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ThesisItem Open Access Antimicrobial Resistance Traits in Selected Food Borne Bacteria Recovered From Raw Chicken and Eggs(MAFSU, Nagpur, 2024-04-10) Shisode Shilpa Ganesh; Kolhe, R. P.Antimicrobial resistance is a global public health threat, and it is also a food safety concern. Foods of animal origin are considered major vehicles for the transmission of resistant foodborne bacteria. Limited information on resistance in food animals is available due to inadequate AMR monitoring systems. This study was undertaken to find out the prevalence of resistant E. coli, Salmonella, Enterococcus, and S. aureus in raw chicken and table eggs. Altogether, 240 samples comprised of raw chicken and eggs (120 each) were collected. The prevalence of E. coli (48.33%), and Enterococci (42.5%) was more as compared to S. aureus (22.5%), and Salmonella (19.16%) in raw chicken. On eggshell surfaces, E. faecium was more prevalent than E. faecalis. Salmonella could not be detected from eggshells. E. coli isolates were resistant to tetracycline, cefazolin, ceftriaxone, and ampicillin. They were susceptible to amikacin, gentamicin, and chloramphenicol. Over 44 (75.86%) E. coli were MDR strains. Salmonella isolates from chicken also showed 100% resistance to tetracycline, and cefazolin (56.52%). S. aureus isolated were highly resistant to clindamycin, linezolid, methicillin, and oxacillin. Enterococci were highly resistant to tetracycline, vancomycin, clindamycin, and erythromycin, and 94.11% of Enterococci were MDR strains. ESBL-positive strains could not be detected by the phenotypic method, however, blaTEM and tetA genes were predominantly detected in E. coli and Salmonella. blaCTX-M was present in one isolate and blaSHV was present in two E. coli obtained from chicken. None of the phenotypically positive methicillinresistant S. aureus was positive for mecA gene. We could not detect stx1/stx2 genes in E. coli; however, Salmonella isolates of chicken were positive for invA (100%), stn (55.55%), spvR (22.22%), and iroB (44.44%) virulent genes. Continuous surveillance to recognize the shifting pattern of resistance, ESBL phenotypes, and associated genetic elements in foodborne bacteria of animals and poultry is necessary.ThesisItem Open Access Developmental Toxicity Study of Glyphosate-Based Herbicide in Wistar Rats(MAFSU, Nagpur, 2024-04-10) Lote Dhanashree Dadabhau; Karande, V. V.The present study was planned to determine the developmental toxicity of glyphosate-based herbicide in Wistar rats. A total of 110 animals were used in the study and divided into three phases: acute toxicity, sub-acute toxicity, pre and post-natal toxicity. An acute toxicity study was performed as per OECD guideline 423 which revealed the LD50 of GBH between 2500 to 5000mg/kg body weight with signs of salivation, gasping, frothy discharge, bleeding from the nose, squinted eyes, diarrhoea, and death. However, all toxicological signs resolved after 72 hours of dosing. Sub-acute toxicity study involved 40 female rats grouped as T1, T2, T3, and T4 and administered GBH at 0, 500, 1000, 1500mg/kg. The study was conducted as per OECD guideline 407. GBH was administered orally by gavage needle for 28 days. The body weight (g) was recorded on 0, 7th, 14th, 21st, and 28th day. Body weight was significantly increased initially but at the end of the experiment significantly reduced in groups receiving higher doses. Hematological parameters were significantly decreased in the treatment groups compared to the control group. The biochemical parameters such as Cr, SGOT, SGPT, and ALP were significantly increased in the treatment groups compared to the control group. Histopathological examination revealed degenerative changes and mild to moderate necrosis, and congestion in the liver, kidney, heart, and stomach compared to the control group. The developmental toxicity study involved 40 females and 20 males grouped as T1, T2, T3,and T4 and dosed at 750, 500, and 300mg/kg, respectively and T4 was kept as control and administered for 14 days before mating till PND 13th. In-utero fetal development was assessed on 17th day of pregnancy. The blood parameters were assessed on 21st day of pregnancy. The data revealed that the exposure of GBH at different doses, different time intervals and in different physiological conditions of animals may cause adverse effects on body weight, hematological, and biochemical parameters of the developing animal. Long term exposure of glyphosate-based herbicide may cause toxic effects and also produce developmental defects in next generations. Hence, judicial use of such hazardous chemicals are necessary.