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ThesisItem Open Access Impact Of Animal Husbandry Programme In Model Villages Adopted By B.A.U.(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1989) Pandey, Alok Kumar; R.M. SrivastavaRural development is not merely the agricultural development but rural transformation as a whole which includes development of all the facets of human resources like, social, economic, cultural and spiritual and the like of rural system. Therefore, rural development has to be viewed in its totality rather than fragmented approach. The role of animal husbandry in maximizing the income of farmers particularly the landless and marginal farmers, is immense as the agro-climatic condition of Chotanagpur and Santhal Pargana region is not very much suitable for agriculture. The undulating nature of terrain, fragmentation of land holdings, light taxture of soil with low organic content, erratic rainfall, faulty cultivation practices, other biotic factors like uncontrolled grazing and destruction of forests are the most critical phenomenon throughout the plateau region in Bihar. Under Model Village Development Programme for long term socio-economic improvement based initially on transfer of technology works, five villages under Ranchi District of different socio-geographic regions were selected by Birsa Agricultural University. The villages are Belangi (Ratu Block), Sosai (Mandar Block), Gangaghat (Angara Block), Rarha and Boreya (Kanke Block). Since the inception of programme no systematic effort was made to evaluate the manifold contributions made by this programme towards raising the socio-economic status of theThesisItem Open Access A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON ADOPTION OF IMPROVED DAIRY HUSBANDRY PRACTICES BETWEEN MEMBERS AND NON MEMBERS OF DAIRY CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETIES IN RANCHI DISTRICT OF JHARKHAND(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2020) Ranjan Sinha, Gyan Ranjan Sinha; Oroan, JagarnathIndia shares 15% of the livestock of total livestock population in the world, with 50% buffaloes and 20%of world’s cattle. India is the largest producer of milk in the world (>15% share) with 188 mt production in 2019. Growth rate of milk production in our country in 2017-18 was 6.5% with a total value of 6.5 lakh crore. Jharkhand is a milk deficit state. No concerted efforts were taken for dairy development in the state, prior to its separation from Bihar. In year 2001-02 annual milk production in state was 9 lakh metric tons and per capita availability of milk was 98 gm/ day. In the state rural milk trade practices were not established and milk marketing network was not much developed recognizing the scope of cooperative development and viable operation of milk processing plant operated under various dairy cooperatives. With this view Milk Producers Federation Ltd (MILKFED) has been created in 2014 and its management has been given to NDDB. Total milk procurement was 23 thousand litres per day in 2014-15 which has gone up to 1 lakh 25 thousand per day in 2018-19 indicating that the cooperative structure has already started giving its impact. Hitherto meagre studies have been carried out to see the impact of milk cooperative on milk production, and knowledge and adoption of improved technologies by the dairy farmers. Therefore, the present study was carried out with the following objectives:ThesisItem Open Access EFFECTIVENESS OF DIFFERENT COMMUNICATION SOURCES WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ICTS FOR TRANSFER OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY TECHNO(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, Jharkhand-6, 2019) Kumari, Shobha; Pandey, Alok KumarSince most of respondents were educated up to primary level and low level of literacy is one of the main cause of non utilization of ICT, therefore strong policy should be formulated for enhancing educational level of the community to enhance the access to ICTs. Awareness and access of ICT should be increased amongst people as ICT is an important media to increase the knowledge level of people. Mass media has been very instrumental in increasing the awareness of farmers towards different social issues but has a very limited impact on A.H sector. The level of interaction of the people to different types of mass media should be increased as for example more organization of KisanMela, KisanGoshthi, circulation of Newspapers, Magazines and increased internet literacy among the people. Significant difference was found between Near the block and Away from the block respondents as T value was significant (P ≤ 0.05) for various parameters which were important indicator of their knowledge. So effective plans and schemes might be made to increase the radius and extent of people oriented extension programme by the government to make it more far reaching. Knowledge level of adoption of various animal husbandry practices is still dissatisfactory (Medium or Low), which means that the agriculture and animal husbandry practices should be made on more scientific lines for which farmer should avail proper knowledge and training.ThesisItem Open Access AN IN-DEPTH STUDY OF STATUS OF KHATALS IN AND AROUND RANCHI CITY(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2007) Singh, Ranbir Prasad; Pandey, A.K.Indian dairying is emerging as a sunrise industry. India represents one of the world’s largest and fastest growing markets for milk and milk products due to the increasing disposable incomes among the 250 million strong