Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi

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Plant Density and Spatial Management of Lentil Mustard Intercropping System
(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1998) Ramesh Singh; M. K. Singh
Production of pulses coupled with oilseeds needs to be enhanced to match the national requirement. It can be possible through Intercropping system to a considerable extent. Plant density and spatial arrangements are the two important facets of agronomic practices for minimizing the competition and maximizing yield advantages of intercropping system. Field experiment was conducted during winter season of 1995-96 on a sandy loam soil, acidic in reaction (pH 5.9), low in available N (213.24kg/ha) and medium in available P20s (37.35kg/ha) and K20 (179.0kg/ha) at the Birsa Agricultural University Farm, Ranchi to determine the compatible plant density and row arrangements of lentil mustard intercropping system for higher productivity. The treatments consisted of 9 combinations of lentil mustard inter cropping along with their respective sole cropping. The first 6 Intercrop systems were in additive series with 100 t lentil 25 and 5% mustard each grown in 3 ratio (2:1, 3:1 and 5:1) and the remaining 3 in replacement series where 33, 25 row and 17 lentil were replaced by mustard in the corresponding row ratio of 2:1, 3:1 and 5:1. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three replications. Intercropping of 100 % lentil 25 mustard and 832 lentil + 17 2 mustard each grown in 5:1 row ratio produced a bonus yield of mustard (424 and 324 kg/ha, respectively) without significant reduction in lentil yield (1273 and 1278 kg/ha, respectively) as compared to sole lentil (1453 kg/ha). Consequently both the systems had lentil equivalent yield 1713 and 1614 kg/ha, respectively because less competition and better compatibility leading to land equivalent ratio of of 1.27 and 1.18 and relative crowding coefficient of 4.52 and 3.08, respectively. However, Intercropping of 100 lentil 25 2 mustard grown in S:1 row ratio had significant ly higher energy use efficiency (6.12) through biomass with minimum specific energy requirement (4540 H3/tone) and maximum net return (Rs 18067/ha) and monetary advan tage (Rs 4771/ha).
Open Access
Studies on Crop Geometry and Nutrient Management for Maize + Rice bean Intercropping System
(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1997) Rajni Kiran Lakra; R. K. Bhagat
For suitable planting geometry and nutrient management in saize + ricebean interoropping, a field experiment was conducted during Kharif 1996, at Birsa Agricultural University Farm, Ranchi in a Randomised Block Design replicated thrice. The experiment consists of 19 treatment combinations of maize and ricebean where maize was taken as normal, paired and skip row planting at 100 per cent of nutrients requirement and ricebean intercropped with maize at 188, 58, 25 and zero per cent of the recommended dose of fertilizers. Results revealed that maize grown in association with ricebean in 2:3 row ratio, at 100 per cent of the recommended dose of fertilizers to both component crops, produced maximum naize grain yield (37.25 q/ha), however, it was statistically at par with maize + ricebean in 1:2 row ratio at 100 per cent of the recommended dose of nutrients to both component crops (33.19 q/ha). Maximum ricebean grain yield (12.25 q/ha) was recorded from paired row of naize alongwith ricebean in 2:3 row ratio at 100 per cent of the recommended dose of fertilizers to component crops. Maximum naize equivalent yield (51.03 q/ha) was obtained from paired row planting of maize in association with ricebean in 2:3 ratio at full dose of fertilizers to both component crops and it was significantly superior to rest of the treatments having net return of Rs. 12,367.49 ha-1 and benefit cost ratio of 1:43. Maximum energy from economical (75,014 MJ/ha) and biological yield (1,48,421 MJ/ha) was recorded from the treatments receiving 100 per cent of the recommended dose of fertilizers to both the components crops under 2:3 row ratio. But maximum energy use efficiency (11.59 from economic yield and 26.29 from biological yield) and energy productivity (788 grain gram/MJ) were recorded from sole ricebean at zero level of fertilizer. The results are in conformity with those of Mahapatra and Pradhan (1992). Maximum Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) 2.11 was recorded from maize skip row planting alongwith ricebean in 2:5 row ratio at 25 per cent of the recommended dose of nutrients to ricebean and it was on a par with all the other combinations except normal planting of maize+ ricebean in 1:2 row ratio. where ricebean received 100 or 50 per cent of the recommended dose of fertilizers. Maximum available nitrogen (277 Kg/ha) was recorded from maize + ricebean in 1:2 row ratio. where ricebean was fertilized with 50 per cent of the recommended dose of nutrients. However, maximum available phosphorus (54.23 Kg/ha) and potash (218.67 Ks/ha) were recorded from normal planted maize alongwith ricebean in 1:2 row ratio at 100 per cent of the recommended dose of fertilizers to both the component crops.
