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Open Access
NUTRITIONAL EVALUATION OF APBN1 GRASS AND EFFECT OF PROTEIN SUPPLEMENTATION ON THE PERFORMANCE OF DECCANI SHEEP
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2005-06) JAGADISH, Ch; RAMANA REDDY, Y(MAJOR); NAGALAKSHMI, D; MAHENDER, M
ABSTRACT : Evaluation of the potential feeding value of APBN1, an improved variety of hybrid napier as the sole feed and in supplemented rations was carried out to develop a forage based feeding system for intensive rearing of sheep. APBN1 forage samples harvested at 30, 40, 45, 50 and 60 days of growth were subjected to chemical, in vitro and in sacco evaluation to determine the optimum stage of harvesting for maximization of forage utilization in terms of fodder yield and nutritional quality. The yield of green fodder, dry matter and crude protein (MT/ha/yr) of APBN1 forage harvested at 30, 40, 45, 50 and 60 days of growth was found to be 274.68, 47.35, 7.44; 291.34, 61.09, 9.08; 344.74, 76.39, 11.45; 368.45, 85.26, 11.36 and 387.95, 98.81 and 11.21, respectively. The leaf to stem ratio of APBN1 forage at 30, 40, 45, 50 and 60 days of growth was found to be 0.36, 0.46, 0.65, 0.95 and 1.36, respectively. The dry matter content of forage increased from 17.24 per cent at 30 days to 25.47 per cent at 60 days of growth. The CP and CF values were 15.72, 23.81; 14.86, 24.67; 14.35, 25.32; 13.68, 26.64 and 11.34 and 29.88 per cent, respectively on DM basis for the forage samples harvested at 30, 40, 45, 50 and 60 days of growth. Progressive increase in crude fibre level and gradual decline in crude protein content was observed with the advancement in maturity of forage. The NFE content (46.12 %) was highest at 45 days of growth. The IVDMD value was highest (57.87 %) at 30 days and lowest (51.40 %) at 60 days of growth, when the forage samples were incubated with sheep rumen liquor. The effective degradable dry matter (EDDM) as determined by nylon bag technique in fistulated rams was 55.80, 54.70, 53.50, 52.40 and 43.78 per cent at 30, 40, 45, 50 and 60 days of growth, respectively. The effective protein degradability (EPD) decreased from 38.30 per cent at 30 days to 33.17 per cent at 60 days of growth. The insoluble but degradable protein fraction „b‟ was highest (77.07 %) at 45 days of growth. Based on the biomass yield, leaf to stem ratio, chemical, in vitro and in sacco evaluation, the optimum stage of harvesting for APBN1 forage was found to be at 45 days of growth. When the forage harvested at 45 days alone was fed ad libitum in chopped form, the rams on an average consumed 50.74, 4.40 and 28.34 g/kg W0.75 of DM, DCP and TDN respectively. The average digestibility coefficients of 66.63, 68.52, 69.10, 58.82, 56.34 and 62.21 per cent were observed for DM, OM, CP, EE, CF and NFE, respectively and the DCP and TDN values as 8.68 and 56.38 per cent were observed for APBN1 forage in Deccani rams. The Deccani rams on an average retained 5.28 g nitrogen per day. Effect of supplementation through protein and energy sources to the APBN1 forage was studied in adult Deccani rams. There was a significant increase in DM intake (g/kg W0.75) of rams supplemented with concentrate premix containing GNC + maize (71.10), SFC + maize (69.82) and CSC + maize (66.71) in comparison to that of the rams fed APBN1 forage (51.62) as the sole feed. Irrespective of the protein source, supplementation has enhanced the nutrient digestibility of rations in rams with the resultant improvement in DCP content of the ration by 72.78% (GNC), 35.64% (CSC) and 34.95% (SFC) and TDN value of ration by 26.80% (GNC), 21.59% (CSC) and 13.66% (SFC) in comparison to DCP (8.68%) and TDN (56.38%) of the ration containing APBN1 forage alone. There was a marked improvement (P<0.05) in nitrogen utilization with the net nitrogen retention (g/d) in rams supplemented with GNC + maize (15.13), SFC + maize (12.16) and CSC + maize (10.71) when compared to that of rams fed APBN1 forage (5.28) as the sole feed. It is concluded that APBN1 forage at 45 days of growth with DCP (8.68%) and TDN (56.38%) can be utilized as a potential maintenance type (perennial) green fodder for feeding adult sheep. Supplementation, irrespective of protein source, improved the nutrient intake, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen utilization of the rations containing APBN1 forage as the basal roughage and fulfilled the maintenance as well as growth requirements (70 g/d) of sheep. Supplementation through concentrate premix containing 125 g each of maize and GNC was found superior (P<0.05) in enhancing nutrient digestibility and nitrogen utilization of rams in comparison to other sources. Supplementation of critical nutrients to the basal roughage is a viable means of sustaining the optimum animal performance.
