Thumbnail Image

Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Wayanad

Browse

2011 - 201929
Reset filters
Subject: Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ethics and Jurisprudence × End date: 2019 × Start date: 2010 × Thesis Type: M.V.Sc. ×
Reset filters

Search Results

Now showing 1 - 9 of 29
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    ASSESSMENT OF PULMONARY FUNCTION IN RESPIRATORY AND CARDIAC DISORDERS OF DOG
    (COLLEGE OF VETRINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, 2019-09-30) SWATHI S; S. Ajithkumar
    Eighteen adult Labrador retriever dogs of either sex above 1 year of age presented to the University Veterinary hospital, Mannuthy with history of clinical signs suggestive of cardio-pulmonary disease were considered for the study. Based on clinical, radiographic, electrocardiographic and echocardiographic examination, respiratory and cardiac diseases were confirmed in 18 dogs. The study consisted of four groups. Group A: Control (Apparently healthy animals) (n=6), Group B: Animals with upper respiratory tract diseases (n=6), Group C: Animals with lower respiratory tract diseases (n=6) and Group D: Animals with cardiac involvement showing respiratory signs (n=6). These animals were subjected to pulmonary function tests (spirometry and arterial blood gas analysis). The different types of upper respiratory tract diseases diagnosed in canine patients under study were tracheal stenosis (33.33 %), tracheitis (33.33 %), tracheal collapse (16.66 %) and pharyngitis (16.66 %). The diseases were more common in middle aged male dogs. The clinical signs included nasal discharge, respiratory distress, dyspnoea, cough, syncope, snoring and anorexia. Auscultation of trachea revealed inspiratory dyspnoea, stridor and stertor. The radiographic findings were evidence of narrowing of trachea in the cervical region and thoracic inlet, mild to moderate thickening of tracheal membrane and enlargement of pharyngeal region. In Group B, pneumonia, tracheobronchitis, pleural effusion and metastasis were noted in 50, 16.66, 16.66 and 16.66 per cent of the cases, respectively. The diseases were more common in middle aged male dogs. Respiratory abnormalities like dyspnoea, tachypnoea, cough (productive or non productive), fever, cyanosis and wheezing, crackles and harsh respiratory sounds on auscultation of lungs were the common clinical examination findings recorded. Radiographic appearance of lung pathologies in dogs with lower respiratory tract diseases showed bronchial, alveolar, vascular and interstitial or mixed patterns, peribronchial markings, increased soft tissue opacity, obscured cardiac silhouette and diaphragm, air bronchograms, lobar sign, lung consolidation and multiple miliary lesions depending upon the involvement of the anatomical structures. The cardiac disorders diagnosed were dilated cardiomyopathy (66.66 %), mitral valvular disease (16.66 %) and idiopathic pericardial effusion (16.66 %). The main clinical signs included anorexia, dyspnoea, cough, exercise intolerance, weak femoral pulse, ascites, limb oedema, syncope, tachycardia, murmurs, pulmonary crackles and muffled heart sounds on thoracic auscultation. Electrocardiographic and radiographic findings suggested of chamber enlargement and pericardial effusion was confirmed by echocardiography. The shape of the spirometric flow-volume loops obtained from control group was similar to the alphabet ‘D’ in appearance. Flattening and prolonged phase of inspiratory and expiratory portion of the loops were seen in dogs with upper respiratory tract and lower respiratory tract diseases, respectively. Flattening of both inspiratory and expiratory portion of the loops was observed in dogs with cardiac diseases. Significant decrease was noticed in the mean values of tidal volume in Group B, C and D in comparison to normal healthy animals. A significantly higher values of respiratory rate were recorded in group C and D in comparison to healthy animals and no difference was observed between Group A and B. There was significant decrease in the mean values of inspiratory time in Group C and D, whereas the mean values of inspiratory time in Group B was significantly increased compared to healthy animals. The mean values of expiratory to inspiratory time ratio in Group C and D showed significant increase, whereas mean values of expiratory to inspiratory time ratio in Group B showed significant decrease when compared to Group A. Arterial blood gas analysis revealed significant evidence of hypoxemia in affected dogs. Statistically significant decrease was noticed in the mean values of partial pressure of oxygen and saturated oxygen and significant increase was noticed in the mean values of Alveolar-arterial (A-a) gradient in Group B, C and D compared to apparently healthy animals.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    MANAGEMENT OF OXIDATIVE STRESS IN CHRONIC VALVULAR HEART DISEASE IN DOGS
    (Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences Mannuthy, Thrissur, 2018-10-30) REVATHI K; Madhavan Unny. N.
