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Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh
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ThesisItem Open Access FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF PESTICIDE COMPANIES 3550(2022-09) SENJALIYA DEVVRAT MUKESHBHAI; J. D. Bhatt; 2072120032Financial analysis is the act of correctly creating relationships between components of financial statements to determine the firm's financial strengths and shortcomings. India is currently the world's fourth-largest producer of agrochemicals, behind China, Japan, and the United States. The Indian economy depends heavily on the agrochemicals sector. According to Research and Markets, the Indian pesticides business was worth Rs 214 billion in 2019. By 2024, the market is anticipated to reach 316 billion rupees at an 8.1 per cent compound annual growth rate. The objective ofthe study was to examine the financial health of the pesticide industry. The methods used for the study were the percentage change method, ratio analysis, leverage analysis,risk analysis, and Altman's Z-score model. The study concluded that while net profit wasin a declining trend, sales, EBIT, total assets, current assets, and current liabilities showed varying trajectories. The trend of liquidity was downward. Profitability position was found in fluctuating trends, whereas it can be presumed that UPL can continue to exist under challenging economic circumstances like COVID-19. The assets of a corporation were more often financed by equity. However, the business was using its own assets for operations instead of as much market capital. Inventory, debtors, assets, and working capital all had favorable turnover ratios. The company’s overall activity position showed that it was profitable because it was positive. The company has high operating leverage and low financial leverage, indicating that the company's profit changes dramatically when revenue varies. The industry adopted a moderate risk approach and profitability and risk had a favorable correlation. The financial situation was in the "safe" or "grey" zone before shifting to the "comfort" zone, particularly from 2016 to 2018.ThesisItem Open Access POPULATION DYNAMICS, VARIETAL SCREENING AND MANAGEMENT OF SAPOTA BUD BORER (Anarsia achrasella Bradley) 3548(JAU, 2022-09) GAJERA BHAVDEEP AMRUTLAL; M. L. PATEL; 2010120026The experiment was carried out on “Population dynamics, varietal screening and management of sapota bud borer (Anarsia achrasella Bradley)” at Jambuvadi Farm, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh during the year 2021-22. Population dynamics of sapota bud borer revealed that their damage was found throughout the year (3.29 % to 21.22 %), with its peak activity from 1st fortnight of February (5th and 6th Standard Meteorological Week) to 2nd fortnight of June (25th and 26th SMW) and trough activity from 1st fortnight of July (29th to 31st SMW) to 2nd fortnight of January (3rd and 4th SMW). The highest per cent infestation (21.22 %) was found in 2 nd fortnight of March (12th and 13th SMW), whereas, it was recorded the lowest (3.29 %) in 2 nd fortnight of September (38th and 39th SMW). Among various abiotic factors of the environment during 2021-22, maximum temperature and evaporation showed highly significant and positive effect on pest activity with “r” values (0.690**) and (0.891**), respectively. Mean temperature, bright sunshine hours and wind speed showed significant and positive effect on pest activity with “r” values (0.451* ), (0.475* ) and (0.448* ), respectively. Evening relative humidity and mean relative humidity showed highly significant and negative effect on pest activity with “r” values (-0.619**) and (-0.594**), respectively. Morning relative humidity, rainfall and number of rainy days showed significant and negative effect on pest activity with “r” values (-0.458* ), (-0.431* ) and (-0.417* ) respectively. Based on the categorization of resistance, none of a variety of sapota was found highly resistant and highly susceptible to the damage of sapota bud borer. While, Pilipatti variety was found resistant to the damage of sapota bud borer with 2.38 per cent bud damage. Varieties viz., Murabba, Mohangoottee, Bhuripatti and Zumakhiya were grouped