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Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Agriculture University, Palampur
Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya (renamed as Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya in June, 2001) was established on 1st November, 1978.The College of Agriculture (established in May, 1966) formed the nucleus of the new farm University. It is ICAR accredited and ISO 9001:2015 certified institution. The Indian Council of Agricultural Research has ranked this University at eleventh place among all farm universities of the country.
The University has been given the mandate for making provision for imparting education in agriculture and other allied branches of learning, furthering the advancement of learning and prosecution of research and undertaking extension of such sciences, especially to the rural people of Himachal Pradesh.
Over the years, this University has contributed significantly in transforming the farm scenario of Himachal Pradesh. It has developed human resources, varieties and technologies and transferred these to farming community enabling the State to receive the “Krishikarman award” of Govt. of India four times in row for food grain production among small states of the country. Today, the State has earned its name for hill agricultural diversification and the farming community has imposed its faith in the University.
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ThesisItem Open Access PATHOLOGY OF GASTROINTESTINAL AFFECTIONS IN BOVINE CALVES(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2016-07-25) Thakur, Vishal; Gupta, Vipin K.Calfhood diseases have a major impact on the economic viability of cattle operations. The present study was conducted to investigate the pathology of gastrointestinal affections and to identify the major bacterial and parasitic etiologic factors responsible for gastrointestinal affections in calvesbyevaluation of necropsy and clinical samples. Out of 40 dead calves received for necropsy, 23 calves showed mild to severe enteritis and two cases hadconcurrent parasitic infestation due to Moniezia sp. Out of 23 cases of enteritis, 2 (8.70%), 17 (73.91%) and 4 (17.39%) cases showed enteritis, pnuemoenteritis and enteritis associated with other diseases, respectively. The histopathological changes in small intestine were infiltration of lymphocytes, macrophages, eosinophils in lamina propria and hyperemia of vessels. MNC infiltration was the prominent feature in all enteritis cases. In four cases submucosal edema was present. The villi exhibited variable changes including distortion, fusion and thickening. Lymph nodes showed mild lymphoid depletion in lymphoid follicles. Analysis of faecal samples revealed that out of 80 isolates in clinical and necropsy cases, E.coli, Citrobacter andSalmonella present in 80%, 18.75% and 1.25%, respectively. Isolation from 25 necropsycases showed presence of E.coli. A total of 20 E. coli isolates from necropsy cases were confirmed and serotyped for ‘O’ antigen from Central Research Institute, Kasauli. In diarrhoeic calves the prevalence of serotypes O89 and O120 were highest. A total of four serotype of O89 and three of O120 followed by two serotype of O9 and one each serotype of O119, O63, O88, O15, O118, O49 and O35 besides three untypeable and one rough. Disk diffusion test was used to check sensitivity of isolates from both clinical and necropsysamples. Cloxacillin was found most resistant drug while amoxy-sulbactum, ciprofloxacin and gentamicin were most effective drugs against the E.coli isolates. A total of 16 blood samples from diarrhoeic cases were analysed for total and differential leukocyte count, out of these four cases showed drastic increase in immature neutrophil count.Examination of 82 faecal samples shows three(3.65%)Strongyloidsspp, two(2.44%) Amphistomes sp. and four (4.82%) Eimeria spp.positive cases. PCR screening of the 23 faecal samples from necropsy cases for group A rotaviruswas found negative. In conclusion overall incidence of enteritis was 57.5%with highest numberin winters.ThesisItem Open Access PATHOLOGY OF RESPIRATORY DISEASES IN BOVINE CALVES(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2016-07-25) Pradhan, Stephanie S.; Gupta, V.K.The present study was conducted to determine the prevalence and the factors responsible for respiratory diseases in bovine calves (sick-51, dead-40) of Himachal Pradesh. The nasal swabs and blood samples from sick and apparently healthy animals were collected from Palampur and its surrounding districts. The necropsy samples were collected from the postmortem received in the Department. Samples were collected from clinically sick and dead calves for bacteriological identification. Blood samples collected for TLC and DLC from calves exhibiting severe disease conditions revealed neutrophilia with increase in immature cells. Dead calves were subjected to necropsy examination and tissue samples were investigated at histopathology. Cytosmears prepared from nasal turbinate and affected portion of the lung revealed morphology of bacteria and the nature of exudate. In the present study, pneumonia was present in 31 (77.5%) of 40 calves and was considered an important contributor to death in 14(35%) of 40 calves whereas pneumonia