (304 kg ha-1) and at harvest (274 kg ha-1) and biological parameters of soil viz., KSB periodical count (1 × 106 cfu g-1 soil) at 30, 60, 90 DAS and at harvest remain unaffected by the application of potassium. The experimental results showed that application of KSB 1 lit ha-1 (KSB2) as soil application promoted growth parameters viz., plant height 33.78 cm, 74.78 cm, 87.51 cm and 88.81 cm at 30, 60, 90 DAS and at harvest respectively, dry matter per plant at 2.83 g plant-1 9.38 g plant-1, 17.78 g plant-1, 27.03 g plant-1, crop growth rates (CGR) by KSB 1 lit ha-1 (KSB2) 60 DAS-90 DAS (0.313 g plant-1 day-1) and 90 DAS-harvest (0.901 g plant-1 day-1) except 30 DAS-60 DAS. Number of effective tillers per meter row (75.99) and total tillers per meter row (88.83), spikeletes per spike (14.87) and spike length (8.17 cm) significant influenced by KSB 1 lit ha-1 (KSB2); yield and yield attributes viz., higher grain yield (4475 kg ha-1) and straw yield (5881 kg ha-1) over the KSB 0 lit ha-1 (KSB0), also enhanced quality parameters viz., test weight (57.99 g) and protein yield (548 kg ha-1) with application of KSB2 while protein content was not affected by KSB application. Chemical parameters viz. (i) plant analysis included nitrogen, phosphorus content in grain and straw at harvest stage were found non significant with application of KSB 1 lit ha-1 (KSB2), while in case of potassium also found non significant results were obtained for initial 30 DAS but later showed significant effect on potassium content in content in grain (0.501%) and straw at 60 DAS (2.37%), 90 DAS (1.87%) and at harvest (1.32%). Highest uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium by grain and straw of wheat was observed significantly under treatment KSB2 i.e. KSB 1 lit ha-1, (ii) soil analysis included available major nutrients were altered by different potassium solubilizing bacteria treatment but not noticed significant variation in respect of available nitrogen and phosphorus after harvest while on available potassium at 30 DAS was also recorded non significant but at 60 DAS (310 kg ha-1), 90 DAS (287 kg ha-1) and at harvest (269 kg ha-1) results were found significant with respect to KSB 1 lit ha-1 (KSB2) treatment. and biological parameters of soil viz., KSB periodical count (1 × 106 cfu g-1 soil) the treatment KSB3 (KSB @ 1.5 lit ha-1) turned out be the superior by highest periodical KSB count (1 × 106 cfu g-1 soil) at 30 DAS (5.44), 60 DAS (6.48), 90 DAS (9.37) and at harvest (10.16). It could be concluded that soil application of potassium at 60 kg K2O ha-1 and KSB 1 lit ha-1 enhanced grain yield and quality of wheat and maintaining soil fertility with saving of fertilizer dose of potash.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF SALINE IRRIGATION WATER ON GROWTH, NUTRIENTS COMPOSITION AND YIELD OF ONION (Allium cepa L.) VARIETIES(JAU, JUNAGADH, 2019-06) PATEL JANKI ARVINDKUMAR; Dr. L.C. VEKARIAA pot experiment was conducted at Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh to assess the “Effect of saline irrigation water on growth, nutrients composition and yield of onion (Allium Cepa L.) varieties” during the winter season of 2017-18. The pot experiment comprised four levels of salinity viz., <2.0, 4.0, 6.0 and 8.0 dS m-1 and five different varieties viz., V1- GJWO-3, V2- GJRO-11, V3-Talaja red, V4- Pilli patti and V5- PWF-131 in Factorial Completely Randomized Design with replicated three times. The experimental soil was medium black calcareous, clayey in nature which was slightly alkaline in reaction, pH2.5 8.0, EC2.5 0.58 dS m-1, low in available nitrogen (242 kg ha-1), medium in phosphorus (34.20 kg ha-1), high in available potassium (298 kg ha-1), sulphur (23.50 kg ha-1). Micro nutrient status was medium in available iron (6.25 mg kg-1), high in manganese (15.20 mg kg-1), low in available zinc (0.45 mg kg-1) and high in available copper (1.25 mg kg-1). The experimental result revealed that the growth, yield and yield attribute, quality parameters, bio-chemical parameters, nutrient contents and nutrient uptakes were significantly influenced by the different varieties of onion. The highest plant height (49.33 cm), fresh straw yield (37.03 g), fresh weight of bulb (39.21 g), volume of bulb (25.67 cm3), bulb dry weight (3.90 g) and quality parameters viz., neck thickness and TSS among different tested varieties of onion. Bio-chemical parameters viz., the highest proline accumulation (0.96 μmole / gf.wt) was found with variety V4 (Pilli patti). Among the different tested varieties, variety V4 (Pilli patti) produced significantly higher RWC, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll content in comparision of onion at 45 DAT. The sodium concentration in leaves of onion observed lowest (0.173 %) and potassium and calcium highest (0.213 % and 0.584 %) at 45 DAT with variety V4 (Pilli patti). The nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sulphur content in bulb and straw at harvest was remain unaffected to different variety of onion. In case of calcium and magnesium content found significant with variety V4 (Pilli patti) in bulb ABSTRACT and straw at harvest, while sodium content found lowest with variety V4 (Pilli patti) in straw at harvest. Na+/K+ ratio observed significant lowest with variety V4 (Pilli patti) in bulb and straw at harvest, while Ca++/Na+ ratio observed significant highest with variety V4 (Pilli patti) in leaves at 45 DAT and at harvest. The concentration of macro (N, P, K and S) and micro (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) nutrient in bulb and straw at harvest remained unaffected due to varietal difference. The maximum uptake of major nutrients (N, P and K) and micro nutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) were recorded with variety V4 (Pilli patti) in bulb, straw and its total uptake. Application of saline irrigation water treatment S1 (<2.0 dS m-1) was observed superior in rest of the levels in plant height (44.73 cm), no. of leaves per plant (5.30), fresh straw weight (34.40 g), fresh weight of bulb (33.77 g), volume of bulb (22.55 cm3) and quality parameters viz., neck thickness and TSS among different salinity levels recorded significant at S1 (<2.0 dS m-1), in case of proline accumulation (0.75 μmole/gf.wt) was found highest S4 (8.0 dS m-1), while RWC, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll content observed significant at salinity level S1 (<2.0 dS m-1), than other salinity levels in onion at 45 DAT. Sodium content observed lowest and calcium highest at S1 (<2.0 dS m-1) in leaves at 45 DAT. The concentration of macro (N, P, K and S) and micro (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) nutrients in bulb and straw at harvest were remain unaffected. In case of calcium and magnesium content found significant at salinity level S1 (<2.0 dS m-1) in bulb and straw at harvest, while sodium content found lowest at level S1 (<2.0 dS m-1), in bulb and straw at harvest. Micro nutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) were remain unaffected by different levels of saline irrigation water. Lowest Na+/K+ ratio and highest Ca++/Na+ ratio found at level S1 (<2.0 dS m-1) in leaves at 45 DAT and in bulb and straw at harvest. Maximum uptake of major nutrients (N, P and K) and micro nutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) were recorded highter at level S1 (<2.0 dS m-1) in bulb, straw and its total uptake. The various macro and micro nutrient available in soil found non-significant to different salinity levels. The significantly lowest EC2.5 and soil pH2.5 were recorded under application of saline irrigation water S1 (<2.0 dS m-1) after harvest of crop. Based on the result, it can be concluded that the variety V4 (Pilli patti) was found the tolerant onion cultivar responding to application of saline irrigation water. This variety (Pilli patti) perform better with different salinity tolerance criteria like the highest mean bulb yield (20.90 g plant-1), as well as mean salinity index (55.75 %) and lower value of yield decline at high salinity level EC (6.40 dS m-1) for 50 % threshold yield. Being the lower value of regression slope (b) for this variety, the yield of this variety is least sensitive to salinity as compared to remaining other varieties.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF SALINE IRRIGATION WATER ON BIO-CHEMICAL PARAMETERS, NUTRIENT COMPOSITION AND YIELD OF TOMATO (Solanum lycopersicum L.) VARIETIES(JAU, JUNAGADH, 2019-06) Shivani Thakur; Dr. K. B. ParmarThe most of the soils in Saurashtra region are calcareous and salty. Soil salinity is a global menace to plant growth and development causing significant economic losses to crop. Tomato is moderately salt tolerant and one of the best crops to study salt tolerance due to its well-known genetics and effortlessly transforming capabilities. Keeping this in mind, the present investigation entitled “Effect of saline irrigation water on bio-chemical parameters, nutrient