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ThesisItem Open Access A COMPARISON OF ALGEBRAIC MODELS TO DESCRIBE THE LACTATION CURVES IN JAFARABADI BUFFALO 3384(JAU JUNAGADH, 2021-09) CHUDASAMA HARSHAL MOHANLAL; N. J. Rankja; 2010118020Jafarabadi buffalo, lactation, lactation curves, Algebraic models, coefficient of determination (R2 ), Deviation from regression sum of square (DSS), Milk yield. The present investigation aims to compare the efficiency of seven Algebraic models with respect to weekly milk yield records of Jafarabadi buffalo. The weekly milk yield (litre) data were collected for 357 record of six lactations covering the period from 2009 to 2018 of the Cattle Breeding Farm, Junagadh Agriculture University, Junagadh. The weekly milk yield records of 43 weeks for each of the six lactations and average of all the six lactations (overall) were subjected to statistical analysis based on seven different models viz., Inverse polynomial, Gamma type, Parabolic exponential, Exponential, Quadratic, Quadratic cum log and model proposed by Morant and Gnanasakthy using non-linear fitting approach. The two criteria employed to judge the efficiency of different models were coefficient of determination (R2 ) and deviation from regression sum of squares (DSS). Apart from this, different characteristics viz., initial milk yield (litre/week), peak milk yield (litre), time to attain peak milk yield (week), 43rd week milk yield (litre), rate of increase (litre), rate of decrease (litre) and total milk yield (litre/lactation) were estimated and compared with the observed data in each lactation and overall, i.e. average of six lactations. The Quadratic cum log model was found most efficient based on both the criteria i.e. R2 and DSS. Next in order was Gamma model followed by Parabolic exponential for all the six lactations and overall basis (average of six lactations). Since both the criteria i.e. R2 and DSS were highly negatively correlated either of them can be considered for comparing efficiency of different algebraic models. It was also observed that the variation in coefficient of determination (R2 ) was less for all the models tried in each of the lactation whereas it was comprehensive in the case of deviation from regression sum of squares (DSS). Various useful characteristics of lactation curve viz., initial milk yield, peak milk yield, time to attain peak milk yield, milk yield in 43re week (last week), rising and declining phases and total milk yield were estimated for four out of seven models, i.e. Gamma type model, Quadratic cum log model, Quadratic model and Inverse polynomial model. These models were compared for various characteristics based on observed records. Inverse polynomial model, model proposed by Morant and Gnanasakthy and Exponential models were excluded from comparison as they did not provide logical estimates for these characteristics. Performance of the models varied with the characteristics of milk yield of different lactations. Gamma type model was found most efficient for time to attain peak milk yield and rate of increase. However, Gamma model showed superiority to predict rate of decrease. To predict initial milk yield as well as peak milk yield, Quadratic cum log model was found superior as compared to rest of the models. Quadratic model less efficiency to estimate various characteristics of milk yield records of Jafarabadi buffaloThesisItem Open Access A CRITICAL STUDY ON GENERATION OF FARMERS’ CONTEMPORARY INNOVATIONS AND RE-INVENTIONS IN SAURASHTRA REGION 3670(JAU,JUNAGADH, 2023-05) VAGHASIYA KRUPALI PARSOTAMBHAI; Dr. N. B. Jadav; 1010120029An innovation in agriculture has been the basis for increasing agricultural productivity and promoting agricultural development. Over the years, farmers also selected several varieties that had higher productivity and better quality. Farmers have also developed new and low-cost technologies to preserve process and package various farm products both for increased shelf life and better market opportunities. Although farmers’ innovations and re-inventions have always been happening but quite slowly and has seldom been recognized by communities itself and the scientists also. It so, because of the key actors’ innovation process is not working closely with each other. The significance of farmers' innovations and re-inventions however ranges from being useful only to the individual farmer, sometimes even limited to specific circumstances to a wider range of application that can be used by many farmers. With this consideration, the problem entitled “A critical study on generation of farmers’ innovations and re-inventions in Saurashtra region” was undertaken.ThesisItem Open Access ACCUMULATION OF HEAVY METALS UNDER INTENSIVE CROPPING WITH LONG TERM FERTILIZER APPLICATION IN CALCAREOUS VERTIC USTOCREPTS SOILS(jau,junagadh, 2012-07) Mr. T. N. Parmar; Dr. N. M. ZalawadiaABSTRACT Farmers use very large amounts of fertilizers to obtain maximum yield for relatively high economic value of the extra yields and difficulties in the accurate management of fertilizer application. At present, overuse of fertilizers in agriculture contributes to environmental deterioration of great concern nationally and internationally. Fertilizer application rate in agricultural area have increased dramatically in last two decades. Based on interview with farmers and the information available at different agricultural centers of Saurashtra region, the application of fertilizers in this area is more than land requirements of different crops, which can result in long run the high amount of heavy metals accumulation in the soil. Since the soils are calcareous in nature the various pools of heavy metals and its availability in are not clearly understood. Keeping this in mind, a long term fertilizer experiment (LTFE) was started in the year 1999 at Instructional Farm, College of Agriculture, Junagadh Agricultural University at Junagadh to know the effect of continuous application of fertilizers (0, 50, 100 and 150 % recommended dose of N, P, K with and without Rhizobium and PSM) and manure (FYM @ 10 and 25 t/ha) on accumulation of heavy metals under groundnut-wheat sequence. After