Open Access
CLINICAL -BIOCHEMICAL AND THERAPEUTIC STUDIES ON POST-PARTURIENT ANOREXIASYNDROME IN BUFFALOES
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2005-08) MANIKYA REDDY, P; TIRUMALA RAO, D.S(MAJOR); PADMAJA, K; SADASIVARAO, K
Open Access
EFFECT OF INDUCED MOLTING ON IMMUNITY AND INTESTINAL FLORA IN LAYING HENS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2005-12) GURURAJ, U; JANAKIRAMA SARMA, B(MAJOR); Narsimha Reddy, Y; ANJANEYULU, Y
ABSTRACT: A study on the effect of induced molting on immune responses and bacterial colonization of large intestine was conducted. Two methods of molting viz., fasting with light restriction and high zinc diet @ 30,000 ppm in layers were tested. Humoral immunity and cell mediated immunity were monitored by measuring sjxcific HI anti-body response to NDV antigen and response to DNCB skin test respectively. Total serum protein, albumin, globulin, total calcium levels were also analyzed to study the effects of two different methods of molting. Bacteriological analysis was done by using cloaca1 swab for siudying the effect of molting on the total aerobic and facultative anaerobic bacterial count and Escherichia coli count Sixty two week old single comb white leghorn hens belonging to poultry experimental station. 1-RI, College of Veterinary Science, bjendranagar were divided into thm groups: ZINC, OFF- FEED and a control group (CON) of twenty hens each. All the group received a booster dose of NDV vaccine (R2B) and sensitized wlth 2, 4 DNCB intradermall y . The first !3rouP of layers 'ZINC' were maintained on high zinc diet @ 30,000 ppm ZnO in a grower ration for 14 days with light restriction, but water given ad libitum. The PUP 'OFF- FEED' was molted by fasting for 14 days with light restriction, but water given adlihitum, whereas the last group 'CON' served as non-molted control. Among all the groups tested for sefoconversion studies using NDV, no significant difference was noted in the NDV antibody titers, revealing that forced molting has no influence on humoral immunity. Whereas on the other side, cell mediated immuno response was significantly depressed in molted groups imspactive of the method of molting, but no significant difference was noticed between molted groups. Different biochemical parameters like serum total protein. albumin. globulin, and serum calcium were s~gnificantly depressed in the molted hens. but not showed subtle differences between the two types of molted groups. Bacteriological analysis was conducted on experimental hens during different stages of molting and post molt. Total count was significantly increased in the early molting. Whereas E,coli count was significantly increased in the late molt and post molt periods, in both the groups of molted hens, compared to the non-molted control group. It was concluded that forced molting showed significant (p < 0.05) effect on cell mediated immunity, fecal shedding of total aerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria; E.coli and other serum biochelnical profiles, except antibody titers to NDV antigen. But there was no significant effect of the method of molting: feeding zinc 30.000 ppm or feedrestriction.