associated with enteritis was observed in the remaining 17 (42.5%) calves. Out of 31 calves, 4 (12.9%) and 27 (87.1%) calves showed lesions suggestive of bronchopneumonia and interstitial pneumonia respectively. A few small white worms were observed in the upper respiratory tract in three cases, one with bronchopneumonia and two with interstitial pneumonia and the worms identified were Dictyocaulus viviparus. The most significant gross finding in the lung was hyperemia of the cranioventral region with pulmonary oedema. In 2 (6.45%) of 31 cases multifocal to coalescing abscesses were present in the cranioventral region. Mild rib impressions were also observed on the pleural surface of the lung in 13 (41.93%) cases with hazy appearance of the pleura in 24(77.4%) cases exhibiting both bronchopneumonia and interstitial pneumonia. The mediastinal and the bronchial lymph nodes showed gross changes of enlargement, oedema, hyperaemia and haemorrhage. On histopathological examination the turbinates showed mild inflammation in 27 (71.05%) out of 38 cases with infiltration of mononuclear (MNC) and polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells. Interstitial pneumonia was consistently characterized by the thickening of interalveolar septa due to MNC infiltration, hyperplasia of the bronchial and bronchiolar epithelium with peribronchial and peribronchiolar lymphoid proliferation. Clumping of macrophages was seen in nine cases with syncytia in one. In bronchopneumonia, the bronchioles and the alveolar lumen were filled with polymorphonuclear cells.Staphylococcusaureuswas isolated from the lungs showing subacute to chronic abscesses. Lymph nodes revealed mild to severe depletion of lymphocytes in the cortical region. E.coli, Streptococcus.sp, Staphylococcus.sp or Citrobacter.spwas common isolates from both upper as well as lower respiratory tract. Ciprofloxacin was found to be the most sensitive antibiotic followed by Gentamicin and Amoxycillin/Sulbactum. The present study revealed that pneumonia and pneumonia associated with enteritis are the common causes of calf mortality with its peak occurrence at six months of age.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON THE EFFECTS OF PLANT BASED EXTRACT AGAINST Escherichia coli INFECTION IN BROILERS(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2016-07-25) Thakur, Shalini; Asrani, R.K.The present study was planned with a view to observe the effects of methanolic extract of aerial parts of Artemisia nilagirica on growth, mortality, clinical signs, biochemical, pathological and ultrastructural changes in broiler chicks infected with E. coli. Three hundred thirty day old broiler chicks were randomly divided into six groups. The LD50 dose of E. coli was determined in a pilot experiment which was found to be 1x107 cfu ml-1. Plain E. coli infection, E. coli infection and methanolic extract (0.5g), E. coli infection and methanolic extract (1g), E. coli infection and methanolic extract (2g), methanolic extract (2g) and only feed was given to group(s) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively. E. coli infection was given on 7th day. Methanolic extract was given in water from day 4 to day 21. Results of present study showed that E. coli infected groups exhibited clinical signs of whitish diarrhea, anorexia, drooped wings, ruffled feathers, laboured and shallow breathing, huddling, dullness and depression. Higher values of ALT, AST, enzymatic creatinine, cholesterol, lower total protein and lower albumin values was observed in the plain infected group as compared to the control birds. However, in the combination groups (group 2, 3 and 4) the values were significantly less as compared the plain infected group (group 1). Grossly, in the group 1 fibrinous perihepatitis, fibrinous pericarditis, airsacculitis, splenomegaly and peritonitis were observed mainly. However, in the combination groups the gross lesions of significantly less intensity were observed. Microscopically, the liver and heart of group 1 revealed perihepatitis, pericarditis, vacuolar changes, leukocytic infiltration, necrosis and increased cytoplasmic granularity. Similarly in this group spleen showed reticuloendothelial hyperplasia, coagulative necrosis and lymphoid depletion. But the changes in the liver, heart and spleen were less severe in the combination groups. Significantly lower values were observed in group(s) 3 and 4. These changes suggest that Artemisia nilagirica has antimicrobial and hepatoprotective effects. Ultrastructural changes in the group 5 revealed relatively dense population of mitochondria along with abundant endoplasmic reticulum proliferation with no significant nuclear changes, as compared to control (group 6). These changes indicate that methanolic extract of Artemisia nilagirica is not toxic to liver even at the concentration of 2g per litre of water over a period of 18 days.