composition and yield of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) varieties” was undertaken at the Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science during Rabi, 2017. An experiment conducted consisting of four different levels of salinity viz., < 2.0, 4.0, 6.0 and 8.0 dS m-1 with four different varieties viz., V1: GT-6, V2: JT-3, V3: AT-3 and V4: DVRT-2 laid out in Completely Randomized Design (Factorial) with three replications. The results revealed that highest value of yield and yield attributes i.e. fruit yield, stalk yield, plant height, no. of branches per plant, no. of fruits per plant and fruit weight were ascertained under S1 (< 2.0 dS m-1) salinity level. Likewise, bio-chemical parameters viz., highest RWC, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll content were attained under S1 (< 2.0 dS m-1) salinity. The highest proline and TSS content noted under higher saline water treatment, S4 (8.0 dS m-1). Lower Na+/K+ and highest Ca2+/Na+ ratio noted at S1 (< 2.0 dS m-1) level in leaves at 45 DAT and in fruit & stalk at harvest. Application of saline water treatment had no significant effect on content of macro (N, P and K) and micro (Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn) nutrients in fruit & stalk at harvest while significantly higher values of uptake of major (N, P and K) and micro nutrients (Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn) by fruit, stalk and their total uptake were obtained under S1 (< 2.0 dS m-1) salinity level. Soil EC (ECe and EC2.5) were also influenced by saline water treatments while, soil pH (pH2.5 and pHe) and soil available nutrients were remain unaffected. The different tested varieties of tomato had pronounced effect on yield and yield attributes, bio-chemical parameters and nutrient uptake. Variety V1 (GT-6) reported highest fresh (133.16 g plant-1) and dry fruit yield (7.99 g plant-1), while highest fresh and dry stalk yield (145.00 g plant-1 and 21.82 g plant-1), plant height (66.42 cm) and no. of branches per plant (5.92) registered under V3 (AT-3) variety and no. of fruits per plant (6.58) along with fruit weight (23.25 g) noted under V4 (DVRT-2) variety. Bio-chemical parameter i.e. RWC, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll were registered significantly higher with variety V1 (GT-6) while proline accumulation and TSS content were obtained highest under V4 (DVRT-2) variety. Varied cultivars of tomato could not manifested their significant effect on content of macro (N, P, K and S) and micro (Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn) nutrients in fruit and stalk of tomato. However, significant influence were found with Na and Ca content at 45 DAT in leaves and at harvest in fruit and stalk of tomato. Among all varieties, variety V2 (JT-3) registered lower values for Na+/K+ ratio and higher values for Ca2+/Na+ ratio at 45 DAT in leaves and at harvest in fruit and stalk. Significant response were found in relation to maximum uptake of primary (N, P and K) and micro (Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn) nutrients by fruit, stalk and their total uptake by tomato plant at harvest. The combined effect of salinity and variety were found significant, in relation to yield and yield attributes except no. of branches. The TSS content, proline content, RWC, chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll content, Na content at 45 DAT and at harvest showed significant response to the interactive effect of variety and salinity. Also, significant results were produced for Na+/K+ and Ca2+/Na+ ratio in fruit & stalk at harvest of tomato. On the basis of our result findings and salinity tolerant indices, variety V1 (GT-6) found to be superior with respect to different salinity tolerance criteria viz., highest mean seed yield (122.43 g plant-1), mean salinity index (74.05 g plant-1) and lowest value of yield decline at high salinity level EC (9.19 dS m-1) for 50% threshold yield. As the value of regression slope (b) is highest for this variety, it can be said that yield of this variety is quite tolerant to salinity as compared to other tested varieties of tomato. Overall, relative tolerance of tested tomato varieties in sequential order of: GT-6 > JT-3 > AT-3 > DVRT-2 against saline irrigations upto EC 8.0 dS m-1.ThesisItem Open Access “SOIL PROPERTIES AND YIELD OF WHEAT (Triticum aestivum L.) AS INFLUENCED BY USE OF WATER HAVING VARIABLE SALINITY AND SODICITY”(JAU,JUNAGADH, 2018-07) Rodda Chandana