Open Access
COMBINED EFFECT OF DIETARY AFLATOXIN AND CITRININ ON SERUM BIOCHEMICAL PROFILE IN BROILERS AND THEIR AMELIORATION USING ADSORBENTS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2005-12) PRIYADARSHINI, C.H.; NARASA REDDY, G.V(MAJOR); SETTY, O.H.; ANJANEYULU, Y
ABSTRACT: Aflatoxin was produced from Asprgillm parasiticus and cihinin was produced from Penicillium cirri- ,dtd h were quantifd using thin layer chromatography. The toxins, aflatoxin at the rate of lppm and citrinin at the rate of 25 ppm, were mixed in broiler feed. Activated charcoal (0.4%) and/or lyophilized yeast culture (0.2%) were added as adso&ents. Four diets for broilers were prepared - Diet 1- basal diet (control). Diet 2- basal diet added with aflatoxln (I ppm) and citrinin (25ppm). Diet 3- basal diet added with aflatoxin (Ippm), citrinin (25 ppm) and activated charcoal (0.4%) and Diet 4- basal diet added with aflatoxin (Ippm), citrinin (25ppm). activated charcoal (0.4%) and lyophilized yeast culture (0.2%). These four diets were fed for 6 weeks to four group of broiler chicks with four replications of eight birds in each gnwrp using completely randomized design. The body weight gains. feed consumption and feed conversion ratio were significantly (Pa.01) lower on diet 2 containing aflato.. in and citrinin. These values were significantly improved on diet 3 containing aflatoxin. citrinin and activated charcoal. Further significant improvement was nxoded on diet 4 containing aflatoxin. citrinin. activated charcoal and lyophiliztd yeast culrure but these values were significantly lower than control gmup- On diet 2 containing aflatoxin and citrinin. the biochemical profile of liver function and kidney function of birds showed hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity respectively as evidenced by increased serum enzyme activities of AST. ALT. alkaline phosphatase and GGT concentration in the liver and increased levels of serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen and serum uric acid. Other biochemical parameters revealed decreased serum protein, albumin, glmse, cholesterol, triglycerides, calcium and phosphorous but increase in serum bilirubin. By these studies on liver and kidney function tests, chicks fad on diet 2 indicate the possible damage of tissues. Further, supporting the biochemical study, degenerative changes and central vein congestion in liver and marked degenerative changes in kidney, lymphoid depletion in bursa of Fabricius and depleted germinal centres in spleen were observed on histopathologv. On diet 3 containing aflatoxin, citrinin and activated charcoal, the serum enzyme activities of AST, ALT. AP and GGT in the liver were slightly decreased and serum --.. creatinine, blood urea nitrogen and serum uric acid levels were slightly decreased compared to toxin group (diet 2). All other biochemical parameters and histopathological findings showed improvement compared to toxin fed group. This indicates that activated charcoal (0.4%) had partial amelioration on the toxic effect of aflatoxin and citrinin. The birds fed on diet 4 recorded the serum enzyme activities of AST, ALT, AP and GGT in the liver nearer to the control group (basal diet). All the biochemical parameters and histopathological f i n d i i were also nearer to that of the control group and within the normal range indicating that activated charcoal and lyophilized yeast had a complementary effect in ameliorating the toxic effect of atlatoxin and citrinin. These results indicate that activated charcoal (0.4%) could adsorb and ameliorate the toxins (aflatoxin and citrinin) to some extent and activated charcoal (0.4%) and lyophilized yeast cultw <0.2O/') showed complementary effect in amelioration of the toxic effect caused by aflatoxin and citrinin.
Open Access
DEVELOPMENT OF SUITABLE TECHNOLOGY TO ENHANCE KEEPING QUALITY OF COMPLETE FEED
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2005-12) GOBINATH, S; NARSIMHA REDDY, D(MAJOR); RAMANA REDDY, Y; RAVINDER REDDY, V