middle class. With an annual growth rate of over 5 per cent the country’s milk production has reached 90.7 lakh tones in the year 2004-05. The upsurge in milk production has thrown up unprecedented challenges in milk marketing. The country is blessed with an enormous domestic market which is magnet attracting multinationals to India. Liquid milk offers a vast scope for expanding sales in the short term in the market. About 35 per cent of the milk produced is consumed in the urban areas. Of this, the cooperatives supply about 20 per cent, private dairies about 2 per cent, government managed dairies about 2 per cent and a highly significant share by Private traders. The milk is supplied to the urban consumers by periurban and urban-based milk producers. The continued strong presence in the urban areas of traditional vendors provides a yardstick for marketing. On ground of hygiene, prevention of adulteration and other malpractices as well as environment-friendly urban development, the importance of the traditional khatal needs to be de-emphasized or his operations modernized. This offers tremendous marketing opportunities. However, such a change is possible only if the organized sectors are demonstrably better than the traditional vendors in such consumer services as door delivery, credit etc. Little efforts have been made to study the small privately-owned khatals that are coming up at every nook and corner of the cities to cater to the needs of the local people residing nearby. The present study was taken up as an effort to throw some light on the existing conditions of these khatals in and around Ranchi city with the following objectives: To study the existing A.H. practices followed by the khatals owners. To study the extent of knowledge and adoption of improved A.H. practices. To study the reproductive performance of dairy animals kept by the khatals owners. To study the prevalence of diseases and remedial measures taken by the khatals owners. To work out the economics of milk production of dairy animals maintained by the khatals owners. To identify the constraints and highlight the perceived needs of the khatals owners. The present study was carried out in purposively selected Ranchi city of Jharkhand. Ranchi city was purposively selected as a large number (Approximately 1200) of khatals were located in this city. The khatals were located in various areas of Ranchi, for the shake selection of samples from Ranchi city and its surrounding, the city was divided into six zones namely, South West (ZI), South (ZII), Central (ZIII), East (ZIV), North (ZV)m, West (ZVI) on the basis of distribution of khatals in these regions. From each zone 30 khatals were selected randomly. Thus a total of 180 khatals were selected for the study. All the khatals owners were interviewed personally with the help of a structured schedule. The data were collected with the help of structured interview schedule incorporating all the items on which information were required. The respondents were individually contacted at the khatals. The data thus collected was compiled, tabulated and subjected to the statistical analysis viz; frequently, percentage, mean, standard error, analysis of variance and coefficient of correlation were used to test the accuracy of data. The overall age of the respondents was found to be 42.65 ± 0.82 years. Majority of respondents were educated (52.22 %) up to middle school level. Majority (80 %) of respondents belonged to Yadav caste. The respondent’s family size was medium consisting of 6-9 members. Livestock rearing was main primary occupation of the respondent. Most of the family belonged to landless (62.77 %) category and possessed large herd size (> 6 milch animals). Zone-I, Zone-II, Zone-III and Zone-V members had taken some credits, whereas Zone-IV and Zone-VI people were less oriented towards credit. The average amount of credit taken ranged from Rs. 27500 by Zone-V members to Rs. 45000 by Zone-I members. Most of the farmers had high economic motivation. Majority of Zone-II, Zone-III and Zone-V members had favourable attitude, whereas, Zone-I, Zone-IV and VI farmers had neutral attitude towards dairy farming. Use of communication sources was found to be quite low in all the Zones. Most of the respondents (94.44 %) did not receive any training whereas only 5.56 per cent respondents had received training. It was found that none of the khatal owner in the Ranchi city were maintaining local cattle, all the khatal owners were keeping crossbred cattle and 87 percent of the respondent were also rearing buffalo. The cattle were kept on stall feeding and were not sent for grazing, whereas 76.66 percent of the respondents kept their buffalo on grazing and stall feeding. Grazing was mostly performed by the children, preferably during evening. The main ingredients of concentrate mixture was reported to be Dal chunni (95 %), wheat bran (93.33 %), mustard cake (84.44 %), G.N. cake (93.33 %), crushed maize (67.77%), salt (85.55 %) and Gur (58.88 %). Only about 14 per cent of the respondents were feeding ready made Pashu ahar. Only few respondents (27.22%) were feeding mineral mixture to cows in milk, and 12.65% per cent of the buffalo owners fed mineral mixture to buffalo in milk. Any cattle and buffalo heifer and calves were not fed with mineral mixture. Majority (86.66 %) of the cattle were artificially inseminated, whereas majority (46.87 %) of buffalo were bred by natural service of known pedigree bull and 30.62 per cent by natural service of unknown pedigree bull and only 22.50 percent through artificial