Devi; Dr. J. V. PolaraKey words: Wheat, salinity levels, sodicity levels, growth, yield attributes and yield, quality, nutrient uptake and available nutrients and soil properties A pot experiment was conducted at Net House, Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh to assess the “Soil properties and yield of wheat crop as influenced by use of water having variable salinity and sodicity” during the rabi- 2017. The experiment comprising of four levels of saline irrigation water viz., 2, 4, 6 and 8 dS m-1 and four levels of sodic irrigation water viz., 5.0, 10.0, 15.0 and 20.0 SAR in completely randomized design (Factorial) replicated three times were tested with respect to growth, yield attributes and yield, uptake of nutrients (N, P, K, Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu,) by grain and straw of wheat crop and status of soil available nutrients (N, P, K, Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu) and exchangeable and water soluble nutrients (K, Ca, Mg and Na) after harvest of the crop. The experimental soil was clayey texture, slightly alkaline in reaction (pH2.5 8.08), without having any problem of salinity (EC2.5 0.48 dS m-1) From the fertility point of view the soil was moderately supplied with organic carbon (6.5 g kg-1), available nitrogen (297 kg ha-1), phosphorus (39.20 kg ha-1), but was high in available potassium (425 kg ha-1). Among the DTPA extractable micronutrients, the experimental soil was found medium with respect to Fe (5.91 mg kg-1), Zn (0.75 mg kg-1) and Mn (8.72 mg kg-1), but was high with respect to Cu (0.62 mg kg-1). Application of different levels of saline irrigation water produced significant effect on growth, yield attributes and yield, quality, uptake of nutrients, available nutrients and soil properties after harvest of wheat crop. The maximum plant height, number of tillers per plant, length of main spike, number of spikelets per spike, number of grains per spike, number of grains per spikelet, days to heading and grain and straw yield was observed with EC-2 dS m-1, where as germination percentage and days to maturity was unaffected by different levels of saline irrigation water. The quality parameters like test weight and protein content were found maximum with the saline irrigation water level of EC-2 dS m-1. The maximum concentration and uptake of the macro (N, P and K) and micro (Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn) nutrients of grain and straw of wheat crop was observed with the EC-2 dS m-1. The available macro (N, P and K) and micro (Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn) nutrients of soil after harvest of the crop was found maximum with the saline irrigation water level of EC-2 dS m-1. The water soluble and exchangeable Ca, Mg and K were found maximum with EC-2 dS m-1, where as water soluble and exchangeable Na and soil properties like EC2.5, ECe, pH2.5, pHs and ESP found maximum with EC-8 dS m-1. Application of different levels of sodic irrigation water produced significant effect on growth, yield attributes and yield, quality, uptake of nutrients, available nutrients and soil properties after harvest of the wheat crop. The maximum plant height, number of tillers per plant, number of spikelets per spike, number of grains per spikelet, days to heading and grain and straw yield was observed with SAR- 5.0, where as length of main spike, number of grains per spike, germination percentage and days to maturity remain unaffected by different levels of sodic irrigation water. The quality parameters like test weight and protein content were found maximum with the sodic irrigation water level of SAR- 5.0. The maximum concentration and uptake of the macro (N, P and K) and micro (Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn) nutrients of grain and straw of wheat crop was observed with the SAR- 5.0. The available macro (N, P and K) and micro (Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn) nutrients and organic carbon of soil after harvest of the crop was found maximum with the sodic irrigation water level of SAR-5.0. The water soluble and exchangeable K was found maximum with SAR- 5.0, where as water soluble and exchangeable Ca, Mg and Na found maximum with SAR- 20.0. The soil properties like ECe (dS m-1), pH2.5, pHs and ESP of the soil was found minimum with SAR- 5.0 and found maximum with SAR- 20.0 and where as EC2.5 remain unaffected by sodic irrigation water. The interaction effect between different levels of saline and sodic