Open Access
Studies on Production Potential of Linseed under Certain Agronomical Practices
(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1997) Pawan Kumar Das; A. Rahman
Open Access
Technology Assessment for Late Sown Wheat in well - Endowed and Small Production Systems
(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1997) Kiran Kumari; R.P. Singh "Ratan"
The finding dealt above lead to the conclusion that the study area was endowed with constrained bio-physical and socio –economic factors. Majority of the area owned by the respondents was rainfed having poor fertility status with acidic soils. Ultimately categorized into two types of production systems i.e. small production system (CDR) and well endowed production system . Majority of the respondents were illiterate relatively of middle age having cultivation as their occupation. The farming system of the respondents were complexed and diversified with the important components like crop production, vegetable production and livestock rearing, predominantly the small animals .Existing wheat production practices includes farmers wishful resource management techniques and injudicious use of chemical fertilizers as well as use of traditional non descript variety of seeds. Based upon the hypothesis that the improved seeds as well as balanced use of chemical fertilizers would lead to increased production and productivity the interventions made in the form of on farm research consisting of three treatments in small- production systems and demonstration in well endowed production system were found to be successful in testing their appropriateness as well as convincing the farmers about using the intervened technologies in their existing farming situations. Treatment (T3) i.e. improved seed +improved practices of OFR and demonstration resulted relatively higher productivity and profitability over farmers seed +farmers practices. The respondents favourably reacted to the interventions in terms of selected attributed and opined for their acceptance of treatments provided the input supply if assured timely and adequately. The woman farmers also found the interventions suitable to their multifaceted activity perspectives. The demonstration farmers received relatively higher level of knowledge than those of the participating farmers about late sown wheat production technology .On the basis of farmers assessment and opinion on refinement of late sown wheat production technology finally.
Open Access
Profile Of Rural Credit Structure, Utilization And Extent Of Repayment On Tribal Farms (House Holds) Under Kanke Block
(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1997) Amredra Kumar Panday; R.P.Singh
The study primarily envisaged to examine profile of credit structure, pattern of credit use, repayment and over dues, extent of indebtedness and its causes on different categories of tribal farms (household). Two n tribal dominated villages were randomly selected. From selected villages ,100(hundred ) farmers/ household were randomly selected .Among hundred selected farmers,48,39, 9 farmers and 4 farmers were marginal, small, medium, and large farmers were randomly selected for final study. The number of farmers from each categories was determined by probability to size . The average size of land holding was3.42hectares which varied from 0.56 hectare to 9.40 hectares .The proportional of irrigated and unirrigated area were4.39percent and 95.70percent total; cultivated area .Of the total cropped area ,95.70 percent area was under Karif season, while 4.20 percent area under Rabi season on the selected farms .the average cropping intensity was found to be 104.38 percent on the selected farms. Out of 100 selected farmers, 90 farmers were borrowers of loanees. Out of 90 loans, 35 were from marginal.46 from small, 7 from medium and 2 from larger farm size categories. It was observed that 83 per cent and 17 per cent rural credit total farms credit wad supplied by forma; and informal agencies, respectively. On an average the amount of total credit per farm was recorded to be Rs 69,365.50 by the both agencies. The maximum amount of credit per farm was recorded to be Rs. 11,862.80 on small farm and minimum Rs.(2,650.00) on large farm. The Proportional of agricultural loan and non-agricultural loan were about 85.0 percent and 15.0 percent in total farm credit. Among agriculture purpose, irrigation credit was contributed maximum share followed by milk production, fertilizers on different categories of farms. In case of non-agricultural loan, the maximum amount was shared by education followed by health on different categories of farms.