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of Feeding Spineless Cactus (opuntia ficus) on Growth Performance of Madgyal Lambs(MAFSU, Nagpur, 2024-04-03) Pawar Akshaykumar Ashokrao; Bhokre, S. M.The present work was conducted on eighteen Madgyal lambs divided in three groups with 6 lambs in each for 90 days to assess the “Effect of feeding spineless cactus (opuntia ficus) on growth performance of Madgyal lambs”. The feeding schedule was stall feeding with a dry and concentrated mixture + chopped spineless cactus replaced for green roughages with 20% in T1 and 40% in T2. Average fortnightly weight gain and ADG values of T0, T1 & T2 were 22.03, 21.96, 21.85(kg) & 110,109,108 gm/head/day, respectively. Nonsignificant values were observed in all weeks of fortnight and ADG. The average values of Haemoglobin, PCV, TLC, and TEC, were recorded as 9.98,9.95,9.82gm/dl,32.66,32.70,32.19 (%), 5.44,5.49,5.51, 12.06,11.31,11.83,` The average values of serum glucose, Total protein, Serum albumin, SGOT and SGPT were recorded as All the values of haemato-biochemical parameters were found to be non-significant in all groups. Feeding cost/kg weight gain was recorded as 187,184,183 in the T0, T1, and T2 groups respectively. The study indicates that the chopped spineless cactus will be economical for raising lambs and have no adverse effect on experimental animals.ThesisItem Open Access Augmentation of Reproductive Performance Through Controlled Breeding in Goats(MAFSU, Nagpur, 2024-04-08) Nimse Pravin Ramdas; Amle, M. B.The present research work was entitled “Augmentation of reproductive performance through controlled breeding in goats”. The experimental goats (n=30) were randomly allocated in three groups, goats of two groups were synchronized by adopting two different synchronization protocols. The goats of Group-I (n=10) were synchronized by using Double Prostaglandin Protocol (inj. D-Cloprostenol 75μg) administered by intramuscular route 10 days apart, whereas, goats of Group-II (n=10) were synchronized by adopting a short progestagen treatment (0.3g progesterone) with the intravaginal insertion of CIDR kept in situ for a duration of 9 days. Group-III experimental goats (n = 10) were exposed with adult intact buck and observed for natural estrus. The goats of all the three groups were observed for natural/synchronized estrus and were mated with the adult intact proven buck during standing heat. The parameters viz estrus response, behavioural and physical signs of estrus, onset of estrus and estrus duration, pre-ovulatory follicular dimensions at estrus, conception rate and correlation between ovarian pre-ovulatory follicular size on conception in goats were studied. The goats of group I synchronized by employing double prostaglandin injections, the percentage (%) of showing estrus discharge, wagging of tail, receptive to mounting, frequent micturition and swelling of vulva were found to be 50.00, 100.00, 25.00, 75.00 and 12.50, respectively. The goats of group II treated with intravaginal insertion of CIDR the percentage (%) of wagging of tail, frequent micturition and swelling of vulva were recorded as 100.00, 71.42 and 14.28, respectively. The overall percentage of estrus symptoms (natural) like estrus discharge, wagging of tail, frequent micturition and swelling of vulva exhibited by goats in group III were observed as 30.00, 100.00 80.00, 20.00, respectively. The overall percentage of goats exhibiting estrus and estrus response in Group I, Group II and Group III were 80 %, 70 % & 100 %, respectively. The mean interval of exhibition of estrus (h) from the end of the treatment and mean duration of estrus (h) in does reported in present study in Group I, Group II and Group III were recorded as 63.63±9.93 and 39.56 ±2.40, 45.86±1.64 and 45.14±3.27 and 0.00±0.00 and 37.50±1.77, respectively. The