Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi

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Acreage Response of Major Foodgrains Produce In Ranchi District Of Jharkhand
(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2001) Neera Sabita Jojo; B.K.Singh
Proper planning and policy Formulation, it is a matter of paramount importance to study the behavior of farmers’ altitudes towards price variations. It is in this context that the acreage response of farmers to the change in price of their products has attracted the economists. Keeping this in view, the present investigation was undertaken to study the acreage response of major food grains produce in Ranchi district. Various analytical technique and methods were used to achieve the objectives. The results obtained from the study reveals that paddy still remains to be the dominant crop of area constituting 86.44 percent of the total foodgrains cropped area. It has also been found that area devoted under maize and marua are large as compared to other foodgrain crops except paddy. The linear growth rate of area and production of maize showed highly significant growth over years than the other foodgrain crops. The co-efficient of variation in price and yield of paddy was observed to be the highest among all the crops studied in the district. The acreage response of the crops studied in this research has been analyzed by using the Nerlovian partial Acreage Adjustment Model. The results revealed that co-efficient of previous years price of paddy and maize are found to have significant impact on current acreage of these two crops. Also co- efficient of previous years area under paddy, wheat and barly are found to have significant and positive impact on current acreage of these three crops. The analysis of price elasticties of supply revealed that they varied from (-) 0.3783 to 0.4455 in short run and from (-) 0.5335 to 2. 75 in long run period . This indicates that the price factor contributes very little to the decision of farmers in area allocation of the crop studied in short run and only farmers growing paddy are seen to show some response to price changes albeit in the long run. It can, thus, be concluded that the area allocated in previous years in paddy, wheat and barley has something to do with area allocation in the current year. Also, farmers growing paddy and maize respond positively to the previous years prices of these crops in acreage to be allocated in the current year.Thus, a remunerative price policy with stability in prices of these two most important crops of the Ranchi district will enhance production and productivity of these crops.
Open Access
Impact of New Farm Technology on The Economy Of Tribal And Non-Tribal Farms In Khijri Block of Ranchi District
(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2001) Rashmi Kandulna; R.K.Panday
Introduction of new farm technologies in agriculture have brought about an impressive increase in the production and productivity of crops, resulting in substantial increase in farm income and employment. It was however noticed that the majority of the farmers were still deprived of getting full advantage of these new innovations. Keeping this in view the present investigation was undertaken to study the impact of technological change on the economy of tribal and non-tribal farms in Khajri block of Ranchi district. Two villages namely Kharsidag and Dungri of this block were selected randomly for the study. A sufficient number of tribal and non-tribal populations were available in these selected villages. Various analytical techniques were used to achieve the objectives. The results obtained from the study revealed that paddy was the most important crop of the area constituted about more than 60% of the total cropped area on all size group of tribal and non-tribal farms. It was also revealed that the area devoted under wheat and vegetables and other crops were much higher on non-tribal farms as compared to tribal farms. It was observed that the cropping intensity was higher on all size group of non-tribal farms as compared to tribal farms. The results revealed that the level adoption of technology was higher on all size groups of non-tribal farms as compared to tribal farms. , it was varied from 42.51 to 59.95 percent in paddy, 28.36 to 42.39 percent in wheat and 41.34 to 55.63 percent in vegetable and on non tribal farms it was varied from 48.59 to 75.51 percent in paddy, 34.97 to 51.47 in wheat and 60.17 to 77.83 percent in vegetables. This indicated that the adoption of improved farm technology was much higher on non-tribal farms as compared to tribal farms. It was also found that the net return per farm where higher on all size group of non tribal farms as compared to tribal farm.The result showed that the benefit, : cost ratio was in the order of Rs. 2.10, 2.31 and 2.36 on various size group of tribal farms, whereas it was Rs.2.39,2.54 and 3.69 on non tribal farms respectively .Thus , the return per Rs investment was higher in all size group of non tribal farms,. The results indicated that the total employment of human labour per farm where 108.03,150.67 and 272.63 manday on marginal, small and medium size group of tribal farms, whereas it was 131.59,170.85 and 293.38 manday on non tribal farm respectively. Thus it was indicated that employment of human labour was more on all size group on non tribal farms as compared to tribal farm . It was indicated that the total bullock labour employment per farm whereas 68.77,.79.32 and 98.66 bullock days on marginal , small and medium size group if tribal farms, and on non tribal farms it was 77.44 ,88.32 and 108.09 days respectively. Thus it was revealed that employment of bullock labour was higher on all size group of non-tribal farms.