Open Access
Soil Fertility and Nitrogen Economy in Legume Wheat Sequences
(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1997) Sanjay Kumar; N.K. Prasad
Title: "Soil fertility and nitrogen economy in legume-wheat sequences" With a theme to slash-down the application of nitrogen nutrient through chemical fertilizer in a crop and cropping sequence, exploitation of biological source of nitrogen, and maintaining the soil health for a sustainable crop production is a call of the day. As per 1991-92 fertilizer census, 18% short in nitrogenous fertilizers was reported. Even during 1996-97 a marked fall in (21%) production of nitrogenous fertilizers was reported in comparison to 1995-96. Hence, the present investigation was carried out to assess the contribution of legumes as a biological source of nitrogen for a stable wheat production. In the present studies, five cropping sequences, (main plot, viz: soybean-wheat, cowpea-wheat, blackgram-wheat, stylo-wheat and rice-wheat) and five nitrogen levels (sub-plot, viz: No N25, N50 N75 and N100% of the recommended dose for wheat), thus altogether twentyfive treatments were put in split plot design and replicated thrice, during 1993-94 and 1994-95. The soil of the experimental plots were Silt Loam in texture (Sand, 37.72; Silt 51.10, Clay 11.18% respectively). It was low in Organic Carbon, available N, P and medium in K with PH 6.1. The results of two years of investigation revealed that legumes in general and blackgram in particular significantly contributed towards yield and yield contributing characters in wheat. Accordingly blackgram as a preceding crop to wheat significantly produced maximum grain yield (31.32 qha") of wheat. Wheat yield obtained at 75% recommended dose of nitrogen was statistically tantamount to wheat yield received in presence of 100% Na Introduction of legumes, further enhanced the O/C (%), available N, P and K in general and blackgram in particular enriched the soil fertility in a better way over rest of the legumes. These fertility indices contributed about 95.75 to 96.84 % towards wheat yield during the respective years. The cropping sequences, comprised of legumes also harvested the maximum amount of N, P and K nutrients. Thus, soybean-wheat harvested the maximum quantity of N and P while stylo-wheat harvested the maximum quantity of K. Although, wheat grown after blackgram harvested the maximum N and P but soybean being a more proteinous component gave higher yield of nitrogen, which resulted in overall higher harvest of nitrogen by soybean-wheat sequence. Accordingly, better biomass production by stylo resulted in higher removal of K by stylo-wheat sequence. Increasing trend in N-levels also increased the nutrients removal by different cropping sequences, however, under all the situations, the interaction of cropping sequences and N-levels was not significant The balance-sheet of the fate of nutrients further revealed that under all the legumes based cropping sequences, a positive gain in nitrogen nutrients while fixation of phosphorus under all, the sequences and further gain of potassium were accounted. Though wheat after blackgram produced significantly higher yield over rest of the sequences however, in terms of wheat equivalent yield, stylo-wheat accounted for significantly maximum yield (68.59 qha ¹) due to higher biomass production, and cost of green forage yield of stylo, while application of 75% N accounted for statistically similar wheat equivalent yield (55.32 qha) to 100% N (57.20 qha"). Although, wheat after blackgram produced more protein but soybean-wheat sequence as a whole resulted in significantly higher protein harvest over rest of the sequences (718.42 Kg.ha 1), 75% of N further recorded on par protein yield to what was recorded at 100% N. Stylo-wheat sequencedue to higher biomass production resulted in the maximum production of energy which was closely followed by the energy produced by blackgram-wheat sequence. Application of 75% N resulted in higher energy productivity than it was recorded in presence of 100% N Grain yield of wheat under all the different sequences gave a linear response to nitrogen application. The wheat yield above 75% N was found to be static. Among the sequences, blackgram-wheat accounted for better yield of wheat at each level of nitrogen. Stylo-wheat sequence was more remunerative since, it accounted for maximum net return (Rs. 12,850.00 ha) as well as maximum net return to per rupee investment (1.13). Income received at 75 and 100% N was statistically equal. Performance of wheat grown after legume under 75% nitrogen was more stable since, this accounted for more grain yield over the sequence mean with regression coefficient nearer to unity (bi 1.0) and deviation from regression line resulted to zoro (0). The stability of soil nitrogen status after the completion of two years of experimentation revealed that fertility left over by legume-wheat sequence under 75 % N was more stable. Thus, wheat after blackgram under 75% nitrogen produced maximum wheat yield but in terms of wheat equivalent yield, stylo-wheat sequence resulted in more remunerative sequence over rest of the sequences which also accounted for higher energy production and net return to per rupee investment. Blackgram-wheat sequence was more stable in terms of wheat yield and nitrogen build-up in the soil system.