trans-rectal ultrasonic images in terms of diameter of ovarian preovulatory follicles (mm) (Mean ± SE) during estrus in does in Group I, Group II and Group III were recorded as 7.30 ±0.56, 6.85 ±0.12 and 7.01 ± 0.42, respectively. The goats subjected for double injection regimen of PGF2α for estrus synchronization shown marginally larger pre-ovulatory follicular size during estrus Conception rates of goats belonging to Group I, Group II and Group III were found to be 87.5 %, 57.14% and 70 %, respectively. Higher conception rates following double PGF2α protocol for synchronization of estrus in goats were observed. The mean dimensions of pre-ovulatory follicles and conception rate in does Group I, Group II, and Group III were recorded and there was no significant correlation between pre-ovulatory follicle size and conception rates in does exhibiting natural as well as induced estrus.ThesisItem Open Access Prediction of Live Body Weight Using Linear Body Measurements in Pandharpuri Buffalo(MAFSU, Nagpur, 2024-04-10) Kapane Prasad Devidas; Shende, T. C.Pandharpuri buffalo is considered as important buffalo breed in Maharashtra with speciality of multiple milking character. The milk production and fat % of this breed is 1790 kg and 8 % respectively. Body weight is crucial to judge growth and overall development of animals to facilitate their selection for breeding purpose. To overcome various constraints faced by the farmers to weigh the animals by weighing balance in the present study to develop a prediction equation to predict live body weight (LBW) of Pandharpuri buffaloes (N=207) by measurement of various body dimensions. A total of 15 body dimensions were used viz. body length (BL), heart girth (HG), abdominal girth (AG), height at withers (HAW), height at the hook (HH), the distance between pins (DPN), the distance between hook (DHK) and distance between pin and hook (DPH), horn length (HL), rump height (RH), muzzle width (MW), neck girth (NG), scapioischial length (SIL), tail length (TL), and head width (HW). Initial statistical analysis revealed highest correlation of LBW with NG followed by DHK. In this study, different mathematical equations were tested for LBW prediction, the Aggarwal's formula exhibited the lowest standard error of estimate. Assumptions for multiple linear regression were tested, and simple regression identified NG as the most influential predictor. Multiple regression analysis through enter and stepwise methods identified significant independent variables affecting LBW. The final stepwise model consisted of neck girth (NG), distance between hook (DHK), scapio-ischial length (SIL), height at withers (HAW), and abdominal girth (AG), achieving a high coefficient of determination (r2 = 0.865) and low standard error of estimate (26.92 kg). The formula of the model was y = a + b1 X1 + b2 X2 + b3 X3 + b4 X4 + b5 X5 + e, where y = LBW, a = intercept of the model (-259.190), b1 = regression coefficient of NG (4.612), b2 = regression coefficient of DHK (2.47), b3 = regression coefficient of SIL (1.529), b4 = regression coefficient of HAW (-1.79), b5 = regression coefficient of AG (0.799) and e = error of the model. Validation of the final model on field data demonstrated its reliability in predicting LBW. This study provides a cost-effective and accessible method for estimating LBW in Pandharpuri buffaloes, aiding farmers in monitoring animal performance and enhancing dairy management practices.ThesisItem Open Access Pathological and Molecular Studies on Caprine Respiratory Mycoplasmosis(MAFSU, Nagpur, 2024-04-10) Erra Srikanth; Kamdi, B. P.Respiratory mycoplasmosis, is a very severe disease among all Mycoplasma infections in goats. It shows high mortality and morbidity rates in the goat population, ultimately responsible for substantial economic losses to the farmers. This study aimed to describe pathomorphology and molecular characterization of Mycoplasma spp. causing respiratory mycoplasmosis in caprines. Out of 790 screened animals, total of 155 pneumonic lung tissue samples were collected from the vicinity of Akola, Maharashtra. All the samples were subjected to DNA extraction followed by PCR, using Mycoplasma genus specific primers. Out of 155 samples 54 (34.8%) samples