under moderately resistant category with 2.98, 3.46, 4.78 and 5.31 per cent bud damage, respectively. Calcutti special variety was found moderately susceptible with 7.62 per cent bud damage. Cricket ball and Kalipatti varieties were found susceptible with 10.19 and 12.79 per cent bud damage, respectively. In contrast, Kalipatti variety recorded highest yield (136.56 kg/tree/year) and it was at par with Cricket ball variety (129.25 kg/tree/year). Next high yielding Abstract varieties were Calcutti special (101.36 kg/tree/year), Zumakhiya (96.69 kg/tree/year), Bhuripatti (81.04 kg/tree/year), Murabba (71.81 kg/tree/year), and Mohangoottee (69.67 kg/tree/year), whereas, the lowest yield was recorded from Pilipatti variety (65.41 kg/tree/year). Among different nine chemical insecticides, chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC 0.006 per cent proved to be the most effective for management of sapota bud borer. Next effective treatments were flubendiamide 39.35 SC 0.14 per cent, indoxacarb 15.8 EC 0.008 per cent and emamectin benzoate 5 SG 0.002 per cent. The treatment of chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC 0.006 per cent recorded maximum yield (153.70 kg/tree/year) with highest additional income over untreated control (2,56,500 ₹/ha), which was statistically at par with treatments of flubendiamide 39.35 SC 0.14 per cent (149.00 kg/tree/year), indoxacarb 15.8 EC 0.008 per cent (146.00 kg/tree/year) and emamectin benzoate 5 SG 0.002 per cent (149.00 kg/tree/year). Among different nine bio-pesticides, M. anisopliae 1.15 WP 0.009 per cent proved to be the most effective for management of sapota bud borer. Next effective treatments were B.t. 5 WP 0.01 per cent and B. bassiana 1.15 WP 0.009 per cent. The treatment of M. anisopliae 1.15 WP 0.009 per cent recorded maximum yield (134.84 kg/tree/year) with highest additional income over untreated control (1,98,750 ₹/ha), which was statistically at par with treatment of B.t. 5 WP 0.01 per cent (128.62 kg/tree/year) and B. bassiana 1.15 WP 0.009 per cent (147.17 kg/tree/year). In nutshell, sapota growers are advised to raise Kalipatti and Cricket ball variety for higher yield. In contrast, raise Pilipatti variety to minimize losses caused by sapota bud borer yet, its yield is much lower as compare to preceding varieties. Spray the sapota orchard with M. anisopliae 1.15 WP 0.009 per cent on pest initiation and on an event of ETL (Economic Threshold Level), spray the orchard with chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC 0.006 per cent or flubendiamide 39.35 SC 0.14 per centThesisItem Open Access DESIGNING OF REARING CAGE, CANNIBALISM AND FEEDING POTENTIAL OF Chrysoperla zastrowi sillemi (Esben-Peterson) ON Aleurodicus rugioperculatus Martin INFESTING COCONUT 3546(JAU JUNJUNA, 2022-08) GODHAVIA DHARAK JAYVANTBHAI; D. M. JETHVA; 2010120029The present investigations were framed with designing of rearing cage, cannibalism, and feeding potential of C. zastrowi sillemi on A. rugioperculatus infesting coconut. The laboratory experiment was carried out at Biocontrol Research Laboratory, Department of Entomology, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh during the year 2021-2022. The investigation on designing of rearing cage was carried out for the improvement of egg production technology by C. zastrowi sillemi under laboratory conditions. This study showed that females laid the highest number of eggs after 9 and 12 days of release and it decreased up to 20 days. The maximum (1284.67 eggs/10 females) egg-laying was recorded in the small wooden cage (75 × 30 × 15 cm3 ) followed by a large wooden cage, small jar, and large jar. Moreover, in a standardized small wooden cage, C. zastrowi sillemi laid the highest eggs with black color (1351.20 eggs/10 females) followed by green, pink, yellow, brown, and white color. Additionally, among all surfaces tested for rearing cage, cotton surface (1422.60 eggs/10 females) was the most effective egg-laying surface, followed by nylon, spiny, paper, wooden, and plastic surfaces. A study on the feeding potential of the predator, C. zastrowi sillemi was standardized for the evaluation of the predatory capacity to feed on eggs and nymphs of A. rugioperculatus. The results showed that A. rugioperculatus was a