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF CANNABIS SATIVA AGAINST DATURA STRAMONIUM- INDUCED TOXICITY IN RATS(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2016-12-14) Thakur, Nitika; Patil, Rajendra D.The present investigation was undertaken to determine the efficacy of Cannabis sativa against Datura stramonium-induced toxicity in rats. A total of 72 (36 male and 36 female) weaned Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups viz. Group-I served as normal control and received vehicle (NSS) only; Group-II rats treated with D. stramonium leaf extract @ 2000 mg/kg bw; Group-III rats treated with C. sativa root extract @ 1200 mg/kg bw; Group-IV rats treated with D. stramonium leaf extract @ 2000 mg/kg bw plus C. sativa root extract @ 400mg/kg bw; Group-V rats treated with D. stramonium leaf extract @ 2000 mg/kg bw plus C. sativa root extract @ 800 mg/kg bw; and Group-VI rats treated with D. stramonium leaf extract @ 2000 mg/kg bw plus C. sativa root extract @ 1200 mg/kg bw for 28 days by oral route. D. stramonium produced significant toxicity in rats from the first week of experimentation as seen by the clinical signs including typical nervous signs, mortality among 2 males and the significant reduction in the body weights on 14th and 21st day onwards in male and female rats, respectively. The absolute weights of kidneys, spleen and gonads were significantly decreased in female rats; however, relative organ weights of liver, kidneys, heart, brain and gonads were significantly increased in male rats. Haematological changes included significantly decreased PCV and MCHC and an increased MCV values seen in male rats. The serum activities such as alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, serum enzymatic creatinine were significantly increased while, the decreased total protein levels and increased globulin and A:G ratio were noted in male and female rats. Gross pathological changes were less marked in group-II. However, histopathological changes were severe and consistently seen in Group-II rats with toxico-pathological damage in all the internal organs such as liver, kidneys, heart, brain, spleen, small intestine, mesenteric lymph nodes and gonads. No toxico-pathological changes were seen in the male and female rats given Cannabis sativa (Group-III) throughout the study. However, simultaneous administration of Cannabis to male and female rats from Groups-IV, V and VI was effective in alleviating the D. stramonium-induced toxicity in a dose-dependent manner.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON IN VIVO EFFECT OF PLANT BASED EXTRACT AGAINST EXPERIMENTAL SALMONELLOSIS(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2017-06-29) Gautam, Hemlata; Asrani, R.K.The present study was planned with a view to observe the effects of methanolic extract of roots of the plant Saussurea lappa on growth, mortality, clinical signs, biochemical and pathological changes in mice infected with a local isolate of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium 4,12:i:1,2.The LD50 dose of S. Typhimurium was determined in a pilot experiment which was found to be 1.35x103 cfu ml-1.Two hundred mice were randomly divided into 7 groups, Group 1:plain control, Group 2: plant control with methanolic extract of Saussurea lappa @2000mg, Group 3: S. Typhimurium infection alone, Group 4: S. Typhimurium infection with Ciprofloxacin @200mg/kg, Group 5: S. Typhimurium infection with plant extract @200mg, Group 6: S. Typhimurium infection and plant extract @1000mg, Group7: S. Typhimurium infection and plant extract @2000mg.The mice in group 1, 2, 3 and 4 served as control. The methanolic extract of Saussurea lappa was given in drinking water to mice, 4 days before the infection and continued up to 10th of experiment. Results of the present study showed that mice of S. Typhimurium infected group exhibited clinical signs of ruffled hair coat, laboured breathing, staggering gait, hunched position, soiled anal area, soft faeces, reluctant to move and discharge from the eyes. ALT activity was found to increase, whereas total protein and albumin concentration decreased in all the infected groups as compared to the control groups. Values of creatinine was non-significantly different except in Ciprofloxacin group at 7DPI. Biochemical parameters in case of the combination groups were lower as compared to the plain infection group. Grossly group 3 animal showed hepatomegaly, hepatic necrosis, liver paleness and splenomegaly. However, in the combination groups the gross lesions of less intensity were observed. Microscopically, the liver of the mice of group 3 revealed severe necrotic foci, inflammatory cell infiltration, dilatation of sinusoids, vacuolar changes and increased cytoplasmic granularity. Similarly, in this group spleen showed congestion, necrotic foci, lymphoid depletion, granulocyte infiltration and RE cell hyperplasia. At 3 and 7 DPI, maximum lesions intensity scores were obtained. Similar changes were noticed in the combination groups (group 5, 6 and 7), but the changes were less severe in intensity as compared to the plain S. Typhimurium infected group. Histopathologically liver and spleen showed preservation of hepatocytes and hepatic cord structure and white pulp hyperplasia in plant treated groups indicated its antimicrobial, hepatoprotective and immunomodulatory effect. S. Typhimurium found to be highly pathogenic and produced significant hepatic lesion in mice model during in vivo experimentation.