ABSTRACT: The present investigation was undertaken to study the effect of storage period, storage material, preservatives and processing methods on keeping quality of roughage based complete diets using the nutrient content, aflatoxin level, microbial and insect load as the criteria. Sunflower head (SFH) based complete diet processed into mash and pellet forms was stored at room temperature for a period of five months in HDPE woven and gunny bags with or without calcium propionate and neem oil as preservatives. The samples collected were analyzed for nutrient content, aflatoxin level, microbial and insect load at monthly intervals so as to develop a suitable storage technology for processed complete feeds. Among the proximate constituents, the OM, EE and NFE (%) content were decreased significantly (P<0.05) from 87.62, 3.45 and 50.04 to 87.59, 3.41 and 50.01 at the end of 1 month, 87.51, 3.33 and 49.84 at the end of 2 months, respectively. After 2 months DM content also decreased significantly (P~0.05)a long with OM, EE and NFE content. The DM, OM, EE and NFE (%) content were 87.64, 87.33, 3.21 and 49.35 at the end of 3 months, 87.10, 87.12, 3.05 and 48.59 at the end of 4 months and 86.41, 86.84, 2.84 and 47.65 at the end of 5 months, respectively, irrespective of storage structure, preservative and processing method. In contrast, the CF, TA and NDF (%) content increased significantly (PcO.05) from 20.29, 12.38 and 32.99 to 20.34, 12.41 and 33.04 at the end of 1 month, 20.45, 12.49 and 33.15 at the end of 2 months, 20.70, 12.67 and 33.40 at the end of 3 months, 21.09, 12.88 and 33.78 at the end of 4 months, 21.56, 13.16 and 34.25 at the end of 5 months, respectively. Howevzr, the CP (%) content was not influenced by storage up to 2 months storage period. Thereafter the CP (%) content was increased to 14.08, 14.40 and 14.80, respectively at the end of 3, 4 and 5 months of storage from initial value of 13.84 per cent. The aflatoxin B1 (ppb), bacterial and fungal count (log CFU/g feed) of complete feeds stored for 5 months were significantly (P<0.05) increased from 13.19, 4.97 and 4.07 to 17.85, 5.10 and 4.16 at the end of 1 month, 26.17, 5.57 and 4.40 at the end of 2 months, 43.70, 6.23 and 5.22 at the end of 3 months, 75.07, 7.36 and 6.52 at the end of 4 months and 75.07, 8.83 and 7.53 at the end of 5 months, respectively, irrespective of storage structures, preservative and processing methods. There was no significant (P>0.05) difference in insect wunt (No/100 g feed) between '0' (0) and 1 month (0.04) of storage. Afterwards insect wunt was increased significantly (P<0.05) to 1.25, 5.76, 1 1.60 and 22.06, respectively at the end of 2, 3,4 and 5 months of storage. The DM (87.98%), OM (87.38%), EE (3.24%) and NFE (49.39%) content were significantly (W0.05) higher in complete feed stored in HDPE woven bags than those stored in gunny bags (87.79, 87.30, 3.19 and 49.10, respectively), irrespective of storage period, preservative and processing methods. Whereas, CP (14.08%), CF (20.66%), TA (12-62%), NDF (33.35%), aflatoxin (44.97ppb), insect count (5.10 No/100g feed), bacterial count (6.30 log CFU/g feed) and fungal count (5.27 log CFU/g feed) were significantly (p<0.05) lower in complete feed stored in HDPE woven bags than those stored in gunny bags (14.20, 20.81, 12.71, 33.52, 53.39, 8.47, 6.39 and 5.36, respectively), irrespective of storage period, preservative and processing methods. The DM, CP, EE, CF, NDF (%) content and insect count (No1100 g feed) of complete feeds stored with no preservative, calcium propionate and neem oil were 87.79, 87.79 and 88.07; 14.20, 14.21 and 14.01; 2.78, 2.79 and 4.08; 20.77, 20.77 and 20.68: 33-46, 33-46 and 33.39 and 8.26, 8.1 1 and 3.66, respectively. There was no significant (-0.05) difference between the feeds stored with no preservative and calcium propionate. However the DM, EE contents and insect count were significantly (PcO.05) higher and CP, CF and NDF values were lower in feeds stored with neem oil than those stored with or without calcium propionate. The OM (YO), TA (%), NFE (%), aflatoxin (ppb), bacterial and fungal count (log CFU/g feed) of feeds stored with no preservative, calcium propionate and neem oil were 87.33, 87.22 and 87.45; 12.67, 12.78 and 12.55; 49.59, 49.47 and 48.69; 60.31, 37.97 and 49.26; 6.81, 5.91 and 6.31 and 5.81, 4.81 and 5.32, respectively, irrespective of storage period, structure and processing method. The OM content was significantly (P<0.05) lowest in feeds stored with calcium propionate followed by no preservative and neem oil. The TA content was significantly (PC0.05) lowest in feeds stored with neem oil, followed by no preservative and calcium propionate. The NFE content and insect count were significantly (P<0.05) lowest in feeds stored with neem oil followed by calcium propionate and no preservative. The microbial load and aflatoxin level was significantly (P<0.05) lowest in feeds stored with calcium propionate, followed by neem oil and no preservative. The DM (88.14%). OM (87.40%), EE (3.24%) and NFE (49.55%) content were significantly (Pc0.05) higher in pelleted feed than the mash form of complete feed (87.65, 87.24, 3.19 and 48.95 per cent, respectively), irrespective of storage period, structure and preservative used. But, CP (14.06%), CF (20.55%), TA (12.60%), NDF (33.14%), aflatoxin (44.02 ppb), insect count (4.29 No1100g feed), bacterial count (6.10 log CFU/g feed) and fungal count (5.1 0 log CFUlg feed) were significantly (~~0.05) lower in pelleted complete feed than in mash form of complete feed (14.22.20.92. 