Open Access
Income Distribution And Its Inequality On Sample Households In Kuchai Block Of West Singhbhum District
(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2001) Gita Kumari; B.K.Singh
The last few decades have brought a perceptible transformation of agriculture in India with increases income to the farmers. Despite increases income there has been growing concern with rural poverty and unemployment given the unequal distribution of land, it is being realized that growth in agriculture brings disparity in the distribution of income among the farmers .Studies on income distribution has thus drawing greater attention of the economist now than even before. Further farmers households expenditures depends not only on farm income but total income of house hold, Analyzing these income sources and disaggregating their impact on income distribution can prove to be meaningful in estimation the direction of change in inequality in income distribution due to change in income from a source. Keeping in view those facts the present study was undertaken in Kuchai Block of west Singhbhum district with objectives of studying the distribution pattern of farm and total income, extent of variation in income due to adoption of improved agriculture practices, to assess the various sources of income of selected households and lastly to assess the contribution of different income source to total income inequality on selected households. The analysis was carried over on 30 randomly selected farm households from two selected villages from the Kuchai Block. Lorenz curve and Gini concentration ratio were used to measure the extent of income variation in farm as well as total income of selected households. A decomposition analysis was carried over to disaggregate the income inequality by source which helped to estimate the marginal impact of each source to total income inequality. The results obtained from the study revealed that agricultural income is distributed relatively more equally than the total income of the households studies in the two villages of the selected block. This indicates that the new agricultural technology has produced more or less similar results on different size groups of farm households as far as distribution of farm income is concerned. Skewness in the distribution pattern has been observed in the income more than in the farm business income. The extent of inequalities has been obtained by calculating Gini concentration ration. The Concentration ratio of the farm income distribution is computed as 0.15 whereas for total income relatively higher value of the ration has been computed as 0.33. The two ratios income computed for farm income and total income distribution on the set of farm house hold are compared together on the basis of Lorenz curve. The farm income distribution can be regarded relatively uniform between the farm households than the distribution of total income. The analysis of income sources indicated that the most of the farm households earned income from more than one source. Maximum number of farmers are engaged in agriculture and their contribution to total income was observed up to 47 percent of their total earnings. It was further indicated that the distribution of income from non –farm sources are highly in egalitarian than farm sources. Contribution of agriculture to total inequality is highest 26 % because of its maximum contribution to total income and highest degree of correlation with total income. In non –farm source contribution of salary to total income was highest 21 percent .All the income source other than agriculture and nonfarm wages earning appeared to be contributors to the inequality increasing in total income. The relative inequality coefficient for the income source of agriculture and non-farm wage earning were all observed to have income inequality decreasing effects on the selected farm households.