harvesting of wheat crop, the soil samples were drawn periodically at the interval of 1st, 4th, 8th and 12th years and analysed for Cu, Mn, Zn, Fe, Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb. The results revealed that the application of FYM and fertilizer significantly increased groundnut pod and haulm yield over control. The significantly highest groundnut pod and haulm yield were recorded after 8th and 12th years with the application of 50 % NPK of recommended dose of G’nut + FYM @ 10 t ha-1 to groundnut crop. While, the grain and straw yield of wheat crop were significantly observed higher with the application of 100% NPK recommended dose at all the four years (1st, 4th, 8th and 12th years). The DTPA available Cu significantly increased with FYM and fertilizer at 4th, 8th and 12th years after harvesting of wheat crop. The pooled analysis indicated that highest DTPA available Cu was recorded with FYM @ 25 t ha-1 to G’nut over control. Similar trend was also observed in the case of DTPA available Mn. The application of FYM @ 25 t ha-1 significantly improved Zn content after 8th and 12th years over control. While, in case of the DTPA available Fe after 8th and 12th years were recorded highest with the application of 100 % NPK of recommended doses in G’nut-wheat sequence. Among the different heavy metals, DTPA available Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb were significantly highest recorded with the application of 100 % NPK of recommended doses in G’nut-wheat sequence (P as SSP) at all the four years. Similar trend was also observed in case of all the heavy metals in pooled analysis after harvesting of wheat crop at 12th year. The Y x T interaction effect of Cu, Zn, Fe and Cr was observed significant in pooled analysis after 12th years harvesting of wheat crop. The Y x T interaction effect clearly indicated that the continuous cropping (G’nut-wheat sequence) with and without fertilizer treatments after a span of 12 years, the accumulation of Fe, Zn, Mn, Cd, Pb, Ni and Cr were increased 136%, 42%, 23%, 39%, 35%, 32% and 24%, respectively over initial year of the experimentation. While, the Cu was decreased from its initial value of 1.387 ppm to 1.030 ppm. Moreover, these results clearly showed that the application of FYM with fertilizer increased availability of Fe and Zn in the soil and above the maximum permissible limit. While, the Zn, Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb were observed under the permissible limit. Correlation analysis showed that groundnut pod and haulm yield have significant positive relationship with available Cu, Fe, Cd, Ni, and Cr. The wheat grain and straw yield have significant positive relationship with available Mn, Zn, Fe, Cr, Pb and Ni. The correlation of two heavy metals in pooled analysis showed significant positive relationship between (Cd-Cr), (Cd-Fe), (Cd-Mn), (Cd-Zn), (Cr-Fe), (Cr-Mn), (Cr-Zn), (Ni-Pb), (Ni-Fe), (Cu-Mn) and (Cu-Fe). The regression analysis revealed that DTPA available Cu influenced only groundnut pod yield. While, DTPA available Cr influenced grain and straw yield of wheat and also haulm yield of groundnut crop to the maximum extent.ThesisItem Open Access ACREAGE RESPONSE AND RESOURCE USE EFFICIENCY OF CORIANDER IN JUNAGADH DISTRICT 3581(JAU,JUNAGADH, 2022-09) SOLANKI ANKITA DAMJIBHAI; Dr. J. D. BhattThe study on “Acreage response and resource use efficiency of coriander in Junagadh district” was undertaken to measure the objectives viz., analysis of growth performance and acreage response of coriander crop, examine the resource use efficiency, economic viability of coriander crop and adoption level. The study was carried out in two talukas of Junagadh district. Multistage sampling technique was used. A total of 120 coriander farmers were selected for the study. Exponential function, Nerlovian adjustment lagged model, Cobb Douglas production function, cost concept and adoption index were used for the study. It was concluded that growth rate of coriander crop in period I was highest. The lagged area, yield risk and rainfall were non-significant. The regression co-efficient for coriander price risk, lagged yield and yield risk were positive and statistically significant at 5 per cent in this district. For resource use efficiency, cost of plant protection and cost of irrigation resource were found negative. MVP: MFC ratiowas less than unity for land holding, human labour, cost of seed and cost of fertilizer indicated that these resources were under-utilized and area under cultivation and land holding were over utilized. Coriander growers of Junagadh district get a good return from a cultivation. It was also concluded that farmers had medium level of adoption with respect to improved cultivation practices of coriander.ThesisItem Open Access ADOPTION AND RESOURCE USE EFFICIENCY OF SOYBEAN IN JUNAGADH DISTRICT 3692(JAU,JUNAGADH, 2023-06) MER HITENBHAI DASABHAI; Dr. N. M. Thaker; 2072121012The study on “adoption and resource use efficiency of soybean in junagadh district” was undertaken to me assure the objectives of to analyze the growth performance and adoption level of farmers examine the satisfaction level, resource use and constraint. The study was carried out in Junagadh district. Multistage sampling technique was used. A total of 120 soybean farmers were selected for the study. Exponential function or the semi-log equation, adoption level index, Cobb-Douglas function, Likert scale and Garrett’s ranking technique were used for the study. This study focuses on soybean cultivation in Junagadh district, revealing a positive growth trend in terms of increased cultivation area and overall production. However, the productivity growth rate was relatively lower, indicating the need to enhance yield per unit of cultivated area for improved efficiency. Farmers showed a medium level of adoption of improved cultivation practice. Efficient resource allocation, particularly in fertilizer and seed costs, is emphasized for maximizing output value and productivity in soybean crop production. Regarding promotional and developmental activities, a significant percentage of farmers expressed satisfaction, while others remained neutral