12.73, 33.73, 54.34, 9.28, 6.59 and 5.53, respectively), irrespective of storage period, preservative and processing method. Hence, keeping in view the nutrient losses, change in CP content, aflatoxin level, microbial and insect load, it was concluded from the present study that complete feeds can be stored up to 2 months for feeding of livestock. It is advantageous to store SFH based complete diet in pelleted form than in mash form that to in HDPE woven bags than in gunny bags. Between preservatives calcium propionate is effective in controlling microbial load and aflatoxin production whereas neem oil is effective in controlling insects and to a lesser extent microbial load and aflatoxin production
Open Access
EVALUATICN OF HYPOLIPIDEMIC ACTIVITY OF ZINGZIBER OFFICINALE ROSCOE AND BACOPA MONNIERI LINN. IN HYPERLIPIDEMIC BATS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2005-12) ANURADHA, K; VENKATESWARLU, U(MAJOR); ADILAXMAMMA, K; SURESH KUMAR, R.V
ABSTRACT: The present study was conducted to find out the hypolipidemic activity of Zingiber oflcinale Roscoe containing 5% gingerois i& 4480 mglkg b.wt and 20% gingerols @ 120 mgkg b.wt and Bacopa monnieri Linn. @ 20 and 40 mgkg b.wt and compared the same with that of atorvastatin, a standard hypolipidemic drug (ii? 8 rnglkg b.wt in triton and diet-induced modcls of h! perlipidemia. In triton-induced model the serum total cholesterol and triglycerides were monitored at intervals of 0,18, 24 and 40 hours. There was a significant (Pi0.05) elevation in total cholesterol and triglycerides at 18. 24 and 40 hours post administration of triton, which was significantly (P4.05) decreased by Z, oflic.irrtrlc~. 8. monnieri @j 40 mgikg and atorvastatin. In diet-induced model the serum lipid profile was monitored on Days 0,15 and 30. At the end of the Day 30, animals were sacrificed and liver was collected for estimation of liver lipid profile and lipid peroxidation. Liver and aorta samples were collected for histopathological examination. There was a significant (P<0.05) increase in the serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, VLDL, LDL and phospholipid concentrations of hyperlipidemic group, which was significantly (Pc0.05) reduced by Z. oflcinale and atorvastatin on both Day 15 and Day 30 whereas, B. monnieri significantly (Pc0.05) reduced the concentrations on Day 30 but the reduction of LDL concentrations was not significant (Pc0.05). There was a significant (P
Open Access
HYPOLIPlDEMlC EFFECT OF Tinospora cordifolla IN DIET INDUCED HYPERLIPIDEMIC RATS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2005-12) SUDHAKARA RAO, P; ADILAXMAMMA, K(MAJOR); VEHKATESWARLU, U; ESWARA PRASAD, P
ABSTRACT: Present study was conducted to assess the hypolipidemic action of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Tinosporn cordifoolia roots and compared the same with that of lovastatin and Vitamin E, on biochemical and histo-pathological patterns in diet induced hyperlipidemic rats. Forty-eight male albino rats weighing around 150 gm were divided into 6 groups of eight in each. Group I served as control. Group 11,111, IV, V and VI received experimental hyperlipidemic diet. Group 111 received lovastatin @ 30 mgKg body weight. Group IV, V received aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Tinospora cordiyoIia roots respectively @ 5g/ Kg body Wt. Group VI received vitamin E @ 60 mg /Kg body Wt. The serum lipid parameters w,HD L, LDL and TG] and erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes [GPx, GSH- R] were monitored at day 14,28 and 42. At the end of day 42, animals were sacrificed and liver and aorta samples were collected for histo-pathological examination. Administration of hyperlipidemic diet resulted in increase of lipid parameters like TC, LDL, and TG and decrease of HDL The erythrocyte antioxidant enzyme [GPx, GSH- R] levels of whole blood were significantly pSO.05] increased in T. cordifolia aqueous and alcoholic extracts treated groups. Both alcoholic and aqueous extracts of T cordifoolia ameliorated the hyperlipidemic effects of group I1 by restoring the biochemical [TC, HDL, LDL and TG] and histopathological changes to normal. Hypolipidemic effect of groups IV and V was similar to group 111. Vitamin E treated group significantly increased the levels of erythrocyte antioxidant eniynes but showed less action on lipid parameters. It is concluded that aqueous and alcoholic extracts of T.cordifoolia roots could act as hypolipidemic agents in diet induced hyperlipidemic rats.