insemination. Majority of the respondents identified heat in their animals by seeing the sign like bellowing (100 %), mucus discharge from vulva (81.11 %), mounting on other animals (41.11%) and frequent urination (34.44 %). Majority of the respondents could know that their animals are pregnant by the sign that animal was not coming to heat after service (73.33 %) external symptom (26.66%) and rectal palpation (27.77%). Majority of the khatal owners were keeping their animals in shed of thatched roof with no wall (61.66 %) and thatched roof with thatched wall (11.66%). Majority of the respondents were providing bedding (mainly straw) to their young stock, colostrum was fed to new born calves after the placenta is shed. Only 31.11 percent of the respondents were deworming their calves as specified by the veterinarians. Naval cutting was not followed by majority of the respondents and it was left to fall off naturally. Most of the khatal owners were preventing their pregnant animals from grazing during last 15 days and were also providing extra ration. Usually assistance was provided during parturition and Replanta or boiled Paddy along with bamboo leaves were given for easy expulsion of placenta. If placenta was retained, they consulted veterinary staff. To avoid ingestion of placenta by the animals, it was either buried (88 %) or thrown away (8.33 %). Warm water, Haldi and Molasses were the common feed given after parturition by the khatal owners. Majority of khatal owners were milking their animals by themselves and most of them adopted full hand milking (92.22 %). All the respondents were washing their hand before milking. Only 5.55 per cent of respondents were found washing their animals before milking, but majority (96.66 %) of respondents was cleaning its udder before milking. Negligible percentage of respondents were giving water to the animal before milking. Generally bucket was used for milking. The utensils were cleaned by using Detergent (61.11 %) or only water (21.11 %) or by Rakh (17.77 %). Age of the first calving was found to be 30.25 ± 0.34 month in case of cattle and was significantly different in different zones and 41.08 ± 0.12 in case of buffalo. Lactation length and dry period was reported to be 9.97 ± 0.04 and 2.12 ± 0.01 months in cattle and 7.14 ± 0.22 and 3.09 ± 0.l01 months in buffalo. The calving interval in cattle was 15.20 ± 0.20 months and in buffalo it was 18.78 ± 0.14 months. 70 per cent of respondents were getting vaccinated their animals, 60 per cent vaccinated their animals against FMD, 6.66 per cent against BQ and 3.33 per cent against H.S. About 57 per cent of the respondents were consulting veterinarian, 30 per cent were consulting Stockman/ Coumpounder, 9.4 per cent local quack and only 3 per cent were doing self medication when their animals were sick. All the respondents were maintaining cleanliness in the house, but majority (88.88 %) of respondents were not segregating their sick animals. Anoestrous (48.88 %), Repeat breeding (40 %), Mastitis (34.44 %), Tympany (31.1 %), FMD (25.55 %), H.S. (25.55 %), Milk fever (22.22 %), Theileria (10 %) and Surra (10 %) were found to be common diseases encountered in khatal during the last five years. Majority of the respondents had high knowledge level in Zone-I (93.33 %), Zone-II (86.66 %) and Zone-VI (73.33 %) and medium knowledge level in Zone-III (80.0 %), Zone IV (70.0 %) and Zone-V (80.0 %). The knowledge about scientific dairy husbandry practices was found to be highly significantly correlated with adoption at 0.05 level and with size of family, milk production, milk sale and net income from dairying at 0.01 level. xviii. The adoption level was found to be medium (35.55 %) and high (57.22 %) and was correlated with knowledge (0.05 %) and size of family, herd size, milk production, milk sale and net income from dairying (0.01 %). The average milk production per khatal was 57.53 ± 3.85, 61.13 ± 3.10, 43.46 ± 2.90, 50.40 ± 5.51, 41.86 ± 2.53 and 41.46 ± 2.52 litres per day in Zone-I, Zone-II, Zone-III, Zone-IV, Zone-V and Zone-VI respectively. The average milk production per milch animal was found to be about 5.58 litres per day. Milk consumption by all the khatal members was found to be 3.12 ± 0.14 litres per day. The ‘F’ value revealed that the difference between situation (zone) was non-significant. Milk sale per khatal per day was found to be 45.60 ± 1.24 litres. The F value revealed that there was highly significant difference between zones with regard to milk sale per day. Majority of the respondents (86.66%) sold their milk directly to consumer at khatal, followed by home delivery (7.77%), to middle men (3.33 %) and to hotel or halwai (2.22 %). The highest net income per dairy animal (Rs. 16932.40) was obtained by Zone-II members followed by Zone V (Rs. 15884.88) Zone-I (Rs. 14345.52), Zone-III (Rs. 14958.77) and Zone-IV (Rs. 14572.42) and Zone VI (Rs. 11195.43) members. High cost of concentrate mixture (93.33 %), high cost of modern medicine (87.77%), problem of anoestrous and repeat breeding in dairy animal (84.44%), lower price of milk (67.77 %) were expressed as the most serious constraints by the khatal owners. Whereas lack of guidance (training facilities) about the management of milch animals (65.55 %), difficulty in obtaining loan (57.77 %) and charging exorbitant amount by the Veterinarian (47.77 %) were serious constraints expressed by the khatal owners. Neglect by the Veterinarians (21.11 %) and lack of drinking water facility (21.11 %) were also regarded as constraints by the khatal owners. Subsidy on loan