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Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture & Forestry, Solan
Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan, was established on 1st December, 1985 with the objective to promote education, research and extension education in the fields of Horticulture, Forestry and allied disciplines. Late Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar, the first Chief Minister and the architect of Himachal Pradesh perceived the importance of Horticulture and Forestry to develop and improve the State economy which led to the establishment of this University. Its history lies in erstwhile Himachal Agricultural College, Solan, established in 1962 and affiliated to the Panjab University. It became one of the campuses of Agriculture Complex of Himachal Pradesh University on its formation in 1970. Consequent upon the establishment of Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya in 1978, this campus became its Horticulture Complex and finally in 1985, assumed the status of a State University, being the only University in the country engaged exclusively in teaching, research and extension in Horticulture and Forestry.
The University is located at Nauni in Solan District of Himachal Pradesh, 13 km from Solan on Solan-Rajgarh Road, at an elevation of 1300 metres above mean sea level. Solan town is situated on national highway (NH-22) and is well connected by train and bus services.
The University has four constituent colleges, out of which, two are located at the main campus Nauni, one for horticulture and the other for forestry, having 9 and 7 departments, respectively. The third College i.e., College of Horticulture & Forestry is located at Neri in Hamirpur District on Nadaun-Hamirpur state highway, about 6 Km from Hamirpur town and is well connected with bus service. The college offers three Undergraduate Degree Programmes i.e. BSc (Hons.) Horticulture, BSc (Hons.) Forestry and B. Tech. Biotechnology and MSc degree programme in a few subjects. The fourth college i.e. College of Horticulture and Forestry, Thunag (Mandi) is located at Thunag District Mandi. This college offer BSc (Hons.) Horticulture and BSc (Hons.) Forestry degree programme. In addition, there are five Regional Research Stations, 12 Satellite Stations and five Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) situated in different zones of the State.
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ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON DEVELOPMENT OF SCAR MARKER AND EVALUATION OF Trichoderma sp. IN RHIZOSPHERE OF BELL PEPPER SOILS(UHF Nauni, 2024-03-04) PAVAN KALYAN P; Dr. Bhupesh K. GuptaStrains of Trichoderma sp. known for their antagonistic properties against plant pathogens. The commercial viability of these strains in the market depends on its perfect identification at the species and strain levels. Eleven native isolates were identified as T. atroviride (UHFTA007 and UHFTA002), T. longibrachiatum (UHFTL008, UHFTL009, UHFTL0010, and UHFTL0011), T. harzianum (UHFTH0013 and UHFTH0016), T. hamatum (UHFTH0015), T. kongoniopsis (UHFTK0016), and T. virens (UHFTV0017) during the study. The aim of this study was to design a SCAR marker for T. atroviride to identify native strain and monitor population dynamics of this strain in soil. A SCAR primer pair (SCAR-1-F/R and SCAR-2-F/R) targeting a 243-bp and 202bp fragments enabled specific detection of this strain without cross detection of autochthonous populations of Trichoderma in field soils. In a pot experiment, population dynamics assessed by pour plate method using serial dilution that has depicted that fifth week onwards there was population buildup to 2×106CFU under the influence of quality root exudates due to germinating seeds. The was further identified with the help of SCAR primer pair (SCAR-1-F/R and SCAR-2-F/R) that study satisfy the requirement for specific identification of the biocontrol strain and for detection and quantification of native strain of Trichoderma atrovride population in complex environments.ThesisItem Open Access IDENTIFICATION AND COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF WILD ISOLATES OF PINK OYSTER MUSHROOM(UHF, NAUNI, 2023-12-19) SHIKHA GULERIA; Neelam KumariThe present investigation entitled “Identification and comparative studies of wild isolates of pink oyster mushroom” were undertaken to