Open Access
EVALUATION OF HYPOLIPIDEMIC ACTIVITY OF TERMINALIA ARJUNA LEAF EXTRACT IN RAT MODELS OF HYPERLIPIDEMIA
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2005-12) BALA SUNDER REDDY, D; RAVI KUMAR, P(MAJOR); VENKATESWARLU, U; PADMAJA, K
ABSTRACT: Recognition of hypercholesterolemia as a risk factor for atherosclerosis forced the development of drugs that reduce the cholesterol levels in the serum. Plant kingdom is a rich natural source for many therapeutic molecules. Terminalia arjuna bark is reported to posses hypolipidenric activity. However no such reports are available on the leaves and hence the leaves were screened for their hypolipidemic potential in two rat models viz. triton induced and diet induced hyperlipidemic rats. Methanolic leaf extract was used @, 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg b.wt and for comparison bark extract was used @ 125 mgkg b.wt. In triton induced model hypolipidemic effect was evaluated by monitoring the serum levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides. In diet induced model hypolipidemic effect was evaluated by monitoring the serum levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, VLDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and phospholipids on day 15 and day 30. The same parameters were also estimated in liver tissues at necropsy on day 30. Cholic acid and desoxycholic acid in feces were estimated at the end of the study on day 30. Results indicated that leaf extract exhibited hypolipidemic activity on day 30 at dose levels 250 and 500 mg/kg b.wt. However bark extract exhibited the hypolipidemic effect on day 15 and day 30 at the tested dose of 125 mg/kg b.wt. Thus it was evident that though leaves posses hypolipidemic activity, this activity is less potent and less efficacious compared to the activity present in the bark.
Open Access
PHARMACOKINETICS OF CEFTRIAXONE IN HEALTHY AND FEBRILE ONGOLE CALVES
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2005-12) SATISH KUMAR, P; ADILAXMAMMA, K(MAJOR); VENKATESWARLU, U; BABU RAO, K
ABSTRACT: The development of cephalosporins had been since 1945 against a wide range of bacterial infectious. Till now four generations of cephalosporins had been synthesized. Cefbiaxone, one of the important third generation cephalosporin, is a broad spectrum antibiotic, resistant to various types of betalactarnases, with potent activity against gram positive, gram negative and anaerobic bacteria The purpose of the study was to investigate the pharmacokinetics of ceftriaxone in Ongole cattle, a native breed of Andhra Pradesh. Pharmacokinetic studies of cefiaxone were performed in healthy and febrile ongole calves, after administration of the drug by intravenous and intramuscular routes. The calves were divided into two groups of six each, one for intravenous and the other for intramuscular study. Fever was induced by injecting Escherichia coli endotoxin @ 1 pg kg-' intravenously. Ceftriaxone was: injected as a single dose @ 10 mg kg-' through intravenous and intramuscular routes to the respective groups. Serum concentration versus time data of ceftriaxone in intravenous study was described by a two compartment open model. After intravenous administration, healthy calves exhibited tin a and tlR f3 of 0.174 +- 0.013 pg ml-' and 1.613 5 0.017 h respectively. AUC(-,, AUMC and MRT in healthy calves were 36.095 2 0.604 pg h ml-', 75.975 5 0.397 pg h ml" and 2.105 2 0.025 h respectively. Serum concentration in febrile calves was detectable upto 10 h compared with 12 h in healthy calves. Febrile calves showed lower tin P, AUC and AUMC indicating extensive metabolism. The duration of pharmacoIogica1 effect (b) was lower during fever. Serum concentration-time data of ceftriaxone after single intramuscular administration was described by one compartment open model. Both healthy and febrile calves exhibited higher bio availability indicating rapid absorption of the drug. Healthy Ongole calves exhibited tin k, and t1 12 of 1.175 + 0.038 h and 1.58 + 0.02 h respectively. AUC(&, and MRT were 29.23 2 0.423 pg h ml-' and 3.395 2 0.013 pg h ml-' respectively. These values are low in febrile calves compared to healthy calves. The duration of pharmacological effect was less in febrile calves compared to healthy calves. To maintain minimum therapeutic concentration ceftriaxone can be administered @ 1Omg kg" twice daily.

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