or dissatisfied. Farmers face various constraints in both production and marketing, including pest and disease control, labor availability, market intelligence, pricing, storage and transportation.ThesisItem Open Access ADOPTION AND SATISFACTION OF BIO FERTILIZER USERS IN RAJKOT DISTRICT 3488(JAU JUNAGADH, 2022-08) Movaliya Pratik B. Dr. H. Y. Maheta; Movaliya Pratik B. Dr. H. Y. MahetaThesisItem Open Access ADOPTION AND USE INTENSITY OF PESTICIDE IN JUNAGADH DISTRICT 3331(JAU, JUNAGADH, 2021-09) ADOPTION AND USE INTENSITY OF PESTICIDE IN JUNAGADH DISTRICT 3331; Dr. H. Y. MahetaThe research study on “Adoption and use intensity of pesticide in Junagadh district” was undertaken. The Junagadh district was selected for research. Total of 120 farmers were selected out of which 60 UPL pesticides user, 60 non UPL pesticides use were selected by multi-stage sampling technique. Adoption and use intensity was determined through double hurdle model. The result of double hurdle model estimates indicated that income, membership of farmers association, distance to company office were the significant factors influencing pesticide use intensity. The age, farming experience, availability of small/ large quantity pack size and price of product are negatively significant factor for choice of pesticide by farmers. More than 75 per cent farmers were used highly hazardous pesticide but they are using protective measures like wearing mask, hand gloves, washing hands properly etc. The poor result of pesticide, lack of knowledge about use of pesticide, inability to identify pesticide adulterations that was major constraints faced by farmersThesisItem Open Access ADOPTION AND USE INTENSITY OF PESTICIDE IN JUNAGADH DISTRICT 3331(jau, 2021-09) MAKANI JYOTIBEN ASHVINBHAI; H. Y. Maheta; 2072119009ThesisItem Open Access ADOPTION OF DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM AND ITS IMPACT ON FARMER’S LIVELIHOOD(JAU, JUNAGADH, 2021-05) KORAT DHRUVIBEN PARESHKUMAR; Dr. H. Y. MahetaThe present study entitled “Adoption of drip irrigation system and its impact on farmer’s livelihood” was undertaken for Saurashtra region. Multi stage purposive sampling technique was used for data collection and three districts namely Rajkot, Junagadh and Gir Somnath were selected to survey 120 samples of summer groundnut grower. The statistical tools adopted for the analysis of data were tabular method, logit model analysis, cost of cultivation and garret’s ranking technique. The result shows that farm size and level of education have positive effect for adoption drip irrigation system. The social asset and financial assets score of drip adopter farmers was 38 per cent an 18 per cent higher with respect to non-adopter of drip irrigation system farmers. Which indicate that livelihood of drip irrigation adopted farmers is better than non-adopter of drip irrigation system farmers. Drip adopted farmers get good net return with input output ratio 1: 1.48, while non-adopter of drip irrigation system farmers get less return with input-output ratio 1: 1.21. Lack of technical know-how is major problem faced by drip adopter farmersThesisItem Open Access “ADOPTION OF DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM AND ITS IMPACT ON FARMER’S LIVELIHOOD” 3250(JAU JUNAGADG, 2021-05) KORAT DHRUVIBEN PARESHKUMAR; H. Y. Maheta; 2072118009socio-economic, adoption, livelihood impact, cost of cultivation, constraints The present study entitled “Adoption of drip irrigation system and its impact on farmer’s livelihood” was undertaken for Saurashtra region. Multi stage purposive sampling technique was used for data collection and three districts namely Rajkot, Junagadh and Gir Somnath were selected to survey 120 samples of summer groundnut grower. The statistical tools adopted for the analysis of data were tabular method, logit model analysis, cost of cultivation and garret’s ranking technique. The result shows that farm size and level of education have positive effect for adoption drip irrigation system. The social asset and financial assets score of drip adopter farmers was 38 per cent an 18 per cent higher with respect to non-adopter of drip irrigation system farmers. Which indicate that livelihood of drip irrigation adopted farmers is better than non-adopter of drip irrigation system farmers. Drip adopted farmers get good net return with input output ratio 1: 1.48, while non-adopter of drip irrigation system farmers get less return with input-output ratio 1: 1.21. Lack of technical know-how is major problem faced by drip adopter farmersThesisItem Open Access ADOPTION OF CHILLI PRODUCTION PRACTICES WITH DRIP IRRIGATION AND CONVENTIONAL IRRIGATION METHOD BY THE FARMERS IN RAJKOT DISTRICT 2365(JUNAGADH, 2017-07) Fulmaliya Amitkumar M.; Dr. V. J. SavaliyaKey word :Chilliadoption, Drip irrigation method, Conventional irrigation method Horticulture sector is a prominent sector among agriculture and allied activities as means of diversification and nature has placed India in a place of pride on horticultural development map of the world. India is second largest producer, consumer and exporter of spice and spice based byproduct. The chilli (Capsicum annum L.) is an important commercial and vegetable cum spice crop of India. The chilli crop is cultivated by the farmers of Saurashtra region using drip irrigation and conventional method of irrigation. The scope to increase the productivity of chilli to its potential would substantiate the need for promotion of chilli production practices on the farmer’s fields. One way by which extension scientists can contribute to this task is to find out better ways and means of promoting chilli production practices among the group of clientele. In this context, it is thought worthwhile to undertake study entitled “Adoption of chilli production practices with drip irrigation and conventional irrigation method by the farmers in Rajkot district” with following specific objectives; to measure the extent of adoption of beneficiaries and to study the personal, socio-economic, communication, psychological and situational characteristics of respondents as well as relationship with extent their adoption. It also included to study the