    Oxidative stress is considered to be one of the major contributing factors in the development of cardiac diseases. Sixty nine dogs presented with symptoms of cardiac and respiratory ailments were screened for cardiac diseases. Based on clinical, electro cardio graphic, radiographic and echo cardio graphic examination, cardiac diseases were confirmed in 34 dogs. Types of cardiac disorders diagnosed in the study were mitral valve insufficiency (76.47%), dilated cardiomyopathy (17.65%) and tricuspid valvular insufficiency (5.88%). Twenty dogs that belonged to stage C as per American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine consensus statement on guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of canine chronic valvular heart disease were selected and randomly divided into two groups of ten animals each. The selected animals were subjected to detailed clinical examination, blood pressure measurement, electro cardio graphic, radiographic and echo cardio graphic examination and assessment of oxidative stress parameters on the day of presentation. Animals that belonged to group I and II were treated with furo semide, enalapril and pimobendan for two months. In addition, animals of group II were supplemented with coenzyme Q10. Oxidative stress parameters were rechecked on 30 th and 60 th day of treatment. All animals werereassessed by echo cardiographic and blood pressure measurement on 60 th day.Higher occurrence of valvular heart diseases was recorded in small breeds. Maledogs were more affected compared to females. The average age was 9.73 years. Inappetance, dyspnoea, murmurs on auscultation, lethargy, exercise intolerance,dull heart sounds and syncope were the major clinical signs and findings.Electro cardio graphic changes recorded were atrial fibrillation, ST coving, first degree AV block, second degree AV block, ‘P’ mitrale, sinus tachycardia and ventricular premature complexes. Left atrial enlargement and cardiomegaly were the predominant radiographic changes noticed. Clinical response was more evident in group II animals compared to group I animals. At the end of the study period, a significant fall in total antioxidant status and a slight decrease in mean values of lipid peroxides was recorded in group II. No statistical significance was recorded in the ejection fraction, fractional shortening and E point to septal separation values within the treatment groups.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    MANAGEMENT OF OXIDATIVE STRESS IN CAPRINE ANAPLASMOSIS
    (COLLEGE OF VETRINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, 2019-08-05) DHANASREE G.; Usha Narayana Pillai
    Caprine anaplasmosis is an economically important tick-borne rickettsial disease that affects goats all over the world. The present study entitled “Management of oxidative stress in caprine anaplasmosis” apprehends the correlation between parasitemia caused by Anaplasma spp. and oxidative stress indices and also the management of oxidative stress in goats affected with anaplasmosis. Microscopic examination of stained blood smears from 162 animals revealed inclusion bodies of Anaplasma spp. in 24 cases. Genus specific PCR for Anaplasma spp. yielded positive results in 22 cases and 10 in-contact animals. Major clinical signs noted were anorexia, pyrexia, dullness, pallor of mucous membrane, drop in milk yield , diarrhoea and wasting. Haematological analysis revealed anaemia with low TEC, Hb and VPRC. All the diseased animals showed a significant fall in the mean values of antioxidants such as reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase and catalase and a significant increase in the level of lipid peroxidation. It was found that the parasitemia and malondialdehyde levels were in positive correlation whereas all the antioxidants were in negative correlation with parsitemia. Out of the 22 animals positive for anaplasmosis both in blood smear and PCR, 16 female non pregnant goats selected for study were divided into two groups consisting of eight animals each. Animals belonging to group I and II were treated with oxytetracycline dihydrate. In addition, animals of group II were supplemented with vitamin E- selenium combination. Haematological and oxidative stress parameters were rechecked on 10th day of treatment. Clinical response and improvement in haematological parameters were equally evident in both the groups. At the end of the study period, a significant reduction in malondialdehyde level and a significant increase in mean value of superoxide dismutase were detected in group II. While there was a significant reduction in lipid peroxidation and a significant increase in superoxide dismutase and catalase values within both the groups after treatment, reduced glutathione showed no significant difference within the group.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    SCREENING OF SELECTED SPECIES OF FREE RANGING WILD ANIMALS OF KERALA FOR MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS COMPLEX BY REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES, POOKODE WAYANAD, 2019-08-08) S., ASWATHY