suitable host for the predator, C. zastrowi sillemi. In the laboratory conditions, all the larval stages of the predators were observed to feed on A. rugioperculatus. It was recorded that the total larval instars of C. zastrowi sillemi consumed a maximThesisItem Open Access DEVELOPMENT AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF REMOTE CONTROLLED MECHATRONIC PRECISION PLANTER 3545(JAU, 2022-09) VALA VIMALSINH SAMATBHAI; R. Yadav; 1050219012The planting operation is one of the most important cultural practices associated with crop production. Increases in crop yield, cropping reliability, cropping frequency and crop returns all depend on the uniform and timely establishment of optimum plant populations. Presently, in our country the seeds were sown mostly using seed drills operated by various prime movers say engines and bullocks and by manual means. The usage of seed drills create the problem of increased seed rate that influences in over utilization of resources resulting in reduced crop production (Krishnan, 2018). In 2022, a remote control mechatronic precision planter was developed in Department of Farm Machinery And Power Engineering, CAET, JAU Junagadh as research project. Firstly, generate 3D model of precision planter and simulate in CREO 4.O simulation software. In designing of frame structure and planting tine, it is desirable to keep the stress lower than the maximum or ultimate stress at which failure of the material takes place. The maximum shear stress was found as 17.10 MPa for frame and 5.34 MPa for planting tine of remote control precision planter. The developed mechatronic metering mechanism was evaluated to obtain average seed spacing, miss index, multiple index, quality of feed index, cell fill percentage and seed rate at different combination of inclination angle, forward speed and geometry of seed hole in metering plate. The experiment was carried out in completely randomized design (Large Plot techniques) with three factors and two replications with three different levels of each factor. The factors namely different forward speed (1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 km/h), inclination angle (50, 55 and 60º) and geometry of seed hole in metering plate (100, 110 and 120 % of maximum seed size) were taken for the experiment.ThesisItem Open Access APPRAISAL OF SALINITY/SODICITY PARAMETERS IN THE SOILS OF NORTH SAURASHTRA AGRO-CLIMATIC ZONE 3543(JAU JUNAGADH, 2022-06) SHRUTI GAUR; K. B. PARMAR; 2010120080Saurashtra, salinity, sodicity, exchangeable sodium percentage, soluble sodium percentage, cation exchange capacity An attempt has been made in the present investigation to study the salinity/sodicity parameters of Gujarat by collecting 480 surface soil samples from the farmer’s cultivated field during summer, 2021. The present investigation was carried out for the appraisal of soil salinity/sodicity parameters in the soils of North Saurashtra Agro-climatic Zone. For this purpose, 480 surface soil samples were collected from 7 districts (10 soil samples from each taluka) of North Saurashtra Agro-climatic Zone viz., Amreli, Bhavnagar, Rajkot, Surendranagar, Jamnagar, Devbhumi Dwarka and Morbi. Soil samples were analyzed for chemical properties. On the basis of analyzed data of soil samples, collected from different districts of North Saurashtra Agro-climatic Zone of Gujarat, it can be concluded that the range of water soluble cations Ca++, Mg++, Na+ and K + were 1.25 to 23.50 me L-1 , 0.25 to 2.75 me L-1 , 2.83 to 24.71 me L-1 and 0.05 to 1.75 me L-1 with mean values of 7.07, 1.28, 8.74 and 0.26, respectively recorded in the soils of North Saurashtra Agro climatic Zone. Similarly, in respect of water soluble anions like CO3 2- , HCO3 - , Cl and SO4 2- in range of 0.00 to 0.00 me L-1 , 1.00 to 16.50 me L-1 , 2.50 to 35.00 me L-1 and 0.09 to 9.61 me L-1 with mean values of 0.00 me L-1 , 5.59 me L-1 , 6.93 me L-1 and 2.13 me L-1 respectively also observed in this zone. The dominance order of water soluble cations Na+ >Ca++ >Mg++ >K+ and water soluble anions Cl- >HCO3 2- >SO4 2- >CO3 2- were recorded. The overall exchangeable Ca++ values of North Saurashtra’s soil samples were ranged from 9.46 to 40.63 (cmol (p+ ) kg-1 ) with the mean value of 20.97 (cmol (p+ ) kg-1 ). Among the different