Open Access
Effect of Planting Pattern and Nutrient Management on Forage Production of Teosinte+Ricebean Intercropping
(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1997) Shiromani Choubey; R.K.Bhagat
An experiment on "Effect of planting pattern and nutrient management on forage production of toosinte ricoboan inter cropping was conducted at oires Agricultural University Forn, Kanke, Ranchi during kherif 1994 and 1995 having three levels of nutrient management (100 % of the recommanded dose to tousinte and ricaboon, 75% of the recommanded dose to toosinto and ricebean and So of the recommended dose to teosinte and ricabuan) in main plot and six planting pattern (toosinte aolo, ricebean cole, tossinte ricaboon (1:1), tousinto + cicoboon (1:2), tosintezicabean (2:1) and tooninta + zicoboan (212) in sub-plats under split plot design with three replications. Result revealed that tooninto groun in association with ricebean in 2:1 rou ratio and fertilized with 75 % of the reco ananded dose of nutrients produced the highest groan Parago (245.70 q/ha), drynatter (41.75 q/ha) and carbohydrate (19.91 /ho) yields, which were statistically at par with the treatment receiving 100 % of the recommended dose of nutziento under samo planting pattern. Hausver, the highest crude protein yield (5.24 e/he) was found from the treatment receiving 100 % of the raco mended dose of nutrient under 2:1 rou arrangement and they were superior to rest of the interactions. The interaction offect of either 100% or 75 of the recommanded dose of nuteient undor 2:1 zou ratio of teosinte and ricobaan also produced sexinus plant population and plant height. The higher levels (75 % or 100) of nutrients when combined with 1:2 stand of teosinte and ricabeun recorded aaxious number of tillors in teosinte end were significantly superior to rest of the treatment combinations. Number of nodules, affective nodules as well as dry coight of nodules/20 cm rou langth were also significantly influenced by the interaction offect of planting pattern and nutrient management, unere solo ricobean with 75% of the recommended dose of nutrient recorded the highest number of nodule, affective nodules and dry weight of nodule/20 cm rou length. But as far as dry usight of root are concerned, uhen 100 of the recomendad dose of nutrients applied either in 2:1 or 2:2 sou ratio produced maximus dry weight of root in toosinto. Ibuover,in ricobaan either 75% or 100% of the recommanded dose of nutrients produced maximum dry weight of root under 212 rou ratio. significantly highest root langth in toosinte vas recorded uhen crop received 100% of the recommended dose of nutrients under toosinte ricobaan in 2:1 rou arrangemant. Hovaver ricebean recorded the highest root length with 75% of the recommended dose of nutriont, under sane planting pattern. The lateral root spread was found highest when toosinte ricobean arranged in 1:1 rou ratio and receiving 100% of the recommended dose of nutrients in both teosinte and recobean. Teosinte ricoboon in 2:1 zou ratie fertilized with 100% of the recommanded dose of nutrient gove maximum yield advantage with LEH value of 1.54. The interaction of teosinte soon in 1:1 zou arrangement with 75 of the recommended dase of nutrients should mininua competitive ratio value of 1.10 and 1.02 of teosinte and ricabean respectively followed by tepointe ricobaan in 2:2 zou ratio under sone level of nutri ants having least competitive ratio value of teosinte (1.14) and ricebean (0.90). Teosinte grown in association with ricabean in 2:1 rou ratio and fertilized with 75% of the recommended dose of nutrient gove maximus not return (Rs.7,605/ha), bonafit:cost ratio (1.99), par day return (Ro.201.43/ha) and monetary advan toge (Rs.5,609/ha) and all thean economic parameters vere statistically at par with the crop receiving 100% of the recommended dose of nutrients under sabe rou arrangement (except not return) and they were significantly superior to rest of the trostount combinations. Toosinto ricobson soun in 2:1 rou ratio and fertilized with 75% of the recommended dose of nutrient resulted with significantly highest gross (74,628 R3/ha) and not (66,773 83/ha) energy output. Similarly, maximum energy use efficiency (8.56) and energy productivity (527.67 gm3/ha) were also recorded in 2:1 rou ratio receiving 75% of the recommended dose of nutrients and were statistically alike with toopinto rice bean soun in 2:1 rou ratio and fertilized with 50% of the recommended dose of nutrients, and also with toosinto rice bean count in 212 rou arrangement and receiving either 100 or 75% of the recommended dose of nutrients. Planting pattern, nutrient management and their inter actions did not show significant differences in soil pH after harvest of the crop. Combination of teosinte ricebean in 2:1 row ratio and fertilized with 100 % of the recommended dose of nutrients exhibited the highest organic carbon content (0.59%) available phosphorus (44,15 kg P205/ha) and potash (42.40 kg K20/ha) in soil after harvest of the crop. However maximum soil available nitrogen at harvest uas recorded in ricoboan solo followed by teosinte (Euchleena mexicana Schred) + rice boan (Viona umbellata (Thumb.) Ohui and Ohashi) in 2:2 rou ratio receiving 75% of the recommended dose of nutrients. The balance sheet of nutrients indicated positive balance of nitrogen and potash and negative balance in phosphorus after harvest of th
Open Access
Smothering of Weeds Through Ravi Crops And Their Geometry
(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1997) Uday Kumar Singh; J. Toppo
