AN IN-DEPTH STUDY OF STATUS OF KHATALS IN AND AROUND RANCHI CITY
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Date
2007
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Publisher
Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand
Abstract
Indian dairying is emerging as a sunrise industry. India represents
one of the world’s largest and fastest growing markets for milk and milk products
due to the increasing disposable incomes among the 250 million strong middle
class. With an annual growth rate of over 5 per cent the country’s milk production
has reached 90.7 lakh tones in the year 2004-05.
The upsurge in milk production has thrown up unprecedented
challenges in milk marketing. The country is blessed with an enormous domestic
market which is magnet attracting multinationals to India.
Liquid milk offers a vast scope for expanding sales in the short term
in the market. About 35 per cent of the milk produced is consumed in the urban
areas. Of this, the cooperatives supply about 20 per cent, private dairies about 2
per cent, government managed dairies about 2 per cent and a highly significant
share by Private traders. The milk is supplied to the urban consumers by periurban
and urban-based milk producers.
The continued strong presence in the urban areas of traditional
vendors provides a yardstick for marketing. On ground of hygiene, prevention of
adulteration and other malpractices as well as environment-friendly urban
development, the importance of the traditional khatal needs to be de-emphasized
or his operations modernized. This offers tremendous marketing opportunities.
However, such a change is possible only if the organized sectors are
demonstrably better than the traditional vendors in such consumer services as
door delivery, credit etc.
Little efforts have been made to study the small privately-owned
khatals that are coming up at every nook and corner of the cities to cater to the
needs of the local people residing nearby.
The present study was taken up as an effort to throw some light on
the existing conditions of these khatals in and around Ranchi city with the
following objectives:
To study the existing A.H. practices followed by the khatals owners.
To study the extent of knowledge and adoption of improved A.H.
practices.
To study the reproductive performance of dairy animals kept by the
khatals owners.
To study the prevalence of diseases and remedial measures taken
by the khatals owners.
To work out the economics of milk production of dairy animals
maintained by the khatals owners.
To identify the constraints and highlight the perceived needs of the
khatals owners.
The present study was carried out in purposively selected Ranchi
city of Jharkhand. Ranchi city was purposively selected as a large number
(Approximately 1200) of khatals were located in this city.
The khatals were located in various areas of Ranchi, for the shake
selection of samples from Ranchi city and its surrounding, the city was divided
into six zones namely, South West (ZI), South (ZII), Central (ZIII), East (ZIV),
North (ZV)m, West (ZVI) on the basis of distribution of khatals in these regions.
From each zone 30 khatals were selected randomly. Thus a total of
180 khatals were selected for the study.
All the khatals owners were interviewed personally with the help of
a structured schedule.
The data were collected with the help of structured interview
schedule incorporating all the items on which information were required. The
respondents were individually contacted at the khatals. The data thus collected
was compiled, tabulated and subjected to the statistical analysis viz; frequently,
percentage, mean, standard error, analysis of variance and coefficient of
correlation were used to test the accuracy of data.
The overall age of the respondents was found to be 42.65 ± 0.82
years. Majority of respondents were educated (52.22 %) up to middle school
level. Majority (80 %) of respondents belonged to Yadav caste. The respondent’s
family size was medium consisting of 6-9 members.
Livestock rearing was main primary occupation of the respondent.
Most of the family belonged to landless (62.77 %) category and possessed large
herd size (> 6 milch animals).
Zone-I, Zone-II, Zone-III and Zone-V members had taken some
credits, whereas Zone-IV and Zone-VI people were less oriented towards credit.
The average amount of credit taken ranged from Rs. 27500 by Zone-V members
to Rs. 45000 by Zone-I members.
Most of the farmers had high economic motivation. Majority of
Zone-II, Zone-III and Zone-V members had favourable attitude, whereas, Zone-I,
Zone-IV and VI farmers had neutral attitude towards dairy farming.
Use of communication sources was found to be quite low in all the
Zones.
Most of the respondents (94.44 %) did not receive any training
whereas only 5.56 per cent respondents had received training.
It was found that none of the khatal owner in the Ranchi city were
maintaining local cattle, all the khatal owners were keeping crossbred cattle and
87 percent of the respondent were also rearing buffalo.
The cattle were kept on stall feeding and were not sent for grazing,
whereas 76.66 percent of the respondents kept their buffalo on grazing and stall
feeding. Grazing was mostly performed by the children, preferably during
evening. The main ingredients of concentrate mixture was reported to be Dal
chunni (95 %), wheat bran (93.33 %), mustard cake (84.44 %), G.N. cake (93.33
%), crushed maize (67.77%), salt (85.55 %) and Gur (58.88 %). Only about 14
per cent of the respondents were feeding ready made Pashu ahar. Only few
respondents (27.22%) were feeding mineral mixture to cows in milk, and 12.65%
per cent of the buffalo owners fed mineral mixture to buffalo in milk. Any cattle
and buffalo heifer and calves were not fed with mineral mixture.
Majority (86.66 %) of the cattle were artificially inseminated,
whereas majority (46.87 %) of buffalo were bred by natural service of known
pedigree bull and 30.62 per cent by natural service of unknown pedigree bull and
only 22.50 percent through artificial insemination. Majority of the respondents
identified heat in their animals by seeing the sign like bellowing (100 %), mucus
discharge from vulva (81.11 %), mounting on other animals (41.11%) and
frequent urination (34.44 %). Majority of the respondents could know that their
animals are pregnant by the sign that animal was not coming to heat after service
(73.33 %) external symptom (26.66%) and rectal palpation (27.77%).
Majority of the khatal owners were keeping their animals in shed of
thatched roof with no wall (61.66 %) and thatched roof with thatched wall
(11.66%).