districts falls under North Saurashtra Agro-climatic Zone, overall mean value of exchangeable Mg++ was [7.21 (cmol (p+ ) kg-1 )]. Exchangeable Na+ levels in the North Saurashtra Agro-climatic Zone ranged from 1.10 to 14.43 cmol (p+) kg-1 , with a mean of 4.32 (cmol (p+) kg-1 ). The overall value of range of exchangeable K+ in North Saurashtra Agro-climatic Zone was 0.12-1.51 (cmol (p+ ) kg-1 ) with mean value of 0.41 (cmol (p+ ) kg-1 ). The dominance order of exchangeable cations Ca++ >Mg++ >Na+ >K+ was recorded. The overall mean value of EC2.5 of North Saurashtra Agro-climatic Zone was 0.44 dS m-1 and it was ranged widely from 0.09 to ABSTRACT Abstract II 3.04 dS m-1 . In general, the soil samples of North Saurashtra Agro-climatic Zone showed pH2.5 value ranging from 7.20 to 9.18 with a mean value of 8.07. Soluble sodium percentage ranged from 17.02 to 69.51 in the North Saurashtra Agro-climatic Zone, with a mean value of 47.62. The exchangeable sodium percentage was found in the range of 3.88 to 28.00 in the North Saurashtra Agro-climatic Zone, with a mean value of 12.94. The overall range of cation exchange capacity was 17.33 to 58.31 cmol (p+ ) kg-1 with the mean value of 32.99 cmol (p+ ) kg-1 . The overall reserve lime content was ranging from 2.00 to 29.00% with mean value of 10.60% indicating the calcareous nature of the soil. The soil samples of North Saurashtra Agro-climatic Zone were found about 30.42, 42.29, 26.67 and 0.62 per cent to be normal (<0.25dS m-1 ), tend to be saline (0.25 to 0.75 dS m-1 ), saline (0.75 to 2.25 dS m-1 ) and highly saline (>2.25 dS m-1 ), about 39.58, 52.25, 8.54 and 0.63 per cent to be normal (<8.0), Alkaline (8.0 to 8.5), Alkali (8.5 to 9.0) and highly alkali (>9.0), about 66.25% , 33.12% and 0.63% to be non alkaline, slightly alkaline and moderately alkaline and about 89.69% and 10.21% soils to be good and fair category, respectively. The soils of North Saurashtra Agro climatic Zone were slightly calcareous (93.33%) in nature and cation exchange capacity was 32.99 cmol (p+ ) kg-1ThesisItem Open Access RESPONSE OF SUMMER FODDER SORGHUM [Sorghum bicolor L. (Moench)] TO IRRIGATION SCHEDULING BASED ON IW/CPE RATIOS AND LEVELS OF NITROGEN 3542(JAU JUNAGADH, 2022-09) MADHAVAN G; . R. M. Solanki; 2010120053Fodder sorghum, summer, irrigation schedules, nitrogen levels An experiment conducted to study the “Response of summer fodder sorghum [Sorghum bicolor L. (Moench)] to irrigation scheduling based on IW/CPE ratios and levels of nitrogen” during summer season of 2020-21 at Integrated Farming System Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh. The soil of the experimental plot was clayey in texture and slightly alkaline in reaction with pH 8.27, EC 0.43 dS m-1 , rich in organic carbon, medium in available nitrogen, high in P2O5 and medium in K2O. Total twelve treatment combinations, consisting of three irrigation scheduling based on IW/CPE ratios (I1- 0.6, I2- 0.8 and I3- 1.0 IW/CPE ratios) and four nitrogen levels (N1- 60, N2- 80, N3- 100 and N4- 120 kg N ha-1 ) were evaluated in a split plot design with four replications. The results revealed that irrigating fodder sorghum at an IW/CPE ratio of 1.0 recorded significantly maximum values of almost all the parameters viz., plant height, dry matter accumulation, number of leaves plant-1 , number of internodes plant-1 , length of internodes, stem thickness, days to 50 % flowering, crude protein content and yield, crude fibre yield, nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium content and uptake and consumptive use of water except, plant population at initial and at harvest, plant height and number of leaves at 30 DAS, crude fibre content and available N, P2O5 and K2O in soil found non-significant due to different irrigation schedules. Significantly maximum leaf: stem ratio and water use efficiency was recorded when irrigated at an IW/CPE ratio of 0.6 (I1). Higher gross and net realization of ₹ 69,678 and ₹ 43,670 ha-1 , respectively with B: C ratio of 2.68 were obtained when fodder sorghum was irrigated at an IW/CPE ratio of 1.0 (I3). Almost all the growth characters, quality parameters, green and dry fodder yields were found significantly maximum when fodder sorghum was fertilized with 120 kg N ha-1 followed by 100 kg N ha-1 