for dairying (66.66 %), treatment facility at door step (63.88%), availability of A.I. facility at door step (63.88 ), availability of cattle feed at reasonable cost (61.11 %), infertility comp once in a month (56.66 %), reasonable price for milk (22.77 %), education of scientific dairy husbandry practices (46.66 %), drinking water facility for animal (42.22 %), existence of milk cooperative society in the area (38.88 %), availability of bank service in the area (33.33 %) were perceived as important need by the khatal owners in descending order.ThesisItem Open Access PLACE OF POULTRY IN CULTURE AND ECONOMY OF TRIBALS OF RANCHI DISTRICT OF JHARKHAND(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2008) Kerketta, Anil Kerketta; Pandey, Alok KumarThe findings and experiences of the present study open the gateway to the horizon of new research endeavour. Some of the further research possibilities could be as follows:- 1. The present study was conducted in only (4) four Blocks of Ranchi districts, State of Jharkhand keeping in view of the popularity of the poultry rearing in this area. A study could be carried out taking the all tribal and weaker section of Jharkhand. 2. An in depth studies of the poultry farming may be taken up to suggest the best combination of poultry enterprises in terms of money. 3. A full-fledged study to develop a suitable communication strategy to bring about behavioral changes specially in the knowledge of the poultry owners, could be undertaken. 4. A deep probe, from anthropological angle can be targeted to study the place of poultry in culture and economy of tribal farmers.ThesisItem Open Access ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF PIG FARMING IN ORGANIZED AND UNORGANIZED FARM IN RANCHI DISTRICT OF JHARKHAND(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2008) Mahto, Varun Kumar; Oraon, J.In Jharkhand, pig rearing is a traditional occupation of tribals and some weaker section of society. Pig can be reared economically with minimum expenditure on housing and equipments. Pig husbandry requires minimum labour with quick handsome return, which serves as important source of income for rural people. With the adoption of improved pig rearing practices under rural conditions, there will be significant increase in income of the poor farmers in the country who traditionally rear pigs. However, no effort have been made to study the adoption and knowledge of the improved pig farming practices. Also there is very limited attempt to estimate the economics of pig enterprise in the field condition. 2 Keeping the above facts in view and the importance of pig in economic upliftment of poor farmers of Jharkhand state, the present study is planned to have a comparative study of the organized and un-organized pig farms of Ranchi district and also to see the gap between the existing practices and the recommended scientific practices. The present study entitled “ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF PIG FARMING IN ORGANIZED AND UN-ORGANIZED FARM IN RANCHI DISTRICT OF JHARKHAND” has been designed with the following objectives :- 1. To study the socio-personal profile of the pig owners. 2. To study existing pig rearing practices followed by the pig owners of organized and un-organized farms. 3. To study the knowledge and adoption of improved pig rearing practices in organized and un-organized farms. 4. To estimate the cost and return from pig enterprise for pig production. 5. To study the marketing of pig and pork in organized and un-organized farms of Ranchi district. The present study was carried out in Ranchi district of Jharkhand. A list of all the organized farms in Ranchi district was obtained from Pig Breeding Farm, Ranchi Veterinary College, Kanke, Ranchi. 25 organized pig farms were selected randomly from the list and equal number of un-organized farms were selected from the adjoining areas. Thus a total of 50 respondents were selected for the study. The data was collected personally through a well structured and presented interview schedule supported with personal observation and guided field walks. The data thus collected was compiled, tabulated and subjected to the statistical analysis viz., Frequency, Percentage, Mean, Standard deviation, t-test, correlation were used for proper interpretation of data. Majority of the respondents were found to be middle age group (31 to 50 years), large family size and low extension contacts. 3 Majority of the respondents (60.00%) of organized pig farm was found belonging to ST category whereas in un-organized pig farm, majority of the respondents (48.00%) was found belonging to SC category. Majority of the respondents (40.00%) of organized pig farm were matriculate where as majority of the respondents (52.00%) of un-organized pig farm could read and write only. The „t‟ value indicated highly significant difference between the respondents of organized and un-organized pig farms. Majority of the respondents (68.00%) of organized pig farm had pig rearing as primary occupation whereas majority of the respondents (84.00%) of unorganized pig farm had pig rearing a secondary occupation. Majority of the respondents (64.00%) of organized pig farm possessed large land holding size (above 10.0 acre), whereas majority of respondents (48.00%) of un-organized pig farm had marginal land holding (0.1 to 2.5 acre). There was highly significant difference between the respondents of organized and un-organized pig farm. Average livestock size of organized pig farm was found to be 38.48 whereas in un-organized pig farm, it was found