irrigation water was not found significant on growth, yield attributes and yield, quality parameters but concentration and uptake of N, P, K, Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu by grain and straw, except concentration of Fe, Zn and Cu in grain and Zn in straw produced their significant effect on available N, P2O5, K2O and Zn and water soluble cations Ca++, Mg++, Na+, K+, exchangeable Na+ and pH2.5 of soil after harvest of wheat crop. Significantly the highest Fe, Zn and Cu in grain and Zn content in straw were found under C1×S1 (EC-2.0 dS m-1 and SAR-5.0) and the lowest with C4×S4 (EC-8.0 dS m-1 and SAR-20.0). Significantly the highest water soluble and exchangeable Ca++ and Mg++ were observed with C4×S1 (EC-8.0 dS m-1 and SAR-5.0) and the lowest with C1×S4 (EC-2.0 dS m-1 and SAR-20.0). The water soluble and exchangeable Na+ was found significantly highest with C4×S4 (EC-8.0 dS m-1 and SAR-20.0) and the lowest with C1×S1 (EC-2.0 dS m-1 and SAR-5.0). Water soluble K+ was found significantly highest with C1×S1 (EC-2.0 dS m-1 and SAR-5.0) and the lowest with C4×S4 (EC-8.0 dS m-1 and SAR-20.0). The interaction effect of saline and sodic irrigation water was not found significant on soil properties like CEC, ESP, EC2.5, ECe dS m-1 and pHs, but pH2.5 was significantly influenced and found maximum with C4×S4 (EC-8.0 dS m-1 and SAR-20.0).ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF DIFFERENT LEVELS POTASSIUM AND ZINC ON THE GROWTH, YIELD AND NUTRIENT UPTAKE BY TOMATO (Lycopersicon Esculentum Mill.) IN POT EXPERIMENT(JAU,JUNAGADH, 2018-07) Jadav Rahul Dhansukhbhai; Dr. J. N. NariyaA pot experiment was conducted at Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh to study the “Effect of different levels of potassium and zinc on the growth, yield and nutrient uptake by tomato (Lycopersicon Esculentum Mill.) in pot experiment” during rabi 2016-17. The pot experiment comprising of different four levels of potassium viz., control, 20, 40 and 80 kg K ha-1 and three levels of zinc viz., 0, 5 and 10 kg Zn ha-1 in Factorial Completely Randomized Design repeated thrice were tested in the experiment, in respect of biometric parameters, yield attributes and yield, content and uptake of Macro-nutrients (N, P, K and S) and Micro-nutrients (Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn) in fruit & stalk and their uptake by tomato crop and status of soil available Macro-nutrients (N, P, K and S) and Micro-nutrients (Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn) after harvest. The experimental soil was medium black calcareous, clayey in nature which was slightly alkaline in reaction, pH2.5 (8.07) and EC2.5 (0.41 dSm-1), low in available nitrogen (243.87 kg ha-1), medium in available phosphorus (38.80 kg ha-1), potasium (214.55 kg ha-1), sulphur (10.34 ppm) and iron (5.27 ppm), high in zinc (0.71 ppm), manganese (17.47 ppm) and copper (1.19 ppm). ABSTRACT The results revealed that the yield attributes and yield, quality parameters, and nutrient uptake were significantly influenced by the various levels of potassium and zinc. The application of potassium @ 80 kg ha-1 significantly increased the plant height, plant spread, number of primary branches per plant, length of fruit, diameter of fruit, weight of fruit, number of fruits per cluster, number of fruits per plant, fruit yield per plant, stalk yield, acidity and total soluble solids. Application of potassium @ 80 kg ha-1 significantly increased the N, P and K content in fruit and P and K content in stalk. But did not exert any significant effect on content of S, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu in tomato fruit and N, S, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu in tomato stalk. Application of potassium @ 80 kg ha-1 significantly increased the uptake of N, P, K, S, Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn by fruit and stalk of tomato. The zinc application @ 10 kg ha-1 significantly increased the plant height, plant spread, number of primary branches per plant, length of fruit, diameter of fruit, weight of fruit, number of fruits per cluster, number of fruits per plant, fruit yield per plant, stalk yield, acidity and TSS. Application of zinc produced significantly favorable effect on N and S content in fruit and stalk of tomato. But did not exert any significant effect on content of P, K, Fe , Mn and Cu in fruit and stalk. Significantly higher values of all those parameters were observed with application of 10 kg