DEVELOPMENT OF SUITABLE TECHNOLOGY TO ENHANCE KEEPING QUALITY OF COMPLETE FEED
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Date
2005-12
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SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA
Abstract
ABSTRACT:
The present investigation was undertaken to study the effect of storage period,
storage material, preservatives and processing methods on keeping quality of roughage
based complete diets using the nutrient content, aflatoxin level, microbial and insect load
as the criteria. Sunflower head (SFH) based complete diet processed into mash and pellet
forms was stored at room temperature for a period of five months in HDPE woven and
gunny bags with or without calcium propionate and neem oil as preservatives. The
samples collected were analyzed for nutrient content, aflatoxin level, microbial and
insect load at monthly intervals so as to develop a suitable storage technology for
processed complete feeds. Among the proximate constituents, the OM, EE and NFE (%) content were
decreased significantly (P<0.05) from 87.62, 3.45 and 50.04 to 87.59, 3.41 and 50.01 at
the end of 1 month, 87.51, 3.33 and 49.84 at the end of 2 months, respectively. After 2
months DM content also decreased significantly (P~0.05)a long with OM, EE and NFE
content. The DM, OM, EE and NFE (%) content were 87.64, 87.33, 3.21 and 49.35 at the
end of 3 months, 87.10, 87.12, 3.05 and 48.59 at the end of 4 months and 86.41, 86.84,
2.84 and 47.65 at the end of 5 months, respectively, irrespective of storage structure,
preservative and processing method. In contrast, the CF, TA and NDF (%) content
increased significantly (PcO.05) from 20.29, 12.38 and 32.99 to 20.34, 12.41 and 33.04
at the end of 1 month, 20.45, 12.49 and 33.15 at the end of 2 months, 20.70, 12.67 and
33.40 at the end of 3 months, 21.09, 12.88 and 33.78 at the end of 4 months, 21.56, 13.16
and 34.25 at the end of 5 months, respectively. Howevzr, the CP (%) content was not
influenced by storage up to 2 months storage period. Thereafter the CP (%) content was
increased to 14.08, 14.40 and 14.80, respectively at the end of 3, 4 and 5 months of
storage from initial value of 13.84 per cent. The aflatoxin B1 (ppb), bacterial and fungal count (log CFU/g feed) of complete feeds stored for 5 months were significantly (P<0.05) increased from 13.19, 4.97 and
4.07 to 17.85, 5.10 and 4.16 at the end of 1 month, 26.17, 5.57 and 4.40 at the end of 2
months, 43.70, 6.23 and 5.22 at the end of 3 months, 75.07, 7.36 and 6.52 at the end of 4
months and 75.07, 8.83 and 7.53 at the end of 5 months, respectively, irrespective of
storage structures, preservative and processing methods. There was no significant
(P>0.05) difference in insect wunt (No/100 g feed) between '0' (0) and 1 month (0.04)
of storage. Afterwards insect wunt was increased significantly (P<0.05) to 1.25, 5.76,
1 1.60 and 22.06, respectively at the end of 2, 3,4 and 5 months of storage.
The DM (87.98%), OM (87.38%), EE (3.24%) and NFE (49.39%) content were
significantly (W0.05) higher in complete feed stored in HDPE woven bags than those
stored in gunny bags (87.79, 87.30, 3.19 and 49.10, respectively), irrespective of storage
period, preservative and processing methods. Whereas, CP (14.08%), CF (20.66%), TA
(12-62%), NDF (33.35%), aflatoxin (44.97ppb), insect count (5.10 No/100g feed),
bacterial count (6.30 log CFU/g feed) and fungal count (5.27 log CFU/g feed) were
significantly (p<0.05) lower in complete feed stored in HDPE woven bags than those
stored in gunny bags (14.20, 20.81, 12.71, 33.52, 53.39, 8.47, 6.39 and 5.36,
respectively), irrespective of storage period, preservative and processing methods.
The DM, CP, EE, CF, NDF (%) content and insect count (No1100 g feed) of
complete feeds stored with no preservative, calcium propionate and neem oil were 87.79,
87.79 and 88.07; 14.20, 14.21 and 14.01; 2.78, 2.79 and 4.08; 20.77, 20.77 and 20.68:
33-46, 33-46 and 33.39 and 8.26, 8.1 1 and 3.66, respectively. There was no significant
(-0.05) difference between the feeds stored with no preservative and calcium
propionate. However the DM, EE contents and insect count were significantly (PcO.05)
higher and CP, CF and NDF values were lower in feeds stored with neem oil than those
stored with or without calcium propionate. The OM (YO), TA (%), NFE (%), aflatoxin
(ppb), bacterial and fungal count (log CFU/g feed) of feeds stored with no preservative,
calcium propionate and neem oil were 87.33, 87.22 and 87.45; 12.67, 12.78 and 12.55;
49.59, 49.47 and 48.69; 60.31, 37.97 and 49.26; 6.81, 5.91 and 6.31 and 5.81, 4.81 and
5.32, respectively, irrespective of storage period, structure and processing method. The
OM content was significantly (P<0.05) lowest in feeds stored with calcium propionate
followed by no preservative and neem oil. The TA content was significantly (PC0.05)
lowest in feeds stored with neem oil, followed by no preservative and calcium
propionate. The NFE content and insect count were significantly (P<0.05) lowest in
feeds stored with neem oil followed by calcium propionate and no preservative. The
microbial load and aflatoxin level was significantly (P<0.05) lowest in feeds stored with
calcium propionate, followed by neem oil and no preservative.
The DM (88.14%). OM (87.40%), EE (3.24%) and NFE (49.55%) content were
significantly (Pc0.05) higher in pelleted feed than the mash form of complete feed
(87.65, 87.24, 3.19 and 48.95 per cent, respectively), irrespective of storage period,
structure and preservative used. But, CP (14.06%), CF (20.55%), TA (12.60%), NDF
(33.14%), aflatoxin (44.02 ppb), insect count (4.29 No1100g feed), bacterial count (6.10
log CFU/g feed) and fungal count (5.1 0 log CFUlg feed) were significantly (~~0.05)
lower in pelleted complete feed than in mash form of complete feed (14.22.20.92. 12.73,
33.73, 54.34, 9.28, 6.59 and 5.53, respectively), irrespective of storage period,
preservative and processing method. Hence, keeping in view the nutrient losses, change in CP content, aflatoxin level,
microbial and insect load, it was concluded from the present study that complete feeds
can be stored up to 2 months for feeding of livestock. It is advantageous to store SFH
based complete diet in pelleted form than in mash form that to in HDPE woven bags than
in gunny bags. Between preservatives calcium propionate is effective in controlling
microbial load and aflatoxin production whereas neem oil is effective in controlling
insects and to a lesser extent microbial load and aflatoxin production
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