evaluate the macroscopic and microscopic identification, cultural requirements, cultivation, molecular characterization, nutritional analysis, mycochemical analysis and antioxidant properties of wild isolates. At macroscopic level, isolate P4 (commercially cultivated) exhibited largest size of pileus however, the stipe length was found to be maximum in wild isolate P3 whereas the largest size of basidiospores was observed in isolate P4. Irrespective of the isolates, hyphae were septate, branched with clamp connections. On PDA medium, maximum average diametric growth was shown by isolate P1 followed by isolate P4 and isolate P3, least mycelial growth was recorded in isolate P2. During the evaluation of different temperatures and pH regimes on mycelial growth it was observed that temperature 20-25℃ and pH 7.0 was optimum for all the isolates. All the selected isolates were screened for their fruiting behavior on wheat straw. Isolate P4 took less time for spawn run (17.75 days), primordial initiation (22.25 days) and recoded highest biological efficiency (73.92%) among wild isolates. Isolate P1 and P3 which showed fruiting on wheat straw were selected for molecular studies. Sequencing and sequence analysis using BLAST showed 96.80% and 95.27% similarity with the available sequence of Pleurotus djamor. Isolate P1 and P3 were assigned accession number ON202736 and OR491768 respectively. Nutritional analysis revealed that pink oyster mushrooms are bestowed with a wealth of nutrients including protein, carbohydrate, fibre content making them excellent superfood that enhance overall health. The moisture content (90.13%), protein content (26.60%), crude fibre (10.68%) was observed to be maximum in isolate P3. Mycochemical analysis revealed that pink oyster mushroom contains secondary metabolites such as phenols and flavonoids which have been regarded as the potent free-radical scavengers. Maximum content of phenols, flavonoids and antioxidant activity was recorded in wild isolate P3 indicating that their consumption can be beneficial in protecting the body from harmful free radicals which cause oxidative stress to the human body and reduce the risk of chronic diseases.ThesisItem Open Access OCCURRENCE, ETIOLOGY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ALTERNARIA LEAF BLOTCH OF APPLE IN HIMACHAL PRADESH(2023-11-29) Oshin Saini; Neelam KumariThe present investigation titled, “Occurrence, Etiology and Epidemiology of Alternaria Leaf Blotch of apple in Himachal Pradesh" was carried out in laboratory and experimental farm of Department of Plant Pathology and Department of Fruit Science, Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (HP)-173 230 during 2022-2023. Periodic surveys were conducted in different apple growing areas of Kinnaur, Shimla, Mandi, Kullu and Solan districts of Himachal Pradesh. In the year 2022 and 2023, the disease incidence and severity was most prevalent in Jubbal of Shimla district. Symptoms of Alternaria leaf blotch appeared as reddish brown necrotic spots with dark purplish borders on the leaves. Dark brown to black lesions also appeared on petioles and mid ribs causing yellowing and defoliation. A total of 19 isolates were collected from different apple growing areas of Himachal Pradesh. Cultural characteristics revealed that isolates varied in colony type, colour, margin and pigmentation. Colony colour varied from light to dark olivaceous and colonies were velvety to cottony with regular to irregular margins. Morphological characteristics revealed that maximum conidial length was observed in Isolate 11 (32.95-51.54 μm) and minimum was observed in Isolate 16 (14.25-25.30 μm). Maximum conidial breadth was observed in Isolate 8 (8.65-14.55 μm) and minimum was observed in Isolate 12 (6.49-9.58 μm). Conidial septation varied from 1-9. Maximum conidiophore length was observed in Isolate 17 (22.17-50.46 μm) and minimum was observed in Isolate 7 (28.07-35.32 μm). Conidiophore breadth ranged from 3.73-5.62 μm to 2.97-3.15 μm. Conidiophore septation ranged from 0-9. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the homology of 13 isolated Alternaria sp. isolates with Alternaria alternata, A. tenuissima, A. arborescens, A. brassicae and A. alstroemeriae. Phylogenetic tree depicted that most isolates were closely clustered to Chinese isolates deposited earlier in the NCBI. Pathogenicity test for all isolates was carried out by ‘Detached leaf technique’ and all isolates were found pathogenic. From the screening of 11 apple cultivars, none of the cultivar was found to be moderately resistant or resistant to the disease. During epidemiological studies, relative humidity was found positively correlated with disease severity in the year 2022 and 2023. Temperature above 24℃, relative humidity 70-80 % and high rainfall favoured the disease developmentThesisItem Open Access BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF COLLAR ROT (PHYTOPHTHORA CACTORUM) OF APPLE(UHF,NAUNI, 2023-11-28) ANITA; Neelam KumarThe present investigation titled, “Biological Control of Collar Rot (Phytophthora cactorum) of Apple" was carried out at laboratory and experimental farm of Department of Plant Pathology, Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (HP)-173 230 during 2022-2023. Surveys were conducted to record the incidence of collar rot of apple in different apple growing locations of Mandi, Kullu and Shimla districts of Himachal Pradesh. Among the different blocks surveyed, the collar rot disease was more prevalent in Rohanda block of Mandi district with mean disease incidence of 34.5 per cent. Different antagonists were tested for their efficacy against the test fungus under in vitro conditions by two different methods viz., Dual culture and Volatile compound evaluation. In dual culture method, maximum inhibition of pathogen radial growth was observed in Bacillus cereus (65.56%), Bacillus cereus strain SG1 (64.07%), Exiguobacterium aurantiacum (63.33%) and Trichoderma virens (62.59%) and minimum inhibition of pathogen radial growth in Trichoderma sp. (51.48%) and Pasteurella dagmatis (48.89%). In volatile compound evaluation method, maximum inhibition of pathogen radial growth was observed in Exiguobacterium aurantiacum (65.56%), Bacillus cereus (64.44%), Staphylococcus xylosus (64.43%) and Trichoderma virens (39.26%). Bacterial antagonist Pasteurella dagmatis, Ochrobactrum intermedium and Trichoderma sp. were least effective with radial growth inhibition of 0.00, 0.00 and 15.56 percent, respectively. Among seven most effective antagonists evaluated for their efficacy against collar rot of apple under pot conditions, maximum disease control was observed in Bacillus cereus, Exiguobacterium aquaticum and Trichoderma virens which provided 84.21, 78.94 and 76.32 percent disease control and minimum disease control was reported in Alcaligenes faecalis (44.74%). Thus, the exploitation of these antagonists as soil application can provide a more efficient and eco-friendly management of collar rot of apple caused by Phytophthora cactorum.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON NATIVE MICROBIAL BIOAGENTS FORMULATIONS IN BELL PEPPER DISEASE MANAGEMENT(UHF,NAUNI, 2023-12-11) ADITI ANAND; BHUPESH K GUPTAIn present investigations, the effect of incubation period, incubation temperatures, dilution factor and their interactions on colony forming units were studied and it was noticed that if Trichoderma atroviride is incubated for four days at 29±1°C then the desired number of cfu count can easily be obtained and quantified at dilution factor 1012. Similarly, when Bacillus subtilis is incubated for three at 31±1°C, then the desired number of cfu count can easily be obtained and quantified at 1014 dilution factor for the production of formulations. The shelf-life trends obtained during this study up to 90 days were indicative that at 4°C, the formulations retained comparatively higher number of viable propagules as compared to room temperature. It was evident from the research that the storability and retention of cfu viability is directly proportional to the CMC concentration in talc-based formulations, and inversely proportional to the talc concentration. It has also been documented that using glycerol as a stabilizer increased the shelf life of Trichoderma atroviride and Bacillus subtilis liquid formulation. Hence it was investigated that Trichoderma atroviride talc-based formulation with 1:2 talc and 0.75 per cent CMC was evaluated as the best formulation as it retained 20.8×107 cfu/g after 90 days of storage, whereas, the best talc-based formulation of Bacillus subtilis was having 1:25 talc ratio and 0.75 percent CMC as it retained cfu count of 34.7×109 cfu/g after 90 days of storage. The best formulated product of Trichoderma atroviride and Bacillus subtilis had 9 per cent and 