constraints in adoption about chilli production practices and suggestions to overcome constraints. The study was conducted in Rajkot district of Gujarat state. Out of ten talukas, three talukas having higher land under chilli cultivation were purposively selected. Nine villages from these selected talukas were randomly selected.Further, 20 farmers (10 chilli growers with drip irrigation method and 10 chilli growers with conventional irrigation method) were selected from each of selected village, comprising total 180 chilli growers as respondents. Their responses were collected through pre-tested andwell-structured personal interview schedule. The respondents were contacted at their home or at their field. The dependent and independent variables were measured by utilizing appropriate scale and procedures adopted by other research workers with some modifications. The statistical tools used to analyze the data were: percentage, mean, standard deviation and coefficient of correlation. More than three-fifth (61.67 per cent) of the respondents were from middle age, more than one-third (37.78 per cent) of respondents had education up to secondary level, medium farm experience (63.33per cent), medium social participation (72.78 per cent), semi medium size of land holding (44.44per cent), high annual income (33.90per cent), medium extension participation (52.78per cent), medium market orientation (64.44 per cent), medium level innovativeness (51.11per cent), high scientific orientation(70.00per cent), medium risk orientation (58.33per cent), medium localite cosmopolite orientation (55.00 per cent) and yield index (63.89per cent). Nearly three-fourth (71.11 per cent) of the respondents were found in medium category of adoption level about recommended chilli production practices with drip irrigation method and two-third (66.67 per cent) of the respondents were found in medium category of adoption about recommended chilli production practices with conventional irrigation method. It was also concluded that characteristics of the respondents like education, social participation, extension participation, market orientation, innovativeness, scientific orientation, risk orientation, localite cosmopolite orientation and yield index had positive and highly significant relationship with the adoption of respondent farmers about recommended chilli production practices with drip irrigation method. The characteristics of the respondents like education, social participation, extension participation, market orientation, innovativeness and scientific orientation had positive and highly significant relationship with the adoption of farmers about recommended chilli production practices with conventional irrigation method. Major constrains faced by the respondents were fluctuation in market price (1.72 WMS), lack of market facilities (1.66 WMS), seedlings die before transplanting (1.61 WMS),high cost of labour (1.60 WMS) and lack of man power (1.58 WMS). The most important suggestions expressed by the respondents were more number of demonstrations on chilli production technologies should be organized on farmers’ fields (74.44 per cent),efforts should be made to minimized the input cost (68.88 per cent), training on new cultivation technology should be imparted (67.77 per cent), technical guidance should be provided regarding chilli production practices (65.55 per cent) and incentives in the form of subsidy should be provided by government for adoption of chilli production technologies (60.00 per cent).ThesisItem Open Access ADOPTION OF CLEAN MILK PRODUCTION PRACTICES FOLLOWED BY DAIRY FARM WOMEN IN JUNAGADH DISTRICT(JAU, JUNAGADH, 2011-12) Pagar Ashok R.; Dr. M. N. PopatIn India, keeping milch animals has been never a separate occupation from agriculture. Thus, its rural economy is closely tied up with milch animals. Agriculture is basis of village life in India. Seventy percent of the Indian population depends on it for their livelihood. India occupies the foremost position among the countries of the world in respect of livestock. It contributing nearly about one fourth of world’s total bovine population. India maintained its position as largest producers of milk, with achievement of around 104.8 million tonnes during 2007-08. However, there is large population of milk producing animals; the milk production is very low as compared to other countries. Livestock sector had among the few growth sectors in rural India over the past five decades and its contribution to the GDP has 4.36 per cent share in 2006-07. (Anonymous 2008) The recent advances in dairy science technology have demonstrated that adoption of clean milk production practices has great potential for increasing the quality of milk production. Clean milk production is considered as one of the important factors in economy of Gujarat state. The dairy farm women can increase production of milk by adopting clean milk production practices and different recommended package of practices. In the present study, an attempt was made to know the level of adoption of clean milk production practices and empirically verify the hypothesis of “ADOPTION OF CLEAN MILK PRODUCTION PRACTICES FOLLOWED BY DAIRY FARM WOMEN IN JUNAGADH DISTRICT” was under taken with following objectives: 1) To study the profile of dairy farm women of Junagadh district. 2) To study the knowledge level of dairy farm women regarding clean milk production practices. 3) To study the adoption of clean milk production practices followed by dairy farm women. 4) To explore the relationship between profile of dairy farm women with their adoption of clean milk production practices. 5) To identify the constraints faced by the dairy farm women in adoption of clean milk production practices. 