were positive for genus Mycoplasma with specific amplicon size of 280 bp by PCR. Subsequently, Mycoplasma genus positive samples were subjected to M. ovipneumoniae and Mccp identification by using species specific primers. Among 155 caprine lung samples, 39 (25.16%), 15 (9.6%) and 6 (3.87%) samples were positive for M. ovipneumoniae, Mccp and concurrent infection, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis of Mycoplasma isolates from the current study confirmed the isolates as M. ovipneumoniae and Mccp. Histopathological studies of Mycoplasma positive lung tissue samples revealed various types of pneumonia include, bronchopneumonia, interstitial pneumonia, bronchointerstitial pneumonia, with the most characteristic lesions such as fibrinous pleuritis, bronchitis with BALT hyperplasia, bronchial and bronchiolar epithelial hyperplasia, necrotic alveolitis with type II pneumocytic hyperplasia, thickened interalveolar and interstitial septae, syncytial cell formation, goblet cell hyperplasia, and marked infiltration of inflammatory exudate rich in neutrophils and mononuclear cells. Present study warrants to conduct large scale molecular studies for understanding the concept of patho-epidemiology of mycoplasmosis in goats to implement preventive strategies to minimize production losses in farmers.ThesisItem Open Access Pathological Studies on Bovine Pneumonia with Special Reference to Bovine Parainfluenza Virus 3 Infection(MAFSU, Nagpur, 2024-03-02) Kudale Atul Pandurang; Kamdi, B. P.Bovine pneumonia is a considerable ailment that profoundly affects the livestock sector and great impact on mortality of animal. The primary objective of the present investigation was to examine the occurrence of bovine pneumonia in the Akola district, along with the associated pathomorphology caused by a specific pathogen Bovine parainfluenza virus 3. Out of total 1410 animals, 1230 carcasses were inspected for any pulmonary lesion and 180 animals were screened for any respiratory signs during April 2023 to December 2023, 325 bovine carcasses showing pneumonic lesions were collected for pathological and molecular studies. Grossly, lung displayed cranio-ventral consolidation, either red or grey hepatisation with firm to rubbery consistency and exudate varied from frothy to mucupurulent in trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli. The cranioventral segment exhibited frequent consolidation in the right cranial lobe. The incidence of bovine pneumonia in Akola district was 26.42% (325/1230). On histopathological examination interstitial pneumonia (29.84%, 97/325) had more occurrence followed by bronchopneumonia (21.84%, 71/325), bronchointerstitial pneumonia (5.53%, 18/325), granulomatous pneumonia (2.46%, 8/325). As bronchopneumonia further classified as suppurative bronchopneumonia (17.53%, 57/325) and fibrinous bronchopneumonia (4.30%, 14/325). The incidence of pulmonary hydatidosis was (10.65%, 131/1230). The total 254 sample examined for bovine parainfluenza virus 3 by PCR with specific primers (328bp). The incidence of bovine parainfluenza was 5.51%. The BPIV-3 positive cases had acute bronchointerstitial pneumonia (04), suppurative bronchopneumonia (01), fibrinous bronchopneumonia (02) and interstitial pneumonia (03). On phylogenetic analysis, All four isolates of the current study were homologous to each other and closely related to the Asian BPIV-3 isolates from Japan and China and distantly related to the isolates from USA. The present study indicated 26.42% occurrence of bovine pneumonia and 5.51% incidence of bovine parainfluenza virus 3 in Akola district.