Open Access
Factors Shares and Farm Income Distribution on Different sizes Of Farms In Gola Block Of Hazaribagh District
(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1999) Mrityunjay Kumar Bhagtia; B.K.Singh
The last few decades have brought a perceptible transformation in agriculture in India. This transformation has been known as green revolution, characterized by chemical –biological mechanical innovation that have rapidly increased output and total farm income, with impressive growth in agriculture. Wider application of new farm technology has revolutionized the traditional farming in many part of the country to a business enterprises, finding high yielding verities, particularly wheat and paddy, more profitable than local one. Farmers of many parts of the country adopted them rapidly and this led to a perceptible increase in their farm income. The present study aims at finding the shares of four different factors namely farm size, human labour and capital in total farm income on different sizes of farms (small, medium and large) on the sample villages of Gota Block of Hazaribagh district. It also aims at findings the inequality in distribution of farm income on different size groups of farms taken together arising due to differential adoption of new farm technologies, size of holdings, cultivation practices, financial status etc. The results obtained from this study revealed that paddy was the most important crop of the region for all size group of farms. The share of local and high yielding varieties under paddy were 27.56 and 32.98 per cent for large farms, 28.89 and 33.84 per cent for medium farms and 45.89 and 19.98 for small farms in the cropl year 1997-98. The cropping intensities of different size groups of farms were also different and it were 140.33 for large farms, 143.49 for medium farms and 183.73 for small farms. The analysis of factor shares indicated that for all size Group of farms, size of holding had maximum contribution on gross return of the farm i.e. 33.97 per cent for large, 37.55 per cent for medium and 42.34 per cent for small size groups of farms. Second highest contributors in gross return were capital (25.11%) for large farms, human labour for both medium (27.16 %) and small (29.43%) size groups of farms. The third contributors were human labour for large farms (21.31%), capital for medium farms (19.41%) and bullock labour for small farms (14.99%). The analysis of factor ratios indicated that large farms were more capital intensive and less labour intensive where as small farms were more labour intensive e and less capital intensive. Medium farms lied some where between these two which can be revealed best by their respective capital/labour ratios i.e. 2.96 for large farms, 2.57 for medium farms and 2.09 for small farms. This was the reason why the large farms got proportionally more income than medium and small size groups of farms. Further, the inequality in distribution of farm income, as it was found from analysis of data, was due to skewness in size of holding (29.40%), interaction of size of holding with human labour (17.93%) and interaction of human labour with capital (10.14%).
Open Access
Impact of Institutional Finance On The Economy of Tribal And Non-Tribal Farms In Ranchi District
(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1998) Sanjay Kumar; R.K.Panday
The introduction of new technology in agriculture has brought about a significant increase in financial increase in financial requirement of the farmers, both for production and investment. With adoption of multiagency approach in agriculture, there has been considerable expansion of credit facilities .Quite a large number of branches have been opened in the rural areas with a view to help the farmers in adoption of modern farm technology. It has been notice that the amount earmarked for the agriculture sector does not reach all sections of the farming community. Thus the majority of the weaker section particularly tribal farmers were deprived of getting full advance age of institutional credit. Keeping the significance and importance of farm credit, the present study was conducted in two village namely Makhmandro and Murgu in Ratu Block of Ranchi district taking into account of the large concentration of institutional agencies engaged in farm financing to both categories of tribal and non tribal farmers. The results revealed that the percentage of borrower farmers from intuitional agencies were ranged from 42.86 to 47.83 and 52.17 to 57.14 percent of the total borrower farmers of all categories of tribal and nontribal farms respectively. It was found that the percentage of borrower farmers were higher in case of non tribal farmer as compared to tribal farms .It was obvious that non- tribal farmers were more conscious in getting farm loans than those of tribal farmers. The study showed that per farm , the amount of loan advanced by intuitional agencies were in order of Rs.3633.46, Rs.4569.47, Rs.3320.91 and Rs 4184.06, Rs.5428.25, Rs.4856.82 to marginal, small and medium size group of the tribal and non tribal farmers respectively. It was found that resourceful farmer ( non Tribal Farmers) were getting more loan as compared to poor farmers ( tribal farmers ) In the area under investigation. The result revealed that out of the total amount of the farmers loan advanced by institutional agencies about 