to be 15.6. Majority of the respondents (52.00%) of organized pig farm had high extension contact, whereas majority of the respondents (56.00%) of un-organized pig farm had low extension contact and there was highly significant difference between the respondents of organized and un-organized pig farm. Majority of the respondents had experience of about 5 years in pig rearing. Average litre size in organized pig farm was found to be 11.72 whereas in un-organized pig farm it was found to be 6.48. Most of the respondents of organized pig farm had high level of management whereas most of the respondents of un-grganized pig farm had medium and low level of management. The „t‟ value indicated highly significant difference between respondents of organized and un-organized pig farm. Most of the respondents of organized pig farm had high level of knowledge whereas most of the respondents of un-organized pig farms had medium 4 and low level of knowledge. There was highly significance difference between respondents of organized and un-organized pig farms. Most of the respondents (52.00%) of organized pig farm had high level of adoption of improved pig rearing practices, whereas in un-organized pig farm, most of the respondents (56.00%) had low level of adoption. There was highly significance difference between respondents of organized and un-organized pig farms. Zero order correlation revealed that education, occupation, stock size, extension contact and net annual income were found to be significantly correlated with knowledge. Cost and return analysis revealed that the respondents of organized pig farm were able to fetch the net income of Rs. 1588.36 per pig per annum, whereas incase of un-organized pig farm, respondents were able to fetch the net income of Rs. 974.60 per pig per annum. IMPLICATIONS : Based on the finding of the present work following implication can be made : 1. Results of the study indicated that pig rearing is being carried out mostly by ST & SC category. There is need to promote pig rearing on scientific lines among other sections of the society. 2. Results of the study further show that extension contact of un-organized pig farm was low in the study area. Therefore, there is an urgent need that the extension agencies should make regular visit to the villages for motivating about scientific pig rearing practices. 3. Research finding of the study makes evidence that pig owner of unorganized farm had a low level of knowledge, adoption & management towards pig rearing. Therefore, it becomes necessary that the pig owners of un-organized farm are provided proper training in scientific pig rearing so as to enhance their knowledge, adoption and management. 5 4. A major finding of the study, the sale of pork product was not found. So, training camps need to organize on preparation of various pork products such as ham, bacon, sausage etc, which would help in enhancing the income of pig owners from this enterprise.ThesisItem Open Access AN ASSESSMENT ON WORKING OF LIVESTOCK DEPENDENT SELF HELP GROUPS (SHGs) IN RANCHI DISTRICT OF JHARKHAND(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2010) Rewani, Sanjay Kumar; Oraon, J.Indian micro-finance sector dominated by Self Help Groups (SHGs) addresses issues like actualizing equitable gains from the development and fighting poverty. Livestock development through SHGs are, therefore presently on the limelight due to their immense impact on capacity building and demographic enlightenment in rural India. The SHG-bank linkage programme has not progressed in the state of Jharkhand at the same pace as in other parts of country. With this backdrop of poor progress of SHGs in Jharkhand, the present study entitled “An Assessment on Working of Livestock Dependent Self Help Groups (SHGs) in Ranchi District of Jharkhand” was conducted with the following objectives: 1. To study the socio-personal, communication and psychological characteristics of SHG members. 2. To understand the structure and function of selected SHGs. 3. To study the social empowerment of SHG members. 4. To assess the economic empowerment of SHG members. 5. To compare the performance of Government promoted and NGO promoted SHGs. 6. To study the perception of SHG members towards the programme. The present study was carried out in purposively selected Ranchi district of Jharkhand owing to the presence of large number of SHGs in this area, which were predominantly involved in livestock rearing. Three blocks of Ranchi district namely Kanke, Angara and Ormanjhi, having maximum number of livestock dependent SHGs were purposively selected for the study. Two government promoted and two NGO promoted SHGs were randomly selected from each block. Thus, a total of twelve SHGs were selected. All selected SHGs were Women SHGs. All members of the randomly selected SHGs were taken as respondents for the study. Thus, a total of 140 respondents were selected. They were interviewed personally with the help of a structured schedule. The collected data were tabulated and analyzed by using appropriate statistical tools. The salient findings of the study were : majority of the SHG members were middle aged (53.57%), illiterate (75.71%), belonging to ST category (61.43%), possessing small sized family (51.43%) and having agriculture as primary (57.14%) and livestock rearing as secondary (41.43%) occupation ; majority of them were having marginal land holding (67.86%) with annual income upto Rs. 25,000 (62.14%) and 6-10 years experience in animal husbandry (51.43%) ; a great majority of the respondents had low level of