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF COMBINATION OF PLANTS BASED EXTRACT AGAINST FOWL TYPHOID IN QUAIL(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2015-08-14) Karol, Ankit; Asrani, R.K.The present study was planned to study the effect of aqueous plant extract against experimental salmonellosis in Japanese quail. Four hundred Japanese quail chicks at day 21 were randomly divided into four groups and were fed chick mash alone (group PC), aqueous plant extract in the drinking water at the rate of 15 ml lts-1of drinking water (group GC), birds challenged with S. Gallinarum (2x103 cfu ml-1) orally (group PI) and the combination group containing both infection and aqueous extract (group GI). The plant extract was given in drinking water continuously from 18th day onwards up to 10 days post-infection. The S. Gallinarum infection was inoculated at day 21 through oral route. The birds in all groups were closely observed for the development of clinical signs, mortality, growth response, biochemical changes and pathological changes. Intestinal tissues of three randomly selected birds from each treatment group were subjected to scanning electron microscopic studies at different hours post infection. The clinical signs in both the infected groups included greenish diarrhea, anorexia, ruffling of feathers, labored breathing, huddling, restricted movement, dullness and depression, but the signs like dark greenish diarrhea, ruffled feathers etc. were comparatively less severe in the GI group. Mortality was 36% in the infected group kept on the plants extract added water in comparison to 58% in the group given Salmonella infection alone. ALT, AST, serum cholesterol and creatinine levels were found to be higher whereas total protein concentration was lower at the peak phase of infection in PI group as compared to the GI group. The gross lesions in liver and spleen chiefly comprised of enlargement, copper discoloration and necrotic foci in both the infected groups, though lesions in GI group were comparatively less severe up to 10 DPI, but increased afterwards when the extract water was stopped giving to the birds. The microscopic lesions in the PI group comprised of necrosis, heterophilic and mononuclear cell infiltration and vacuolar changes in the liver. The lesions were similar in nature in the GI group but were comparatively less severe in intensity. The lesions in the spleen in both the infected groups included RE cell hyperplasia, lymphoid depletion, necrosis and heterophilic and MN cell infiltration. In PI group, the scanning electron studies revealed significant damage to the intestine architecture. The birds showed destructed villous structure and necrosis. The normal shape was transformed to long finger like structures with tapering ends. There was sloughing of the villous epithelium and shedding of the mucosal shreds. The response in the GI group was found to be better than PI group. These results indicate that there was some level of protection provided by the aqueous plant extract against experimental salmonellosis.ThesisItem Open Access PATHOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THE COMMONLY OCCURRING DISEASES IN BOVINE CALVES(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2017-11-06) Mahajan, Shagun; Patil, R.D.The present study was conducted to determine the prevalence and the etiolpathology responsible for bovine calf mortality in Himachal Pradesh. A total of 41 nasal swabs and 185 faecal samples were collected from dead, clinically sick and non-clinical (healthy) animals. Necropsy of 30 calves (17 Males, 13 Females) of various age groups (< 1M, 1- 3M, 3-6M, 6-9M and 9-12M) was performed during August, 2015 to April, 2016. The pneumo-enteritis was the major cause of death in 63% of calves. Grossly,out of 30 calves, 8(26.6%), 8 (26.6%), 3 (10%) and 4 (13.3%) calves showed bronchopneumonia, interstitial pneumonia, pulmonary congestion and pulmonary congestion and edema respectively. However, 2(6.67 %) and 20 (66.7%) animals showed haemorrhagic enteritis and catarrhal enteritis respectively. Histopathologically, in bronchopneumonia cases, the bronchioles and the alveolar lumen were filled with polymorphonuclear cells. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from the lungs showing sub-acute to chronic abscesses, whereas, in interstitial pneumonia thickening of inter-alveolar septa due to mononuclearcells infiltration, hyperplasia of the bronchial and bronchiolar epithelium with peribronchial and peribronchiolar lymphoid proliferation. Intestine revealed presence of macroschizonts and microschizonts of coccidian with infiltration of inflammatory cells. Shortening and fusion of villi, desquamation and sloughing of villi, apoptosis and necrosis with infiltration of inflammatory cells in mucosa and submucosa indicative of viral induced enteritis.The serotype (O7, 088 and O118) were isolated from necropsy cases and major parasite wasEimeriabovis(28 % in clinically sick, 17.55 % in healthy and 3.44 % in dead calves) followed by Strongyloides eggs (20.6 % in dead and 3.81% in healthycalves) and Neoascaris vitulorum (8%) in clinically sick calves. This is also suggestive that parasitism is also responsible for playing important role in calf mortality.Ciprofloxacin was found to be the most sensitive antibiotic followed by Gentamicin and Oxytetracycline was the most resistant drug. The present study revealed that pneumo-enteritis is the major cause of calf mortality with its peak occurrence at 6-9 months of age group.