6) To seek suggestions from the dairy farm women to overcome the constraints faced by them in adoption of clean milk production practices. A researcher studying in Junagadh Agricultural University Junagadh therefore Junagadh district is chosen for this study. Sixteen milk producing villages were randomly selected from eight talukas. For this study 160 dairy farm women who had minimum 3 years of experience in dairy farming were selected randomly from those 16 villages i.e. ten dairy farm women from each village. To know the various characteristics of dairy farm women, it was measured with using structured schedule. Measurements of knowledge level of dairy farm women regarding clean milk production practices was carried out by teacher made test. A measurement of adoption of clean milk production practices by dairy farm women was done by using well structure schedule. A simple ranking technique was applied to measure the constraints and suggestions given by dairy farm women. The data were collected with the help of well-structured interview schedule through personal contact and data were compiled, tabulated and analyzed to get proper answers for objectives of the study. The statistical tools used were percentage, mean score, standard deviation and coefficient of correlation. The important findings of the study are summarized as below: 1. Majority (83.75 per cent) of the dairy farm women were found in the middle age group. 2. About 28.75 per cent of the dairy farm women had education up to higher secondary. 3. Nearly two third (65.62 per cent) of the dairy farm women had medium level of experience in dairy farming. 4. More than 64.38 per cent of dairy farm women were found in small size of family. 5. Majority (71.25 per cent) of the dairy farm women had membership in one organization. 6. More than two-fifth (42.50 per cent) of the dairy farm women were medium farmer. 7. More than half (51.25 per cent) of dairy farm women had medium herd size. 8. More than half (55.00 per cent) of the dairy farm women were found with medium annual income. 9. Majority (73.13 per cent) of dairy farm women had medium extension participation. 10. Majority (66.87 per cent) of dairy farm women had medium exposure to mass media. 11. More than two-third (69.38 per cent) of the dairy farm women had moderately favorable attitude towards dairy farming. 12. More than half (56.87 per cent) of the dairy farm women had medium level of risk orientation. 13. Majority (60.62 per cent) of the dairy farm women had medium level of knowledge regarding clean milk production practices. 14. Majority (70.62 per cent) of the dairy farm women had medium level of adoption regarding clean milk production practices. 15. The independent variables viz. education, experience in dairy farming, herd size, annual income, risk orientation, land holding, extension participation, attitude towards dairy farming and knowledge regarding clean milk production practices had positive and highly significant correlation with adoption of clean milk production practices of dairy farm women. Whereas, age, size of family and social participation of the dairy farm women had non-significant correlation with adoption of clean milk production practices of dairy farm women. 16. Major constraints faced by dairy farm women in adoption of clean milk production were; equipments and tools of clean milk production were costly, lack of availability of KMnO4 solution for cleaning and washing purpose, lack of proper training on clean milk production, inadequacy of skilled labour, lack of technical knowledge about clean milk production practices and lack of stainless still utensils. 17. Various suggestions given by dairy farm women were; KMnO4 solution should be made available at village level, subsidy should be provided for purchasing tools and implements required for clean milk production, veterinary doctor should visit timely in the village, provide timely technical knowledge regarding clean milk production and regular training programmes should be conducted for clean milk production.ThesisItem Open Access ADOPTION OF CLEAN MILK PRODUCTION PRACTICES FOLLOWED BY DAIRY FARM WOMEN IN JUNAGADH DISTRICT(jau,junagadh, 2011-12) Pagar Ashok R.; Dr. M. N. PopatIn India, keeping milch animals has been never a separate occupation from agriculture. Thus, its rural economy is closely tied up with milch animals. Agriculture is basis of village life in India. Seventy percent of the Indian population depends on it for their livelihood. India occupies the foremost position among the countries of the world in respect of livestock. It contributing nearly about one fourth of world’s total bovine population. India maintained its position as largest producers of milk, with achievement of around 104.8 million tonnes during 2007-08. However, there is large population of milk producing animals; the milk production is very low as compared to other countries. Livestock sector had among the few growth sectors in rural India over the past five decades and its contribution to the GDP has 4.36 per cent share in 2006-07. (Anonymous 2008) The recent advances in dairy science technology have demonstrated that adoption of clean milk production practices has great potential for increasing the quality of milk production. Clean milk production is considered as one of the important factors in economy of Gujarat state. The dairy farm women can increase production of milk by adopting clean milk production practices and different recommended package of practices. In the present study, an attempt was made to know the level of adoption of clean milk production practices and empirically verify the hypothesis of “ADOPTION OF CLEAN MILK PRODUCTION PRACTICES FOLLOWED BY DAIRY FARM WOMEN IN JUNAGADH DISTRICT” was under taken with following objectives: 1) To study the profile of dairy farm women of Junagadh district. 2) To study the knowledge level of dairy farm women regarding clean milk production practices. 3) To study the adoption of clean milk production practices followed by dairy farm women. 4) To explore the relationship between profile of dairy farm women with their adoption of clean milk production practices. 5) To identify the constraints faced by the dairy farm women in adoption of clean milk production practices. 