extension contact (80.71%), mass media exposure (89.29%) and availability of technical inputs (81.43%) ; most of the members (93.57%) had taken training for animal husbandry and a large number of them were having either neutral or favourable attitude towards animal husbandry (43.57% and 42.14%, respectively) ; majority of the respondents had high level of economic motivation (57.86%) and medium knowledge about animal husbandry practices (60.71%). Majority of the SHGs (83.33%) were medium sized having 10 to 15 members and all the SHGs were homogenous in terms of social and financial background of their members ; structure and conduct of SHGs especially with reference to size, homogeneity, conduct and attendance of meetings, utilization of savings, record keeping etc. were broadly in conformity with the guidelines of the programme ; all the SHGs had passed the Ist grading and had received the revolving fund but only half of them were able to cross the IInd grading and of them only one-third had availed bank loan for Income Generating Activities (IGAs) ; half of the SHGs had taken pig rearing, one-third had taken goat rearing and rest (16.67%) had taken cattle rearing as their IGAs, and only some of the members in all SHGs were involved in IGAs. There was a positive and significant change in the self confidence level, participation in decision making within family and membership in other organizations of the members after joining SHG, however, there was no significant change in economic independency, control over their income and participation in decision making of the members at group or community level ; there was a significant increase in the annual household income of the members from livestock rearing and total annual household income, and a considerable increase in the possession of the assets like home appliances, type of houses, vehicles etc. of the members after joining SHG ; there was no significant difference in the performance of government promoted and NGO promoted SHGs ; almost all the SHG members were in agreement with the positive statements about the SHG and majority were in disagreement with the negative statements.ThesisItem Open Access PUBLIC-PRIVATE-PARTNERSHIP IN DAIRY DEVELOPMENT IN JHARKHAND(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2010) Shweta, Kumari; Pandey, A. K.In Jharkhand, the rural families are dependent on natural resources like land, water, livestock and forests for generating employment and for their livelihood. Among the livestock, cattle and buffaloes play a significant role and are well distributed among small and large land holders. Despite having huge cattle and buffalo population, the availability of milk as well as milk production of dairy animal in the state is low against the national average. The productivity can be increased by adopting cross breeding. But in Jharkhand, cross breeding is not widely accepted due to lack of proper breeding strategy, non-adoption of A.I. due to inadequate availability of A.I. services. To cope up with this problem, the Government of Jharkhand, Department of Animal Husbandry and Fisheries (D.A.H) made an agreement with the BAIF Development Research Foundation on 6th June, 2005. The D.A.H and BAIF is delivering the TIPs and services viz. frozen semen, vaccines, medicines, mineral mixture, fodder seed and extending technical advisory and monitoring services to the farmers. BAIF has been working in partnership with the D.A.H since four years to enhance productivity of dairy cattle and buffalo with a view to boost up the milk production and to meet the requirement of this state. To access the working of this partnership the present study with the title “Public-Private-Partnership in Dairy Development in Jharkhand” was undertaken with following specific objectives: a) To study the existing delivery system of various technical inputs to the cattle owners. Thesis Abstract 2 b) To analyze the characteristics of the beneficiaries of the technical inputs and services. c) To ascertain the opinion of the cattle owners on the existing delivery system. d) To study the constraints experienced by the D.A.H personnel in channelizing the inputs to the cattle owners. The study was conducted in the 12 villages, coming under four blocks of Ranchi district. Out of 24 blocks, 2 blocks each for D.A.H and BAIF were selected randomly and from the above blocks, 3 villages from each block were selected purposively. These villages were Boreya, Sangrampur, Garh Husir, Kuchu Basti, Kulhi and Gangutola under D.A.H study area and Chund, Jaher, Bargarhi, Burmu, Chakme and Geswe under BAIF study area. The farmers were selected to get their opinion about the existing system of input delivery. Besides 120 farmers, 15 officials from D.A.H at all three levels, viz., district, block and villages and 6 officials of Bhartiya Agro Industries Foundation (BAIF) working in the study were selected as respondents for the present study. The data was collected on the pre-structured interview schedule by personal interview method from all the selected respondents, during June-July, 2009. Besides, the secondary data revealed to the D.A.H and BAIF activities in terms of inputs availability, modus-operandi and utilization were taken from the officials as well as from official record to understand the existing system of input delivery. The collected data were tabulated and analyzed by using appropriate statistical tools. 