In order to study smothering of weeds through rabi crops and their geometry, an experiment was conducted in the eastern section of the Ranchi Agricultural College Farm, Kanke. Ranchi under irrigated condition during the rabi season (November-March) 1995-1996. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with crops wheat, barley and lentil in the main plots and crop geometry-normal sowing (22.5 cm), close sowing (15 cm) and cross sowing (22.5x22.5 cm) in sub-plots. The treatments were replicated thrice. The soll of the experimental plot was sandy loam. low in fertility and slightly acidic in reaction. Among the crops, wheat produced maximum grain equivalent. It was followed in decreasing order by lentil and barley. Barley produced minimum equivalent. When mean equivalent was compared among different crop geometry. cross and normal sowing caused similar equivalent and both displayed superiority over close sowing in Increasing the equivalent. Wheat gave higher net return than lentil. Net return in wheat and barley was comparable. However, when mean net return was compared among different crop geometry, cross sowing caused higher net return than close sowing. In increasing net return normal was found as effective as cross sowing. It is interesting to note that benefit: cost ratio remained unaffected due to crops and crop geometry. Maximum protein content was recorded in lentil which was followed in decreasing order by wheat and barley. However, when mean protein content was compared among different crop-geometry, maximum protein content was recorded in plants sown at cross sowing. It was followed in decreasing order by normal sowing and close sowing. The above results clearly indicate that under the above sol moisture and fertility conditions, wheat should be grown at normal spacing i.e. at 22.5 cm. Moreover, this is the result of a single year and hence for confirmation of the results the investigation needs to be repeated..
Open Access
Studies on Productivity of Finger millet Based Intercropping System
(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1997) Chandra Alok Kumar; S.Ahmad
Studies on finger millet based intercropping system were made in field experiment conducted during kharif 1994 on representative Sandyloam upland soils (Bihar plateau) at Birsa Agricultural University farm, Ranchi with main objectives of introducing a sustainable intercropping system in place of dominant monocropping system in rainfed uplands. The average rainfall of area is about 1365 mm. most of which received between mid June to mid September Under this investigation fingermillet (Birsa marua -1) was taken as based crop and pigeonpea (BR-65) was taken as intercrop with fingermillet. The experiment was conducted in randomized block design with three (3) replications and eleven (11) treatment combinations consisting of three sole cropping (fingermillet drilled, fingermillet transplanted and pigeonpea), four (4) fingermillet drilled+ pigeonpea (3:1), fingermillet drilled + pigeonpea (4:1), fingermillet drilled + pigeonpea (6:2) and fingermillet drilled+ pigeonpea (8:2) and four (4) fingermillet transplanted + pigeonpea (3:1), fingermillet transplanted+pigeonpea (6.2) and fingermillet transplanted + pigeonpea (8:2) row ratios in intercropping system. Reduction in growth and yield attributing characters (plant high and tillers plant weight ear, grain ear and 1000 grain weight) of fingermillet in intercropping system was higher than sole cropping. It was evident from the data on relative crowding co-efficient and competitive ratio which revealed more competition in intercropping between component crops Better growth and yield attributing characters (plant height and branching plant pods plant and 100 seed weight) of pigeonpea was recorded under sole crop as compared to intercropping system where two component crops exerted more competition for light, moisture and nutrient. This was also evident from the lower yield of pigeonpea in intercropping system. Crop growth and yield attributes of fingermillet was also influenced by methods of establishment. Better growth and yield components were obtained under transplanted fingermillet than drilled fingermillet. It was evident from higher yield of fingermillet under transplanted condition than drilled condition. Higher reduction in growth and yield attributes of pigeonpea was found with transplanted fingermillet which established earlier and adversely affected the growth of pigeonpea as compared to drilled fingermillet with pigeonpea treatment combinations in intercropping system. The yield advantage of intercropping was also enhanced by changing the row proportion of the component crops. Maximum land equivalent ratio (1.37) and relative crowding co-efficient (22.85) was obtained with fingermillet transplanted + pigeonpea (6:2) row ratio which was followed by fingermillet transplanted + pigeonpea (3:1) row ratio in intercropping system than rest of the treatments. Grain yield of fingermillet was reduced in intercropping as compared to sole cropping. Reduction in growth and yield attributing characters of fingermillet was adversely affected the grain yield in intercropping system. Maximum fingermillet equivalent yield (15.67 q ha') and net return Rs. 2179 ha was obtained under fingermillet transplanted+pigeonpea (6:2) row ratio in intercropping. This was followed by fingermillet transplanted + pigeonpea (3:1) and fingermillet transplanted + pigeonpea (4:1) row ratio, respectively, than rest of the treatment combinations.

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