ha-1. The significant interaction effect of potassium and zinc application was observed only in case of total soluble solids. Significantly higher values of TSS was recorded with combined application of potassium @ 80 kg ha-1 along with zinc @ 10 kg ha-1. The available potassium & zinc status in soil after harvest was found increased on increasing application of potassium & zinc levels and recorded its higher value under application of potassium @ 80 kg ha-1 and zinc @ 10 kg ha-1. While, the application of zinc @ 10 kg ha-1 significantly increased availability of S. The application of zinc @ 10 kg ha-1 significantly influence on Zn availability in soil after harvest while, the micro-nutrients in soil after harvest were remained unaffected by potassium and zinc levels. The qualitative highest yield of tomato can be achieved by application of potassium @ 80 kg ha-1 and zinc @ 10 kg ha-1 in the medium black calcareous soils of South Saurashtra region of Gujarat.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF ZINC AND IRON APPLICATION ON GROWTH, YIELD AND NUTRIENT UPTAKE BY WHEAT IN CALCAREOUS SOIL OF SAURASHTRA REGION(JAU,JUNAGADH, 2018-07) Kandoliya Rushang U.; Dr. B. B. KunjadiaA field experiment was conducted at the Instructional Farm, College of Agriculture, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh to assess the “Effect of zinc and iron application on growth, yield and nutrient uptake by wheat in calcareous soil of saurashtra region” during the rabi season of 2016-17. The experiment was comprised of twelve treatments viz., T1 – Control (N-P-K:120-60-60 kg ha-1) RDF, T2 – RDF + Spraying of chelated Zn @ 0.5%, T3 – RDF + Spraying of chelated Zn @ 1.0%, T4 – RDF + Spraying of chelated Zn @ 1.5%, T5 – RDF + Spraying of chelated Fe @ 1.0%, T6 – RDF + Spraying of chelated Fe @ 1.5%, T7 – RDF + Spraying of chelated Fe @ 2.0%, T8 – RDF + Soil application of ZnSO4 @ 10 kg ha-1, T9 – RDF + Soil application of ZnSO4 @ 20 kg ha-1, T10 – RDF + Soil application of FeSO4 @ 20 kg ha-1, T11 – RDF + Soil application of FeSO4 @ 30 kg ha-1 and T12 – RDF + Soil application of ZnSO4 @ 10 kg ha-1 + FeSO4 @ 20 kg ha-1 evaluated in Randomized Block Design replicated three times. The experimental soil was medium black calcareous, clayey in nature which was slightly alkaline in reaction, pH2.5 (8.19) and EC2.5 (0.34 dS m-1), low in available nitrogen (244.20 kg ha-1), medium in available phosphorus (28.63 kg ha-1), medium in available potasium (247 kg ha- 1), medium in available sulphur (10.14 ppm), high in iron (15.90 ppm), medium in zinc (0.62 ppm), high in manganese (31.68 ppm) and high in copper (2.8 ppm). ABSTRACT Abstract ii Results of experiment indicated that significantly highest grain and straw yield of wheat was recorded under the application of RDF + soil application of ZnSO4 @ 10 kg ha-1 + FeSO4 @ 20 kg ha-1 (T12). Similarly, the yield attributes viz., plant height at harvest (67.40 cm) and at 70 DAS (62.13 cm), numbers of tillers (6.82) at 45 DAS and (8.06) at harvest, numbers of effective tillers (5.15), numbers of effective tillers per meter row length (52.04), spike length (8.57 cm), spikelets spike-1 (42.1), grains spike-1 (38.3) and 1000 grain weight (51.0 gm) at harvest of wheat crop were recorded significantly highest under treatment T12. The quality parameters like protein (13.14 %) and gluten content (12.47 %) were also recorded higher with treatment T12. The Fe, Zn and S content in grain and straw were significantly influenced by various treatments of Zn and Fe. The highest S content in grain and straw as well as its uptake by grain and straw were observed in the treatment of application RDF + Soil application of ZnSO4 @ 10 kg ha-1 + FeSO4 @ 20 kg ha-1 (T12). Highest Fe content in grain and straw as well as uptake by straw and grain was observed in treatment of RDF + Spraying of chelated Fe @ 2.0% (T7). Whereas, the highest Zn content in grain and straw as well as uptake by straw and grain were observed in treatment RDF + Spraying of chelated Zn @ 1.5% (T4). Higher nutrient uptake was observed in chelated Fe and Zn spray as compared to soil application of FeSO4 and ZnSO4. Application of chelated Fe and Zn spray increased the efficiency of fertilizers and improved wheat nutrient content including grain Zn and Fe. The concentration of chlorophyll and carotenoid content in wheat were significantly influenced by various treatments of Zn and Fe applied through soil application or foliar spray. Soil application of FeSO4 and ZnSO4 also improved the soil fertility status including Zn, Fe and S status of calcareous soil. Overall, Fe and Zn applications, either as soil or foliar application improved the different yield attributes as well as quality parameters suggested its efficacy of application. Soil application of FeSO4 and ZnSO4 also improved the soil fertility status including Zn and Fe status of calcareous soil of saurashtra region.