Majority of the respondents were providing bedding (mainly straw)
to their young stock, colostrum was fed to new born calves after the placenta is
shed. Only 31.11 percent of the respondents were deworming their calves as
specified by the veterinarians. Naval cutting was not followed by majority of the
respondents and it was left to fall off naturally.
Most of the khatal owners were preventing their pregnant animals
from grazing during last 15 days and were also providing extra ration. Usually
assistance was provided during parturition and Replanta or boiled Paddy along
with bamboo leaves were given for easy expulsion of placenta. If placenta was
retained, they consulted veterinary staff. To avoid ingestion of placenta by the
animals, it was either buried (88 %) or thrown away (8.33 %). Warm water, Haldi
and Molasses were the common feed given after parturition by the khatal
owners.
Majority of khatal owners were milking their animals by themselves
and most of them adopted full hand milking (92.22 %). All the respondents were
washing their hand before milking. Only 5.55 per cent of respondents were found
washing their animals before milking, but majority (96.66 %) of respondents was
cleaning its udder before milking. Negligible percentage of respondents were
giving water to the animal before milking. Generally bucket was used for milking.
The utensils were cleaned by using Detergent (61.11 %) or only water (21.11 %)
or by Rakh (17.77 %).
Age of the first calving was found to be 30.25 ± 0.34 month in case
of cattle and was significantly different in different zones and 41.08 ± 0.12 in case
of buffalo. Lactation length and dry period was reported to be 9.97 ± 0.04 and
2.12 ± 0.01 months in cattle and 7.14 ± 0.22 and 3.09 ± 0.l01 months in buffalo.
The calving interval in cattle was 15.20 ± 0.20 months and in buffalo it was 18.78
± 0.14 months.
70 per cent of respondents were getting vaccinated their animals,
60 per cent vaccinated their animals against FMD, 6.66 per cent against BQ and
3.33 per cent against H.S. About 57 per cent of the respondents were consulting
veterinarian, 30 per cent were consulting Stockman/ Coumpounder, 9.4 per cent
local quack and only 3 per cent were doing self medication when their animals
were sick. All the respondents were maintaining cleanliness in the house, but
majority (88.88 %) of respondents were not segregating their sick animals.
Anoestrous (48.88 %), Repeat breeding (40 %), Mastitis (34.44 %), Tympany
(31.1 %), FMD (25.55 %), H.S. (25.55 %), Milk fever (22.22 %), Theileria (10 %)
and Surra (10 %) were found to be common diseases encountered in khatal
during the last five years.
Majority of the respondents had high knowledge level in Zone-I
(93.33 %), Zone-II (86.66 %) and Zone-VI (73.33 %) and medium knowledge
level in Zone-III (80.0 %), Zone IV (70.0 %) and Zone-V (80.0 %). The knowledge
about scientific dairy husbandry practices was found to be highly significantly
correlated with adoption at 0.05 level and with size of family, milk production, milk
sale and net income from dairying at 0.01 level.
xviii. The adoption level was found to be medium (35.55 %) and high (57.22 %)
and was correlated with knowledge (0.05 %) and size of family, herd size, milk
production, milk sale and net income from dairying (0.01 %).
The average milk production per khatal was 57.53 ± 3.85, 61.13 ±
3.10, 43.46 ± 2.90, 50.40 ± 5.51, 41.86 ± 2.53 and 41.46 ± 2.52 litres per day in
Zone-I, Zone-II, Zone-III, Zone-IV, Zone-V and Zone-VI respectively. The
average milk production per milch animal was found to be about 5.58 litres per
day.
Milk consumption by all the khatal members was found to be
3.12 ± 0.14 litres per day. The ‘F’ value revealed that the difference between
situation (zone) was non-significant. Milk sale per khatal per day was found to be
45.60 ± 1.24 litres. The F value revealed that there was highly significant
difference between zones with regard to milk sale per day. Majority of the
respondents (86.66%) sold their milk directly to consumer at khatal, followed by
home delivery (7.77%), to middle men (3.33 %) and to hotel or halwai (2.22 %).
The highest net income per dairy animal (Rs. 16932.40) was
obtained by Zone-II members followed by Zone V (Rs. 15884.88) Zone-I (Rs.
14345.52), Zone-III (Rs. 14958.77) and Zone-IV (Rs. 14572.42) and Zone VI (Rs.
11195.43) members.
High cost of concentrate mixture (93.33 %), high cost of modern
medicine (87.77%), problem of anoestrous and repeat breeding in dairy animal
(84.44%), lower price of milk (67.77 %) were expressed as the most serious
constraints by the khatal owners. Whereas lack of guidance (training facilities)
about the management of milch animals (65.55 %), difficulty in obtaining loan
(57.77 %) and charging exorbitant amount by the Veterinarian (47.77 %) were
serious constraints expressed by the khatal owners. Neglect by the Veterinarians
(21.11 %) and lack of drinking water facility (21.11 %) were also regarded as
constraints by the khatal owners.
Subsidy on loan for dairying (66.66 %), treatment facility at door
step (63.88%), availability of A.I. facility at door step (63.88 ), availability of cattle
feed at reasonable cost (61.11 %), infertility comp once in a month (56.66 %),
reasonable price for milk (22.77 %), education of scientific dairy husbandry
practices (46.66 %), drinking water facility for animal (42.22 %), existence of milk
cooperative society in the area (38.88 %), availability of bank service in the area
(33.33 %) were perceived as important need by the khatal owners in descending
order.
Description
AN IN-DEPTH STUDY OF STATUS OF KHATALS IN AND AROUND RANCHI CITY
Keywords
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