7.5 per cent glycerol concentration, respectively, as it retained more cfu count than the desired cfu count of 2×106 and 2×108 cfu/ml even after 90 days of storage. It was also concluded that the native microbial bioagent formulations not only helped in mitigating the losses due to soil-borne diseases but also helped in improving plant growth because the microbial consortium of liquid formulation of (Trichoderma atroviride + Bacillus subtilis) showed minimum disease incidence (44.44%).ThesisItem Open Access Ecofriendly management of Sclerotinia wilt of French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)(College of Horticulture and Forestry Dr YSP UHF, Neri, Hamirpur(H.P.), 2023-12-28) Meena Kumari; Sharma, MonicaThe fungal pathogen causing Sclerotinia wilt of French bean was isolated and identified as Sclerotinia sclerotiorum on the basis of morphological and cultural characters. Pathogenicity was demonstrated using French bean plants grown in sick pots. Seedlings exhibited symptoms such as water-soaked lesions/rotting, white fluffy cottony mycelial development, and diaback/wilting after 15 days of inoculation. The pathogen was re-isolated from artificially infected plants, and the pathogen's identity was verified. Among Biocontrol agents viz; Trichoderma harzianum and T.viridae excelled in both the dual culture test and the sick pot conditions against S. sclerotiorum. Trichoderma harzianum and T. viridae caused maximum mycelial inhibition of 71.80 and 64.25 percent, respectively. Evaluation of biocontrol agents in sick pots and the timing of biocontrol agent application in soil showed that biocontrol agents applied 7 days earlier were better to those applied simultaneously with or 7 days after the introduction of the pathogen. T. harzianum showed the maximum disease reduction (66.41%) followed by T. viridae with disease reduction (55.48%). Plant height and weight were likewise raised by T. harzianum treatment by 82.87 per cent and 65.66 per cent, respectively, and by T. viridae treatment by 80.63 per cent and 63.44 per cent, respectively. Among different abiotic resistance-inducers evaluated in sick pots against S. sclerotiorum, oxalic acid at 40 mM was found most effective in managing the disease and increasing plant weight. The activity level of key enzymes of plant defence namely phenol, chitinase and β- 1, 3- glucanase was maximum at six days after treatment with abiotic inducers and thereafter declined. Peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activity peaked at four days following abiotic inducer treatment and thereafter dropped. The chlorophyll content was observed to be highest at 8 days following abiotic inducer treatment and then decreased.ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF SUPPLEMENTED SPENT MUSHROOM SUBSTRATE FOR THE CULTIVATION OF Pleurotus florida(UHF,NAUNI, 2023-11-08) PREETI; SAVITA JANDAIKABSTRACT The present investigation entitled, “Evaluation of supplemented spent mushroom substrate for the cultivation of Pleurotus florida” was undertaken to study the effect of supplemented spent mushroom substrate on yield and quality of Pleurotus florida.For disinfecting the substrate i.e., spent mushroom substrate, wheat straw and its combination steam pasteurization was best substrate disinfection method as it resulted in maximum yield as compared to hot water treatment. Amongst the different substrate combinations used, wheat straw resulted in maximum yield followed by combination of spent mushroom substrate + wheat straw + wheat bran + calcium carbonate (50:40:9.5:0.5). Physicochemical properties of substrate like pH, C and N content of substrates were more before cultivation and decreased after cultivation but electrical conductivity showed the reverse trend. Maximum yield and nutrients were obtained from wheat straw followed by combination of spent mushroom substrate + wheat straw + wheat bran + calcium carbonate (50:40:9.5:0.5) whereas phenol and ascorbic acid were maximum in combination of spent mushroom substrate + wheat straw + wheat bran + calcium carbonate (50:40:9.5:0.5). Enzymatic activity varied throughout the cultivation process, with laccase activity increasing from spawn run to fruit body maturation. Carboxymethyl cellulase activity was highest during primordial initiation and decreased during maturation, while xylanase activity showed increasing trend from pinning till harvesting stage.