10.87 and 15.08,per percent as a crop loan ( short term) and 33.46 and 40.59 percent as investment )(term loan) loans were borrowed by both categories of tribal and non tribal farm respectively . It was found that the percentage of borrowing of short term and term loans were higher in case of non tribal farms as compared to tribal farms. It was observed that the per hectare credit supplied by various institutional agencies were in order of Rs 7266.92, 4270.53, 1604.30 and Rs 7213.90,4639.53,2084.47 to different categories of marginal, small and medium size group of tribal and Non tribal farms respectively. It was found that per hectare loan borrowed by non tribal farms were higher as compared to tribal farms. The study indicates that the institutional agencies were taking more interest in financing non-tribal farms than the tribal farms. The study shows that per farm misutilisation of institutional loan were constituted about 2.35,1.26,1.06and 1.86,1.02,0.62 percent of the total borrowing by the various categories of marginal, small and medium size group of the tribal and non tribal farms respectively. It is evident that misutilisation of farm loan were higher on tribal farms as compared to non –tribal farms. It was found that per farm net return obtained were in order of Rs.3990.50,Rs 7655.34, Rs 9625.99 and Rs6054.01, Rs 8870.00, Rs.11,024.16 on marginal, small and medium size of the tribal and non tribal farms respectively. It was observed that the farm income was higher on non tribal farms as compared to tribal farms but higher on medium size group of tribal and non tribal farms than the higher size group of the farms. The result indicated that per hectare net return was found to be Rs.7981.00, 7154.52, 4650.24 and Rs,.10,437.95, 7581.20,4731.40 on marginal ,small and medium size group of the tribal and non tribal farms respectively. It was found that per hectare net return was also higher on non tribal farms than the tribal farms. It can be concluded that the impact of farm financing was much better on the economy of non tribal farms as compared to tribal farms. It was revealed that the most important farms financing constraint faced by the farmers were inadequate supply of farm loan by the institutional agencies. The next important constraint faced by the farmers were briberies, involved in obtaining farm loans .The other importer financial of the farmers lack of supervision and guidance lack of the timely supplied of the loan, high rate of interest and lack of communication.
Open Access
An Economic Analysis of Wheat Production and Yield Gap in Ranchi
(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1995) Rakesh Roshan Kumar Singh; R.K.Panday
Wheat, an energy-rich cereal, serves as staple food and provides about 20 per cent of the total food calories of the human diet. Wheat is cultivated throughout the world on an area about 232 million hectares. India with 25.40 million hectares is the fourth largest wheat growing country in the world. India produces about 68.71 million tonnes (1996-97) with the productivity of 27 q/ha. The productivity of wheat in Bihar is about 17.95 q/ha and Ranchi district is about 13.15 q/ha. The present study was undertaken in Kanke block of Ranchi district, selected purposively because of the fact that Birsa Agricultural University was established in 1981 at Kanke (Ranchi) and various Research projects on wheat are being conducted by this University in this area since then. Four village namely Nagri, Chamma, Bukru and Chaubey Khatanga were selected by random sampling among the list of wheat growing villages in Kanke block. A total of 45 samples (17 marginal - below 1.0 hectare, 15 small - 1.0 to 2.0 hectares and 13 medium - 2.0 to 4.0 hectares farms) were selected randomly according to proportionate to sample size of each group. Data were collected with the help of pre tested schedule/questionnaire through survey method for the year 1995-96. The results revealed that the per farm total area under wheat cultivation were 0.09, 0.16 and 0.60 hectare on the marginal, small and medium farms which constituted about 10.22, 10.66, and 15.95 per cent of the total gross cropped area were devoted under wheat cultivation as compared to other crops in the Rabi season by all categories of the farms in the area under investigation. The cropping intensity were 118.00, 125.00 and 128.00 per cent on the marginal, small and medium farms, respectively. The benefit-cost ratio analysis gives an indication of efficiency with respect to management and overall farm organization. The economics of wheat cultivation indicated that the benefit-cost ratio over various costs were in order of Rs.3.27, 3.05 and 3.32 over cost A₁, Rs.3.27, 3.05 and 3.32 over cost Az, Rs.2.17, 2.12 and 2.36 over cost B and Rs.1.47, 1.50 and 1.72 over cost C on marginal, small and medium farms respectively. The results revealed that the benefit-cost ratio was much higher over cost A, as compared to other costs. It was also found that benefit-cost ratio more on the medium farms than the other size group of the farms. It was clearly indicated that the return over per rupee investment was higher on the medium size group of the farm than the other size group of the farm in the area under investigation. A comparative picture of yield of different varieties of wheat at various level of fertilizer doses an experimental field and