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of Psidium guajava Leaves on Adenine Induced Chronic Kidney Disease in Rats(MAFSU, Nagpur, 2024-03-02) Anandgaonkar Varad Amolrao; Ingole, R. S.The present study was carried out to evaluate the nephroprotective effect of aqueous extract of Psidium guajava leaves in adenine induced chronic kidney disease (CKD) in rats. The extract was subjected to HR-LCMS analysis which revealed the presence of various flavonoids and polyphenolic bioactive compounds with potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The study involved 5 groups of 8 male Wistar rats each labelled as Group I served as normal control group which received 0.5% CMC solution by gavage for 28 days. Group II kept as CKD control group and administered with adenine solution @100mg/kg b. wt. (1-28 days). Group III was gavaged with aqueous extract of guava leaves @300mg/kg b. wt. (1-28 days). Group IV simultaneously received adenine solution and aqueous extract of guava leaves @100mg/kg and 300mg/kg b. wt. respectively per orally for 1-28 days. Group V was administered with adenine solution @100mg/kg b. wt. for 1-28 days and then treated with aqueous extract of guava leaves @300mg/kg from 15-28 days. Rats of adenine intoxicated group showed clinical signs such as polyuria, polydipsia and dehydration. Adenine treated group II rats showed significant decrease in weekly feed intake and weekly body weight while significant increase in weekly water intake and mean and relative kidney weight. Significant decrease in Hb, PCV, TEC and lymphocyte count while significant increase in TLC and neutrophil count was observed in group II. Serum BUN, creatinine, AST, ALT and phosphorous levels elevated significantly while serum total protein, albumin, globulin and calcium was significantly decreased in group II rats. Group II showed significant increase in MDA while significant decline in SOD, CAT and GSH enzymes. Treatment with aqueous extract of Psidium guajava leaves significantly alleviated effects of adenine induced CKD with marked improvement in general performance, haematobiochemical and antioxidant parameters in group IV followed by group V. Grossly kidneys of the group II were significantly enlarged with extensive deposition of white crystals over the surface. Microscopically, kidney sections of group II showed profound histopathological changes characterized by loss of renal histoarchitecture with diffuse interstitial fibrosis which were mitigated in rats of groups IV and V. Thus, aqueous extract of Psidium guajava leaves showed nephroprotective effects in adenine induced chronic kidney disease in rats.ThesisItem Open Access Pathology of Spontaneously Occurring Salmonellosis in Chickens(MAFSU, Nagpur, 2024-03-02) Akare Isha Pramod; Ingole, R. S.The present study investigated the isolation and identification of Salmonella and spontaneous pathology of salmonellosis in chickens. Total 212 dead birds, comprising of broilers, layers and backyard birds in and around Akola were considered for the present investigation. Liver tissue and intestinal content were obtained aseptically from each bird for cultural, biochemical, morphological and molecular confirmation of Salmonella. On cultural examination, out of 212 birds, 28 were found positive for Salmonella. PCR confirmation revealed overall occurance of 75% for Salmonella spp. Total 75% samples were positive for S. Gallinarum using the ratA gene primer by PCR. Multiplex PCR analysis revealed 58.33% samples positive for S. Typhimurium (Flic-C) and 8.33% samples positive for S. Enteritidis (IE-1). Presence of the invA, iroB and stn virulence genes detected in all Salmonella isolates, while none of the isolates contained the spvC and spvR genes. AST showed higher degree of sensitivity to amikacin and piperacillin-tazobactam while trimethoprim and ampicillin showed resistance. Additionally, 24 phenotypically ESBL positive Salmonella isolates were further analyzed for the distribution of ESBL genes using multiplex PCR. The results showed all samples were positive for the blaTEM gene, followed by 37.5% for blaSHV, 25% for blaCTX-M and none of the samples were positive for blaOXA. Gross pathological examinations of Salmonella-infected birds showed swollen liver and spleen along with multiple necrotic foci on the liver, pinpoint hemorrhages on the spleen and congestion in intestine, kidneys, lungs and heart. Microscopic observations revealed diffuse necrosis, granular and vacuolar changes in the liver, desquamation of tubular epithelium, degenerative changes in the kidneys, necrosis of bronchiolar wall epithelium in the lungs and myocardial degeneration in the heart. Additionally, the spleen exhibited depletion of lymphoid cells, while the intestine showed infiltration of inflammatory cells into the lamina propria, along with atrophy of intestinal glands and degenerative changes.