    The present study was carried out to screen Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex(MTBC) in selected species of wild animals (elephants,wildboar, monkey and deer) in Kerala. The post-mortem samples from wild animals(27 numbers) from different wildlife sanctuaries in Kerala were collected and screened for MTBC infection. Molecular diagnosis was done by using real – time polymerase chain reaction targeting IS6110 and senX3-regX3 intergenic region. Conventional PCR was carried out using 16SrRNA gene and IS6110 gene.The positive PCR samples were subjected to multiplex PCR tests for plcA,recAinteinand hsp65 genes.All the samples of wild boars, deer and monkeys were negative for MTBC.A total of four elephant samples shown positive result by IS6110 gene targeted real-time PCR and three were positive for conventional PCR targeting same gene.All the samples showed negative result in senX3-regX3 intergenic region targeted real-time PCR. A total of three elephant samples showed positive result by16SrRNA targeted PCR and among them one sample shown positive result by hsp65 gene targeted PCR also. All samples were negative for plcA and rec A intein gene. Though IS6110 has been detected in the samples, none of the other tests conducted were positive for MTBC. The BLAST analysis of positive isolates points towards presence of non-tuberculous mycobacterium in these samples. Hence it is concluded that the lesions observed in these animals could be due to non-tuberculous mycobacteria
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF UROLITHIASIS IN DOGS
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES, POOKODE WAYANAD, 2019-11-14) RAMESH, ANJALI; David P., Vinu
    The present study on “Diagnosis and management of urolithiasis in dogs” was carried out in the Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Ethics and Jurisprudence, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode during the period from January 2018 to June 2019. Twelve dogs presented to the Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, Pookode and other Veterinary hospitals under Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University with clinical signs suggestive of urolithiasis were selected for this study. Signalment, anamnesis, clinicopathological evaluation of blood and urine and diagnostic imaging techniques were employed to confirm the diagnosis. Cystocentesis for culture and sensitivity of urine was carried out. The stones were surgically retrieved and analyzed using Fourier Transform Infra-redspectrophotometer(FT-IR). The highest incidence of urolithiasis was found in the age group of five to ten years (50 percent). All the animals in the present study were males. Homemade food with high non-vegetarian ingredients were fed to the dogs under this study. The main clinical signs observed in these animals include dribbling of urine, distended bladder, anuria, haematuria, dysuria and stranguria with varying degrees of vomiting and depression. Uroliths were observed in the bladder in all positive cases, and in cases where uroliths obstructed the urethra, most of stones were observed in the region of ospenis. There was a significant elevation in total leukocyte count, BUN and creatinine and a decrease in haemoglobin count in the affected group when compared to the control group on the day of presentation of the animals. Physical examination of the urine sample of most of the dogs revealed haematuria, isosthenuria, turbid urine, ammoniacal odour and variable urine pH. Analysis of chemical constituents of urine showed presence of blood, leukocytes and protein. Microscopic examination of the urine revealed increased number of epithelial cells, casts, RBCs, WBCs and bacteria compared to the control group.Staphylococcus spp. was the predominant organism isolated and Amoxycillin-clavulanic acid was the most sensitive antibiotic effective in all the animals in vitro and in vivo. Surgical retrieval of calculi was performed in all the cases. On qualitative analysis of the urinary calculi using Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer, the presence of calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate could be detected during mineral analysis in all the cases. Based on the results of culture and sensitivity, suitable antibiotics were given to the dogs along with alkalinizers, acidifiers, antacids and hematinics. On the third day, the antibiotic was changed in three animals based on the results of culture and sensitivity. On the fourteenth post therapeutic day, all haemato biochemical and urine values were within normal limits on the fourteenthday. All the twelve cases were subjected to post-operative evaluation for the presence of uroliths by radiography and ultrasonography revealed no trace of uroliths in the bladder and urethra. This study concludes that proper diagnosis, medical and surgical intervention, therapeutic and dietary management is crucial for formulating an effective dissolution protocol as well as preventing recurrence of uroliths.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    MOLECULAR DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICO-THERAPEUTIC STUDIES OF ANAPLASMOSIS IN GOATS OF WAYANAD DISTRICT