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON VARIABILITY AND MANAGEMENT OF FUSARIUM WILT OF CAPSICUM(UHF,NAUNI, 2023-11-09) YASH PUNIA; ARTI SHUKLAABSTRACT Wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum is one of the devastating diseases of bell pepper in Himachal Pradesh. The present investigation entitled “Studies on variability and management of Fusarium wilt of capsicum” was carried out during the cropping season 2022 and 2023 with the objectives to record the status of the disease, cultural and morphological characterization of isolates, isolation of biocontrol agents from the rhizosphere of capsicum, their characterization and to test their efficacy against the pathogen under in vitro and pot culture conditions. Survey studies of Solan district of H.P. revealed that the wilt disease occurred in moderate to severe form with disease incidence varying from 9.00 to 24.50 per cent under open field conditions while, under polyhouse conditions it varied from 6.22 to 38.88 percent. Symptoms of disease appeared as yellowing of leaves followed by epinasty (downward drooping) of older leaves and browning of the vascular tissue leading to completely death of plant by wilting. Based on cultural and morphological characterization, the pathogen found associated with the wilt disease was identified as Fusarium oxysporum. Among the two methods of proving pathogenicity, soil inoculation by mass culture was found more effective having incubation period of 18 days. Biocontrol agents (Trichoderma spp., Bacillus spp. and Pseudomonas spp.) were isolated from rhizosphere soil of healthy capsicum plants by using serial dilution method. Among fungal bioagents, Trichoderma sp. 3 was found the most effective in inhibiting the mycelial growth (73.71%) in dual culture method. Whereas, in case of bacterial biocontrol agents, Bacillus sp. 1 was found effective during in vitro evaluation. Evaluation of biocontrol agents against Fusarium wilt of capsicum under pot culture condition revealed that Trichoderma sp. 3 was most effective and exhibited highest disease control (83.33%), while Bacillus sp. 1 showed 50.00 percent disease control against isolate 4 of Fusarium oxysporumThesisItem Open Access Managament of Sclerotinia rot of carrot (Daucus carota L.)(College of Horticulture and Forestry Dr YSP UHF, Neri, Hamirpur(H.P.), 2023-11-17) Thakur, Disha; Sharma, MonicaThe fungal pathogen causing the Sclerotinia rot of carrots was isolated and identified as Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary based on cultural and morphological characteristics. In the pathogenicity test, 7 days incubation period of on carrot roots was observed by placing a 5mm disc of mycelium over the holes made by a needle and covering it with damp cotton. Among ethanol biopesticides, all six ethanol biopesticides had certain inhibiting effects against the mycelia growth of S. Sclerotiorum.E.globulus and O.sanctum + O. Tenuiflorum ethnol biopesticides were shown to be the most efficient, with maximum inhibition in mycelia growth rates of 56.28 and 52.51 percent, respectively. In vitro, testing of methanol biopesticides of plant origin found that A. Indica had the highest mycelia inhibition of 83.31 percent of the 6 biopesticides tested against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, M. Koenigii inhibited the pathogen’s mycelial growth the most (82.65%) whereas C. Sativa inhibited mycelia the least (40.74%). E. Globulus and C. sativa chloroform biopesticides were shown to be the most efficient, with maximum inhibition in mycelia growth rates of 78.52 and 77.53 per cent respectively. Under disease management startagies through effective biopesticides of plant origin for management of Sclerotinia rot, the root sprays of both methanol biopesticides of A. Indica, and acetone biopesticide of M. Koenigii, at 4 percent concentration were determined to be most effective, with the lowest disease indexes mycelia growth the most at 68.67% followed, by A.flavus at 65.30per cent, T.viride (58.22%), P. Flourescens (39.44%) and B.Subtilis (31.67%) were the next best in order. T.harzianum was shown to be the most effective root spray of biocontrol agents for the management of carrot sclerotinia rot, with a minimal disease index of 13.29 percent compared to 80.02 percent in control and lesion size of cm after 21st day after inoculation compared to 7.38cm of inoculated control.