6) To seek suggestions from the dairy farm women to overcome the constraints faced by them in adoption of clean milk production practices. A researcher studying in Junagadh Agricultural University Junagadh therefore Junagadh district is chosen for this study. Sixteen milk producing villages were randomly selected from eight talukas. For this study 160 dairy farm women who had minimum 3 years of experience in dairy farming were selected randomly from those 16 villages i.e. ten dairy farm women from each village. To know the various characteristics of dairy farm women, it was measured with using structured schedule. Measurements of knowledge level of dairy farm women regarding clean milk production practices was carried out by teacher made test. A measurement of adoption of clean milk production practices by dairy farm women was done by using well structure schedule. A simple ranking technique was applied to measure the constraints and suggestions given by dairy farm women. The data were collected with the help of well-structured interview schedule through personal contact and data were compiled, tabulated and analyzed to get proper answers for objectives of the study. The statistical tools used were percentage, mean score, standard deviation and coefficient of correlation. The important findings of the study are summarized as below: 1. Majority (83.75 per cent) of the dairy farm women were found in the middle age group. 2. About 28.75 per cent of the dairy farm women had education up to higher secondary. 3. Nearly two third (65.62 per cent) of the dairy farm women had medium level of experience in dairy farming. 4. More than 64.38 per cent of dairy farm women were found in small size of family. 5. Majority (71.25 per cent) of the dairy farm women had membership in one organization. 6. More than two-fifth (42.50 per cent) of the dairy farm women were medium farmer. 7. More than half (51.25 per cent) of dairy farm women had medium herd size. 8. More than half (55.00 per cent) of the dairy farm women were found with medium annual income. 9. Majority (73.13 per cent) of dairy farm women had medium extension participation. 10. Majority (66.87 per cent) of dairy farm women had medium exposure to mass media. 11. More than two-third (69.38 per cent) of the dairy farm women had moderately favorable attitude towards dairy farming. 12. More than half (56.87 per cent) of the dairy farm women had medium level of risk orientation. 13. Majority (60.62 per cent) of the dairy farm women had medium level of knowledge regarding clean milk production practices. 14. Majority (70.62 per cent) of the dairy farm women had medium level of adoption regarding clean milk production practices. 15. The independent variables viz. education, experience in dairy farming, herd size, annual income, risk orientation, land holding, extension participation, attitude towards dairy farming and knowledge regarding clean milk production practices had positive and highly significant correlation with adoption of clean milk production practices of dairy farm women. Whereas, age, size of family and social participation of the dairy farm women had non-significant correlation with adoption of clean milk production practices of dairy farm women. 16. Major constraints faced by dairy farm women in adoption of clean milk production were; equipments and tools of clean milk production were costly, lack of availability of KMnO4 solution for cleaning and washing purpose, lack of proper training on clean milk production, inadequacy of skilled labour, lack of technical knowledge about clean milk production practices and lack of stainless still utensils. 17. Various suggestions given by dairy farm women were; KMnO4 solution should be made available at village level, subsidy should be provided for purchasing tools and implements required for clean milk production, veterinary doctor should visit timely in the village, provide timely technical knowledge regarding clean milk production and regular training programmes should be conducted for clean milk production.ThesisItem Open Access ADOPTION OF CRISIS MANAGEMENT IN GROUNDNUT CROP BY GROUNDNUT GROWERS OF SOUTH SAURASHTRA AGRO-CLIMATIC ZONE 2358(JUNAGADH, 2017-06) Mr. M. K. Jadeja; Dr. P. R. KananiKey words: Crisis Management,Groundnut, Adoption and Knowledge Agriculture is the backbone of Indian economy. Our population is increasing day by day and India has only 2.4 per cent of total land area on the planet earth, to support survival of about 1.30 billion population, which is nearly 1/5th of total world population. Indian agriculture has shown tremendous evolution after independence in spite of severe droughts and other natural calamities is the features which impair the agricultural development. It is needed to increase production of important oil seeds crops to secure the edible oil production and income security for the farmer. Despite, technological advancement, there is a wide gap exists between the know-how already attained and their application in the farmers' fields. It is well known fact that the gross cultivated area under agriculture cannot be increased. In this situation the adoption of different crisis management practices may serve a suitable and viable option to encounter the present challenges. The present investigation entitled “Adoption of Crisis Management in Groundnut Crop by Groundnut Growers of South Saurashtra Agro-Climatic Zone" was conducted as an attempt to understand the knowledge and extent of adoption of groundnut growers about crisis in groundnut cultivation, constraints faced by them in adoption and get their suggestions to overcome these constraints. The theoretical orientation was developed for the study on the basis of review of literature. The various concepts utilized in the study were operationalized suitably. Based on the assumptions, the tentative paradigm was laid down and finally the null hypotheses were also formulated. In order to measure the extent of adoption of crisis management in groundnut crop a standardized scale was developed. The indices and different structured were developed. Thescale was used to measure the independent variables.Total 200 groundnut growers were selected randomly from two talukasviz; Gondalof Rajkot district and Vanthaliof Junagadhdistrict for the study and were interviewed with the help of structured interview schedule. The collected data were analyzed, tabulated and interpreted in term of objectives. In respect to different selected characteristics of the respondents it was found that 49.00 per cent of the