farmer's field were analyzed. It was found that the yield gap of wheat was about 257.57, 238.21 and 183.93 per cent over marginal, small and medium farms respectively in the experiments conducted at Fi (80 kg N + 0 kg P + 8 kg K), F₂ (120 kg N + @ kg P + @ kg K) and F3 (160 kg N + @ kg P + 8 kg K) level of fertilizers under All India Co-ordinated Wheat Improvement Project. It was also found that the maximum gap was noted over marginal size group of the farms than the other size group of the farms. The results revealed that the yield gap of wheat was about 195.18, 179.20 and 136.04 per cent over marginal, small and medium size group of the farms respectively in the experiments conducted at S₁ (40 kg N + 32 kg P + 16 kg K), S₂ (88 kg N + 32 kg P + 16 kg K) and S3 (120 kg N + 32 kg P + 16 kg K) level of fertilizers under Cropping System Project. It was also found that yield gap was higher on marginal farms than the other size group of the farms. The study clearly indicated that the average yield of farmers in Ranchi district (25 kg N + 20 kg P + 10 kg K level of fertilizers) were lower than the yield obtained on the sample farms. It was found that the yield gap was lower by 8.23, 13.28 and 26.61 per cent over marginal (35 kg N + 25 kg P + 15 kg K), small (40 kg N + 20 kg P + 20 kg K) and medium (45 kg N + 25 kg P + 20 kg K) farms respectively. So, yield of wheat could be increased much higher even after the application of medium farmer doses of fertilizer (1.e. 45 kg N + 25 kg P + 20 g K = 90 kg fertilizer) in the Ranchi district as a whole. Therefore, it was concluded that the possibilities of increasing wheat production was much higher in Ranchi district as a whole by judicious use of fertilizer application main and other resources. It was revealed constraints involved in the adoption of that the improved practices of wheat cultivation were lack of capital followed by were about irrigation facilities. The other important ranked according to its priority as lack of improved practices, soil condition, lack facility, constraints knowledge storage lack of lack of proper and easy credit facility and of marketing facility etc. in the area under investigation.
Open Access
Production and Marketing Of Major Vegetables In Kanke Block Of Ranchi District, Bihar
(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1997) Sitambari Toppo; R.K.Panday
1. It was revealed that the area devoted under vegetables were 32.04, 30.80 and 35.92 percent of the total gross cropped area on marginal small and medium size group of the farms respectively. It was found that cauliflower and tomato were grown all the year around in the study area. It was observed that cauliflower was grown on large scale as compared to cabbage and tomato on all size group of the farms. 2. It was revealed that the area devoted under other crops (excluding majar vegetables) were 67.96, 69.20 and 64.88 percent of the total gross cropped area on marginal small and medium size group of the farms respectively in the area under investigation. It was observed that in the study area, low lands which was not considered suitable for vegetable cultivation due to water logging conditions. were exclusively devoted to other crops. 3. The benefit cost ratio of cauliflower was Rs. 4.29, 5.44 an 4.67 on marginal, small and medium size group of farms respectively. In case of cabbage, benefit- cost ratio was in order of Rs. 2.60, 2.80, and 2.78 where as in case of tomato it was in order of Rs. 3.83, 4.23, 4.12 on marginal small and medium size group of farms respectively. The study revealed that the return per rupee investment was higher in case of cauliflower as compared to cabbage and tomato cultivation in all size group of the farms. It was also revealed that the return per rupees investment was higher on small farm as compared to marginal and medium farms in the area under investigation. 4. The study shows that par farm net return obtained from vegetable was 78.53, 83.64 and 86.73 percent of the total return on marginal small and medium size group of farms respectively. It was found that the net return was higher on medium farm as compared to marginal and small size group of the farms. as revealed that the production of cauliflower was found 5. It was revealed to be more remunerative as compared to cabbage and tomato. 6. It was observed that vegetable cultivation had greater impact on net farm income. It was revealed that more than 75 percent of the total income was derived from vegetable production in all size groups of the farms in the area under investigation. 7. The study shows that about 60 percent of the farmers preferred to sell vegetables through channel I over channel II in all size group of the farms in the study area. 8. It was found that producer's share in consumer's rupee was 76.21, 74.04 and 68.22 percent in the cauliflower cabbage and tomato respectively. It was observed that producer's share was higher in case of cauliflower as compared to cabbage and tomato. 9. The most important constraints faced by the farmers were unorganized marketing and low prices paid to farmers, malpractices high and un-due marketing margins and costs in the market, lack of processing units and co-operative societies, lack of village road and sufficient and low cost transportation facilities, lack of mechanical grading, packing and proper storage facilities and lack of market news.