except, plant population at initial and at harvest, phosphorous and potassium content in dry fodder, soil available phosphorous and potassium at harvest and consumptive use of water which were not significantly affected by different nitrogen levels. Maximum gross (₹ 70,704 ha-1 ) and net realization (₹ 47,479 ha-1 ) along with higher B: C ratio of 3.04 were observed under nitrogen level 120 kg N ha-1 followed by nitrogen level 100 kg N ha-1 . Interaction effect between irrigation scheduling based on IW/CPE ratio and nitrogen levels found significant for plant height, dry matter accumulation, green and dry fodder yields, crude protein yield, crude fibre yield, nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium uptake as well as water use efficiency. Treatment combination I2N4 (i.e. irrigation scheduled at 0.8 IW/CPE ratio and application of 120 kg N ha-1 ) recorded significantly higher plant height, dry matter accumulation, green and dry fodder yields, crude protein yield, crude fibre yield, nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium uptake and water use efficiency. Treatment combination I2N4 (i.e. 0.8 IW/CPE ratio and 120 kg N ha-1 ) recorded maximum gross return of ₹ 81,160 ha-1 , net return of ₹ 51,178 ha-1 and B: C ratio of 2.71. On the basis of results from one year experimentation, it seems quite reasonable to conclude that for gaining maximum green fodder yield and net realization, summer fodder sorghum (Gundhari) should be irrigated at an IW/CPE ratio of 0.8 and application of 120 kg N ha-1 (I2N4) with other recommended package of practices under medium black soil of South Saurashtra Agro-climatic zoneThesisItem Open Access SPATIAL INTEGRATION AND PRICE FORECASTING ANALYSIS OF MAJOR TOMATO WHOLESALE MARKETS IN INDIA: AN APPLICATION OF SARIMA MODEL 3541(JAU JUNAGADH, 2022-09) 2010120073; B. SWAMINATHAN; 2010120073Tomato, Growth rate, instability, Trends, Seasonality, Market integration, Granger causality, Price shocks, forecasting Tomato is the second most important vegetable crop under cultivation next only to potatoes in the world. The present study has been undertaken to analyze the growth rate, instability, the behaviour of arrivals and prices, market integration, market behaviour to price shocks among the tomato markets. Major eight tomato markets of India were selected based on the largest average volume of arrivals during the study period. Time series data regarding monthly tomato arrivals and prices in selected markets were collected for the period 2010 to 2021 from secondary sources. Appropriate econometric tools like CGR, CDVI, trend analysis, seasonal indices, johansen cointegration, granger causality test, VECM, impulse response function and variance decomposition besides, SARIMA model were employed to meet the objectives of the study. In overall, growth rate of arrivals showed that Kolar market recorded a highest positive significant value of 0.11 per cent and in case of prices Coochbehar registered non-significant highest growth rate of 0.21 per cent. In month wise also Kolar market showed higher growth rate of arrivals compared to other markets and in case of prices Coochbehar showed higher growth rate with more than 10 per cent in all the months. Instability analysis of arrivals and prices showed that the variability of arrivals is higher than the prices. The trend component of arrivals showed negative trend except in Azadpur and Kolar market while in case of prices all the study markets showed highly significant positive values over the study period the with the highest annual increase in the prices was observed in the Coochbehar market (Rs.305.04/q). The seasonal indices of tomato arrivals had not shown a unique seasonal pattern while prices of study markets showed a uniform pattern with highest during July. Correlation coefficient of market arrivals and prices over the months and years showed the inverse relationship between them with some exceptions. The stationarity tests showed that the all the markets were stationary at level itself. Engle-granger and Johansen cointegration test confirmed the presence of long run relationship with each other and thus are integrated so that there is a smooth transmission of prices across the spatially separated markets. To ascertain the speed of