3 SALIENT FINDINGS Majority of the respondents under sample were in middle age group, having education upto high school level. On an average, a large percentage of the respondents had 6 to 9 members in their family. Large percentage of the respondents belongs to backward caste with social affiliation. Agriculture was found to be the main occupation of all the respondents. Among secondary occupation, dairying was the widely practiced by majority of the respondents, in combination with agriculture. Majority of the farmers in the study area were found as a marginal farmers having land holding upto 2.5 acres. Medium herd strength with 3 to 9 animals was found with the large number of respondents. Similarly, majority of the respondents were falling in the monthly income range of Rs. 2000-3000. Daily milk production, consumption and sale of a household ranged from 6.05 to 7.59 litres, 0.84 to 0.96litres and 4.62 to 5.66 litres respectively. The D.A.H was mainly concerned with providing frozen semen, vaccines, medicines, mineral mixture and fodder seed to the cattle owners. Similarly, the BAIF was mainly concerned with channelizing three technical inputs viz., frozen semen, mineral mixture and fodder seed. The ultimate aim to understand the existing system of input delivery was to know the effectiveness of the public-private partnership. The parameter of effectiveness were the bovine population per dispensary/DCDC and per LSA/centre-in-charege, number of villages per dispensary/DCDC and per LSA/centre-in-charge, number of A.I. done per A.I. center/DCDC per year, percentage of breedable bovines covered through A.I. Number of number of calves born in respect of A.I. done, conception rate, number of 4 insemination per conception and total number of treatment done, vaccination performed, castration done and distribution of fodder seed and mineral mixture. The findings revealed that the D.A.H was poor in technical staff in terms of sanctioned post and staff in position with inadequate storage facilities. Whereas in case of BAIF, the staffs were adequate in terms of sanctioned post with better storage facilities but inadequate to cover large area with huge cattle population. From the secondary data, the number of villages and bovine population per dispensary/DCDC was found as high as about 38/49 and 27/10 thousand respectively and similarly about 45/10 thousand bovine population spread over 38/49 villages were under single LSA/DCDC-in-charge, giving heavy load over the dispensary/DCDC and staff. Total breedable female bovine population per A.I. centre/DCDC was also found to be high. The supplied semen dose per A.I. centre per year was as 207 straw. The A.I. done per A.I. centre per year was low as compared to the DCDC. In the entire district, the percentage of breedable bovines covered through A.I. was found only 11% and 12.5% for D.A.H and BAIF respectively, whereas, in the study area this percentage was still lower to 2.75% and 6.32 respectively. The conception rate in the study area was 64% and 58% with 48% and 58% of calving percentage in D.A.H and BAIF respectively and for one conception the number of insemination done was 1.11 and 1.74 in the study area for D.A.H and BAIF respectively. Though the information was collected from the villages or adjacent villages where dispensaries were not located, a good number of respondents were not aware of the 5 D.A.H staff of their village, whereas, all of the respondents were aware of the DCDC-incharge of their village. Most of the respondents knew about vaccination, treatment, deworming, castration and A.I. as the facilities provided by the D.A.H staff and A.I. and technical advice provided by DCDC-in-charge. Quack was the most choiced person contacted by the respondents when their animals have fallen sick. Veterinary doctor or LSA was mostly consulted by the respondents when the case was beyond the comprehension of quack. The main reason for not inviting veterinary doctor to the farm for getting their sick animals treated was distant location of the dispensaries and high fee charged by them for the farm visit. Majority of the respondents were of the opinion that they had to purchase veterinary medicines whenever their animals were taken ill. Similarly, about 67.5% of the respondents reported that they need to pay for medicine as well as treatment. The TIPs and services which are utilized by most of the respondents in the descending order of frequency were vaccination, treatment of animals, technical advice, to obtain mineral mixture and A.I of the D.A.H and A.I., mineral mixture, technical advice and fodder seed of BAIF. There were only 32 and 60 respondents who availed AI services offered by the D.A.H and BAIF respectively. Similarly, there were 73 and 98 respondents who utilized treatment and vaccination services of D.A.H, respectively. However, a good number (51 out of 60) respondents sought technical advice from the officials of D.A.H and all the 60 respondents from the BAIF on various aspects of improved animal husbandry practices. 