respondents were in the middle age group, whereas 48.00 per cent of the respondents possessed primary level of education. As regard to land holding 48.50 per cent of the groundnut growers were from a medium size of land holding, 64.50 per cent of the groundnut growers were from medium social participation and in case of irrigation index, 51.00 per cent of the groundnut growers had a medium irrigation index and 68.00 per cent of the groundnut growers were from medium groundnut yield level. More than two-third (70.50 per cent) of the respondents were from medium level management orientation,76.00 per cent of the groundnut growers were from medium groundnut cropping intensity, about half (53.00 per cent)of the groundnut growers were from medium index of farm experience, 53.00 per cent of the groundnut growers were from medium innovativeness, 68.50 per cent of the groundnut growers had medium risk orientation, about two-third (69.00 per cent) of the groundnut growers were from medium level of extension participation and more than two-third (74.50 per cent) of the groundnut growers were from medium level of knowledge about crisis management practises. There was negative and significant association between adoption of crisis management practices of groundnut growers and their age.The characteristics like, social participation, yield level, management orientation, index of farm experience, innovativeness, extension participation had positive and highly significant relationship with adoption level of respondents with respect to crisis management practices.The characteristics like education, irrigation index and risk orientation had positive and significant relationship with adoption level of respondents with respect to crisis management practices.There was non-significant association of the adoption level of respondents with respect to crisis management practices with their size of land holding and cropping intensity. The important constraints perceived by groundnut growers were: unavailability of irrigation water during dry spell of crop period, white grub cannot be controlled completely, non- remunerative price, high price of chemical fertilizers, high rate of labour charges, unavailability of irrigation water at critical stages of crop growth, non availability of information about future aberrant weather conditions including cyclone, scarcity of labour at harvesting stage. Some of the important suggestions offered by the respondents were remunerative price of farm produce should be made available, long, medium and short term forecasting system for weather situations should be developed and the information should be availed to farmers at right time, improved implements should be developed for the field operation like harvesting.Effective control measures should be developed for control of white grubs. Farmers should be informed well in advanced with information about the attack of different pest and diseases of groundnut crop.ThesisItem Open Access ADOPTION OF IMPROVED SHRIMP FARMING PRACTICES IN SAURASHTRA REGION OF GUJARAT 3002(JAU, JUNAGADH, 2019-07) TANK KETAN VALLABHDAS; S. I. YusufzaiLitopenaeus vannamei farming is playing a pivotal role in the socio-economic development of coastal districts of India. India is exporting 4.4 lakh tonnes of shrimp products (2016-17) of which L. vannamei share is 3.30 lakh tonnes. The present study was carried out in all coastal districts of Saurashtra viz. Bhavnagar, Amreli, Gir-Somnath, Junagadh, Porbandar, Devbhumi Dwarka and Jamnagar and Union Territory of Diu. Compendium of act, rules, guidelines, regulations and other notifications (2014) by Coastal Aquaculture Authority of India, Chennai was used as a base for compilation of interview schedule. Descriptive statistical tools was employed wherever required. The work was done with five objectives viz. adoption, knowledge, constraints, GIS imagery and socio-economic profile of the shrimp farmer. Adoption of shrimp farming practices indicated that 54.88% respondents were found to be partial adopters. Major adoption by the farmers viz. jaggery, yeast, vegetable meals and rice was used for water enrichment (100%), SPF healthy seed (100%), DO (100%), nutritionally balance feed (100%), probiotics (99.53%) and HDPE liner (51.63%). If disease outbreak occurs then 2.79% of farmers knows about treatment of the disease. Farmers having enough knowledge about HDPE liner (78.14%), nutritionally balanced supplementary feed (100%), nutritional enrichment (100%), probiotics (99.53%), chain dragging and sludge management (44.19%). Major constraints farmers faced were lack of disease diagnose lab (97.21%), non-availability of land (89.30%), price fluctuation during harvest (88.84%), lack of experience (86.51%), high initial investment (82.33%) and lack of proper extension network (60.47%). Detailed mapping of Saurashtra shrimp farms using high resolution Google imagery was carried out using QGIS software. Socio-economic data revealed that 94.42% farmers having their private land, 75.35% farmers have education above secondary, 58.60% farmers had more than five members in family, 58.44% respondents were having farming experience upto five years and 51.63% partnership type firm. Education and experience were positive and highly significant correlated to the adoption of shrimp farming. The result of the present study was very promising that all the farmers were high adoption rate and follow the guidelines of Coastal Aquaculture Authority at great extent. They have also utilized this knowledge for better profit gaining.ThesisItem Open Access ADOPTION OF IMPROVED SHRIMP FARMING PRACTICES IN SAURASHTRA REGION OF GUJARAT 3002(JAU, JUNAGADH, 2019-07) TANK KETAN VALLABHDAS; S. I. YusufzaLitopenaeus vannamei farming is playing a pivotal role in the socio-economic development of coastal districts of India. India is exporting 4.4 lakh tonnes of shrimp products (2016-17) of which L. vannamei share is 3.30 lakh tonnes. The present study was carried out in all coastal districts of Saurashtra viz. Bhavnagar, Amreli, Gir-Somnath, Junagadh, Porbandar, Devbhumi Dwarka and Jamnagar and Union Territory of Diu. Compendium of act, rules, guidelines, regulations and