adjustment among the markets for long run equilibrium vector error correction model was employed the coefficient of error correction term of Azadpur market revealed that about 56 per cent adjustment towards the long run equilibrium occurs in the period of one month. Granger causality test revealed the presence of bidirectional relationship between the pair’s viz., Azadpur– Ahmedabad, Kanpur-Azadpur, Coochbehar-Bargarh, Kanpur-Bargarh and Kanpur Coochbehar. Kolar market was the lead tomato market as it was influencing prices of other selected tomato markets of India except Coochbehar market. Impulse response function showed that the one-unit standard deviation shock to any of the market result in the immediate decline in all the other selected markets during the past 4-5 months thereafter the prices getting stabilized with exception in Coochbehar market the shock originating from Coochbehar is less transmitted to the other selected tomato markets. Variance decomposition analysis results showed that impact of variable on self is greater than the impacted caused by other variables in all the selected tomato markets of India. In terms of price forecasting, SARIMA models were found to be the best fit among different models to forecast tomato prices in all the markets. The SARIMA model (1,0,3) (1,0,2)12 was selected for predicting onward tomato prices in Ahmedabad (Gujarat) market while (2,0,1) (1,0,1)12, (3,0,2) (2,1,2)12, (2,0,3) (1,0,1)12, (3,0,3) (2,0,1)12, (2,0,6) (1,1,3)12, (2,0,4) (1,0,1)12, and (2,0,2) (1,1,0)12 were selected for Azadpur (New Delhi), Bargarh (Odisha) and Coochbehar (West Bengal) markets, Kanpur (Uttar Pradesh), Kolar (Karnataka), Mulakalacheruvu (Andhra Pradesh) and Nashik (Maharashtra). Similarly, SARIMA models were found useful for forecasting of tomato prices in all the markets with MAPE values ranging from 17.7% in Azadpur (New Delhi) market to 36.3% in Mulakalacheruvu (Andhra Pradesh) marketThesisItem Open Access RESPONSE OF SUMMER FODDER MAIZE (Zea Mays L.) TO IRRIGATION SCHEDULING BASED ON IW/CPE RATIO AND LEVELS OF NITROGEN 3540(JAU JUNAGADH, 2022-08) PATEL NIYATKUMAR HASMUKHBHAI; J. M. Modhavadia; 2010120069An experiment entitled “Response of summer fodder maize (Zea mays L.) to irrigation scheduling based on IW/CPE ratios and levels of nitrogen.” was conducted during summer season of the year 2021. The soil of experimental site was clayey in texture, slightly alkaline in reaction with pH 8.27 and EC 0.43 dS/m. The soil was good in organic carbon (0.98 %) and medium in available nitrogen (270.22 kg/ha), available phosphorus (28.94 kg/ha) and available potash (215.80 kg/ha). Twelve treatment combinations comprising three levels of irrigation scheduling with IW/CPE ratios of 0.6 (I1) , 0.8 (I2), 1.0 (I3) and four levels of nitrogen (N1: 60 kg/ha, N2: 80 kg/ha, N3: 100 kg/ha and N4: 120 kg/ha) were evaluated in split plot design with four replications. Fodder maize variety African tall was used as test crop. Almost all the growth and yield attributing characters of fodder maize i.e. plantThesisItem Open Access “ECONOMICS OF JAGGERY PRODUCTION IN SAURASHTRA REGION OF GUJARAT” 3538(2022-08) Since ancient times, jaggery has been an important item of food and its manufacturing continues to be the most important cottage industry in India. The present investigation was undertaken to examine the investment cost, production cost and return, marketing channels, marketing cost, price spread, marketing efficiency and constraints in production and marketing of jaggery in Saurashtra region of Gujarat. The primary data pertaining to the agricultural year 2021-22 were collected from 64 jaggery processing units from purposively selected Kodinar and Talala talukas of Gir Somnath district along with a randomly selected sample of 5 respondents from each of different marketing functionaries from each of the selected markets. These studies rely on descriptive statistics, multiple regression, marketing efficiency, price spread and Garrett score. The results indicated that the cropping pattern of the jaggery producers was dominated by sugarcane with an average area of 1.60 hectare. One processing unit provides employment to 44 people per day during season of jaggery production with an investment of Rs. 999173. The total cost of