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF DIFFERENT LEVELS POTASSIUM AND ZINC ON THE GROWTH, YIELD AND NUTRIENT UPTAKE BY TOMATO (Lycopersicon Esculentum Mill.) IN POT EXPERIMENT(JAU,JUNAGADH, 2018-07) Jadav Rahul Dhansukhbhai; Dr. J. N. NariyaA pot experiment was conducted at Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh to study the “Effect of different levels of potassium and zinc on the growth, yield and nutrient uptake by tomato (Lycopersicon Esculentum Mill.) in pot experiment” during rabi 2016-17. The pot experiment comprising of different four levels of potassium viz., control, 20, 40 and 80 kg K ha-1 and three levels of zinc viz., 0, 5 and 10 kg Zn ha-1 in Factorial Completely Randomized Design repeated thrice were tested in the experiment, in respect of biometric parameters, yield attributes and yield, content and uptake of Macro-nutrients (N, P, K and S) and Micro-nutrients (Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn) in fruit & stalk and their uptake by tomato crop and status of soil available Macro-nutrients (N, P, K and S) and Micro-nutrients (Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn) after harvest. The experimental soil was medium black calcareous, clayey in nature which was slightly alkaline in reaction, pH2.5 (8.07) and EC2.5 (0.41 dSm-1), low in available nitrogen (243.87 kg ha-1), medium in available phosphorus (38.80 kg ha-1), potasium (214.55 kg ha-1), sulphur (10.34 ppm) and iron (5.27 ppm), high in zinc (0.71 ppm), manganese (17.47 ppm) and copper (1.19 ppm). The results revealed that the yield attributes and yield, quality parameters, and nutrient uptake were significantly influenced by the various levels of potassium and zinc. The application of potassium @ 80 kg ha-1 significantly increased the plant height, plant spread, number of primary branches per plant, length of fruit, diameter of fruit, weight of fruit, number of fruits per cluster, number of fruits per plant, fruit yield per plant, stalk yield, acidity and total soluble solids. Application of potassium @ 80 kg ha-1 significantly increased the N, P and K content in fruit and P and K content in stalk. But did not exert any significant effect on content of S, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu in tomato fruit and N, S, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu in tomato stalk. Application of potassium @ 80 kg ha-1 significantly increased the uptake of N, P, K, S, Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn by fruit and stalk of tomato. The zinc application @ 10 kg ha-1 significantly increased the plant height, plant spread, number of primary branches per plant, length of fruit, diameter of fruit, weight of fruit, number of fruits per cluster, number of fruits per plant, fruit yield per plant, stalk yield, acidity and TSS. Application of zinc produced significantly favorable effect on N and S content in fruit and stalk of tomato. But did not exert any significant effect on content of P, K, Fe , Mn and Cu in fruit and stalk. Significantly higher values of all those parameters were observed with application of 10 kg ha-1. The significant interaction effect of potassium and zinc application was observed only in case of total soluble solids. Significantly higher values of TSS was recorded with combined application of potassium @ 80 kg ha-1 along with zinc @ 10 kg ha-1. The available potassium & zinc status in soil after harvest was found increased on increasing application of potassium & zinc levels and recorded its higher value under application of potassium @ 80 kg ha-1 and zinc @ 10 kg ha-1. While, the application of zinc @ 10 kg ha-1 significantly increased availability of S. The application of zinc @ 10 kg ha-1 significantly influence on Zn availability in soil after harvest while, the micro-nutrients in soil after harvest were remained unaffected by potassium and zinc levels. The qualitative highest yield of tomato can be achieved by application of potassium @ 80 kg ha-1 and zinc @ 10 kg ha-1 in the medium black calcareous soils of South Saurashtra region of Gujarat.