other notifications (2014) by Coastal Aquaculture Authority of India, Chennai was used as a base for compilation of interview schedule. Descriptive statistical tools was employed wherever required. The work was done with five objectives viz. adoption, knowledge, constraints, GIS imagery and socio-economic profile of the shrimp farmer. Adoption of shrimp farming practices indicated that 54.88% respondents were found to be partial adopters. Major adoption by the farmers viz. jaggery, yeast, vegetable meals and rice was used for water enrichment (100%), SPF healthy seed (100%), DO (100%), nutritionally balance feed (100%), probiotics (99.53%) and HDPE liner (51.63%). If disease outbreak occurs then 2.79% of farmers knows about treatment of the disease. Farmers having enough knowledge about HDPE liner (78.14%), nutritionally balanced supplementary feed (100%), nutritional enrichment (100%), probiotics (99.53%), chain dragging and sludge management (44.19%). Major constraints farmers faced were lack of disease diagnose lab (97.21%), non-availability of land (89.30%), price fluctuation during harvest (88.84%), lack of experience (86.51%), high initial investment (82.33%) and lack of proper extension network (60.47%). Detailed mapping of Saurashtra shrimp farms using high resolution Google imagery was carried out using QGIS software. Socio-economic data revealed that 94.42% farmers having their private land, 75.35% farmers have education above secondary, 58.60% farmers had more than five members in family, 58.44% respondents were having farming experience upto five years and 51.63% partnership type firm. Education and experience were positive and highly significant correlated to the adoption of shrimp farming. The result of the present study was very promising that all the farmers were high adoption rate and follow the guidelines of Coastal Aquaculture Authority at great extent. They have also utilized this knowledge for better profit gaining.ThesisItem Open Access ADOPTION, USAGE PATTERN AND SATISFACTION OF FARMERS TOWARDS PESTICIDES IN AMRELI DISTRICT 3677(JAU,JUNAGADH, 2023-05) SATASIYA JENISHBHAI ASHVINBHAI; Dr. C. R. Bharodia; 2072121019The research study on “Adoption, usage pattern and satisfaction of farmers towards pesticides in Amreli district” was undertaken. The Amreli district was selected for research. Total of 120 farmers were selected out of which 120 UPL ulala pesticides user were selected by multi-stage sampling technique. Growing cotton is quite advantageous for farmers due to its favourable input-output ratio and high net profit per hectare. The result of percentage method estimates indicated that Farmers mainly rely on agrochemical dealers for advice and use higher dosages than advised. Education and advice on safe pesticide management are needed to address this issue. Several factors, such as landholdings, price, quality, fellow farmers' influence, and experience are significant factors and affect the adoption of pesticides by farmers. The preferred payment option and price of the product are negatively significant factors for farmers' choice of pesticide. Despite the high cost and availability of pesticides, the effectiveness of pest control has not been satisfactory, leading to health hazards due to high toxicity. Lack of knowledge about pesticide use and non-availability of pesticides are also significant challenges faced by farmers.ThesisItem Open Access AGROBACTERIUM MEDIATED GENETIC TRANSFORMATION AND REGENERATION OF PUTATIVE TRANSGENICS IN GROUNDNUT (Arachis hypogaea L.) WITH THE NUCLEOCAPSID PROTEIN GENE OF PEANUT STEM NECROSIS VIRUS(JAU, JUNAGADH, 2006-03) Mr. Saini Kunal M.; Dr. Radhakrishnan T.Putative transgenics of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) were produced by Agrobacterium mediated genetic transformation. The De-embryonated cotyledons and immature leaf explants from cultivars TMV-2 and K-134 were co-cultured with the Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA 4404 harbouring the coat protein gene of the Peanut Stem Necrosis Virus (PSNV-Cp) in sense orientation in pBI121 and in antisense orientation in pBinAR vector with the neomycin-phosphotransferase (npt II) gene as selectable marker. A high percentage of 67% explants from the de-embryonated cotyledons and 58% explants from the immature leaves regenerated to form multiple shoot buds which were subsequently sub-cultured on MS medium containing 250 mg/L kanamycin for employing high selection pressure for screening transformants. From the total regenerated shoots 38% of the shoots obtained from deembryonated cotyledons and 33% from immature leaves were completely resistant to kanamycin whereas, all the control plants died in selection medium. The putative transgenic plants with well-developed roots were first established in plastic cups and finally transferred to earthen pots for hardening. Hundred percent rooting was observed in rooting medium and the hardening of the plants from de-embryonated cotyledons and immature leaves was 85% and 60% respectively. In the GUS assay of kanamycin resistant putative transformant obtained from de-embryonated cotyledons cocultured with sense (S-7) construct about 71% and in case of immature leaves above 72% tested positive for GUS activity. The integration of the transgene was assessed by the PCR amplification of the genomic DNA from the transformants with PSNV-Cp gene specific primers. In the PCR analysis, out of the total number of established kanamycin resistant plants the DNA was isolated from 93 plants selected at random. Out of 93 putative transgenic plants, 72 plants (77.42%) were found positive for the PSNV-Cp gene producing the expected size of band. In the PCR analysis of 30 randomly selected GUS positive plants, 20 putative transformants (66%) tested positive for both GUS and PCR. Around 200 independently transformed putative transgenic plants were maintained and forwarded for further analysis and confirmation. Fertile plants were obtained which flowered normally and in all the positive plants maintained in pots normal pod formation was observed. The pods were collected, dried properly and stored for progression of the generation and further analysis.