6 About 35% respondents reported that A.I. services of D.A.H were not always available to them. As many as 32% reported average quality and 35% of them felt that the charges for A.I. were minimal. Whereas, about 92% respondents reported that A.I. services of BAIF was always available to them. All the respondents reported good quality and 65% of them felt that the charges for A.I. were minimal. Similarly, about 42% of the respondents opined that the treatment services were irregular and 44% felt the quantity of services as good and about 32% respondents indicated the service charge as high. A good majority of respondents expressed the opinion that the vaccines were available in adequate quantity on time. 45% of the respondents expressed good quality of vaccines provided by the D.A.H. With respect to the technical advice offered by the staff of D.A.H, 40% of the respondents opined that it was available regularly and 75% expressed the quality of advice as good. However, all the respondents expressed their opinion as regular availability of technical advice and 80% as the good quality of technical advice. The respondents felt that the technical services of the D.A.H staff were not available to them on most of the days and majority of them were not satisfied or cannot express their satisfaction with the services offered by them. However, 75% of the respondents felt that the technical services of the DCDC-in-charge were available most of the days and majority (85%) of them were highly satisfied with the services rendered by them. 7 Among various constraints coming to the way of D.A.H as well as BAIF officials in channelizing the inputs and services, inadequate manpower was ranked as the most severe constraint followed by more area of coverage. Regarding constraints experienced by the D.A.H officials in conducting A.I. programme, irregular and inadequate supply of semen and insufficient supply of liquid nitrogen was the top ranked constraint, whereas, one-third of the BAIF officials identified poor knowledge of the respondents as constraint in conducting the A.I. programme. Poor storage facility for vaccines and untimely supply of vaccines from the department were the most experienced constraints, related to vaccines, by the D.A.H officials. Officials of D.A.H experienced inadequate and irregular supply of proprietary medicines as the major constraints in supplying medicines to the cattle owners. Regarding area of coverage, majority of the D.A.H as well as BAIF officials were feeling the less number of LSAs and bad condition of road as the constraint. Majority of the D.A.H officials were experiencing the non-availability of deepfreezer, sufficient number cryocans and modern gadget for storing medicines, vaccines and semen. This was immediately followed by old and bad working condition of available storage equipments, whereas, the BAIF officials were equipped with adequate and sufficient storage facilities. Poor economic condition and knowledge and awareness among farmers regarding improved AH practices were major constraints from farmer sides experienced by D.A.H as well as BAIF officials in extending TIPs and services. Non-availability of technical staffs for official work and lack of buildings to establish centres in the villages were some miscellaneous constraints faced by the D.A.H 8 officials and non-availability of technical staff by the DCDC-in-charge in effective supply of technical inputs and services. Most of the D.A.H officials (85.72%) were dissatisfied with the present system of input delivery. But only one-third of the BAIF officials were dissatisfied with the present system.ThesisItem Open Access MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS ISOLATED FROM MASTITIC MILK(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2012) Patnaik, Subhasree; Prasad, ArunThe present study was undertaken for isolation and identification of Staphylococcus aureus obtained from cases of bovine mastitis. The antibiotic sensitivity pattern of isolates of Staphylococcus aureus was studied. Molecular characterization of Staphylococcus aureus was done by Sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDSPAGE). For this purpose 75 milk samples were obtained from cases of bovine clinical mastitis. These samples were received in the department from RVC clinical complex, directly from the farmers and from organized private dairy farms in and around Ranchi. Out of 75 milk samples the percentage of Staphylococcus spp. was 53.33 percent, out of which percentage of Coagulase positive and coagualse negative Staphylococcus spp were 28% and 25.33% respectively. The prevalence of Staphylococcal mastitis was the highest among the mastitis caused by other bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis (Coagulase negative Staphylococcus) were identified on the basis of their cultural characteristics, morphology and staining characteristics and biochemical profile. The drug sensitivity test of 21 Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus showed that Ciprofloxacin was most effective antibiotic followed by Tetracycline, Kanamycin, Amikacin, Chloramphenicol, Gentamicin, Streptomycin and Co-trimoxazole in decreasing order. The organisms were moderately sensitive to Cephalexin and Nitrofurantoin but highly resistance to Ampicillin. Similarly, 19 isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis were subjected to antibiotic sensitivity test where Ciprofloxacin, Tetracycline, amikacin, Gentamicin, Kanamycin, Chloramphenicol and Cotrimoxazole were effective. The organisms were moderately sensitive to Nitrofurantoin, but highly resistance to Cephalexin and Ampicillin. When the whole cell protein of 21 isolates of Staphylococcus aureus were subjected to SDS PAGE against protein marker, we got 26 protein bands range from 207.90 KDa to 6.10 KDa having broad similarities. But 4 bands i.e. 36.35 KDa, 31.16 KDa, 24.05 KDa and 19.49 KDa were highly expressed in 8 out of 21 isolates. When the whole cell protein of 19 isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis were subjected to SDS PAGE against protein marker, we got 14 protein bands range from 239 KDa to 14.08 KDa having broad similarities. But 2 bands i.e. 69.09 KDa and 32 KDa were highly expressed in all the isolates.