Open Access
To Study the Growth rate Area Production And Productivity Of Major Crops In The Plateau Region Of Bihar
(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1995) Amalendu Kumar; R.P.Singh
The following conclusion drawn from the investigation 1. There is no change in acreage of gross cropped area during green revolution period in the plateau region of Bihar. 2. There has been shifting in cropping pattern in green revolution period in the plateau region. 3. The productivity of all crops has increased during green revolution period in the plateau region. 4. There is no definite trend in growth rate of area of rice and maize during pre-green revolution period while the positive trend exists during the same period in case of gram and wheat. 5. Like pre- green revolution period there is no definite trend in growth rate of areas of crops under study during green revolution. 6. Again trend is no definite trend in the growth rate of productivity of crops under study during green revolution period; However, the productivity of these crops has increased during the same period. 7. In both cases i.e. area and productivity ,rabi crops are less stable as compared to Kharif crops during green revolution period.
Open Access
Economics Of Summer Rice Cultivation A Case Study In Baharagora Block Under Sigh hum (E) District
(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1993) Jawahar Kanti Dash; R.P.Singh
The present study envisaged primarily to assess, on the basis of empirical data, the economics of summer rice cultivation in Baharagora block under Singhbum district as a case study. Three major decisive facets of summer rice economy viz economics of cultivation, resource use efficiency and growth rate of rice in Bihar were studies in detail. The study revealed that the cost of cultivation per hectare over cost A was decreasing as size of holding increasing and same trend was observed in case of cost B and Cost C. On per farm basis the expenditure went on increasing over cost A and so over cost B and cost C. Per hectare main product (Rice grain) was observed highest on small farms and lowest on the medium farms. Similar trend was observed when considered on total equivalent product in terms of grain basis. Per quintal cost of production was found highest on medium farms and lowest on small farms over cost A. Similar types of results were found over cost B and over cost C. Per hectare labour employment on different sizes of farms the family labour employment was found highest on medium farms and lowest on large farms. Male and female hired human labour employment was found highest on small farm and almost same on medium and large farms. Bullock labour employment was highest on small farms, and found same on medium and large farms. And on per farm basis, all sorts of labours viz family labour, hired human labour and bullock labour went on increasing. Gross profit found highest on small farm and lowest on medium farm. Net profit over cost c was found highest on large farms and lowest on medium farms. Output –input ratio over cost C was found highest (1.20) on large farm and lowest (1.06) on small farms. By regression analysis it was found that the two inputs I e seed and bullock labour were found significant at 0.1 and 0.01 probability level respectively. The sum of electricity showed that the production process was favoring constant return to scale. And lastly , the growth rate analysis of rice area, Production and productivities showed that the area of rice was decreasing but the Production and productivity were increasing over the last years in Bihar.

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