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES, POOKODE WAYANAD, 2019-10-18) SHAJU, HONEY; P, Vinu David
    The present study on “Molecular detection and clinico-therapeutic studies of anaplasmosis in goats of Wayanad district” was carried out at the Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Ethics and Jurisprudence, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode during the period from March to December 2018. The aim of the study was to find out the occurrence of anaplasmosis in goats of Wayanad district, molecular detection and differentiation of Anaplasma organisms by PCR, to study the hemato-biochemical alterations associated with caprine anaplasmosis and for evaluating the treatment response in caprine anaplasmosis. Blood samples from 120 goats with clinical signs of anaemia, anorexia and tick infestation were subjected to detailed blood smear examination and PCR. Hematological and serum biochemical parameters were evaluated. Out of the total samples examined, 20 samples which were supposed to be positive by blood smear examination were negative on PCR and other 22 samples which were positive on PCR were negative by blood smear examination. Positive samples were send for sequencing and all the goats were having Anaplasma bovis infection. The main clinical signs exhibited by goats with A.bovis infection were anaemia, anorexia, fever, debility, loss of appetite, jaundice and swollen pre-scapular lymph nodes. The overall incidence of anaplasmosis was 18.33 per cent. Females were commonly affected than males. More number of animals within age group of one to two years were affected with A.bovis. Hematology revealed significant increase in WBC count while hemoglobin, VPRC and MCH values showed significant decrease during the period of infection. Serum biochemistry revealed significant increase in total protein and albumin levels. Positive animals were divided randomly into two treatment groups. Group 1 was treated with oxytetracycline @ 20mg/kg body weight intravenously for three days and Group II with long acting enrofloxacin @ 7.5 mg/kg body weight intramuscularly. Excellent clinical and hematological response were observed in both treatment groups by fourth day. Since the A.bovis organisms detected prior to the treatment disappeared on fourth and fourteenth day on PCR from all animals in both treatment groups, both enrofloxacin or oxytetracycline were equally effective in treating anaplasmosis caused by A. bovis. Polymerase chain reaction was highly sensitive compared to blood smear examination in detecting A.bovis.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC EVALUATIONS OF DEMODICOSIS IN DOGS
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES, POOKODE WAYANAD, 2019-08-05) NAIR, AMITHY S.; C. G., Umesh
    The present study on “Diagnostic and therapeutic evaluation of demodicosis in dogs” was carried out in the Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Ethics and Jurisprudence, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode and other veterinary hospitals in Wayanad district, Kerala during the period from September 2018 to June 2019 with clinical signs like hair loss, erythema, skin lesions specific for demodicosis were screened and included in the study group. Apparently healthy dogs were selected from those animals presented to the TVCC for wellness check-up or vaccination. These animals were subjected to detailed signalment, anamnesis and clinical examination with special emphasis on integumentary system. Deep skin scrapings, tape impression smears and hair plucks were collected and subjected to microscopical examination for diagnosing Demodex spp. mites based on morphometry. The haematological parameters evaluated include Haemoglobin, VPRC, Total Erythrocyte count, Total Leucocyte count, Platelet count, Mean corpuscular volume, Mean corpuscular haemoglobin, Mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration. Serum biochemical parameters like ALT, ALP, total bilirubin, albumin and globulin were also evaluated. Hair/skin samples were collected and stored under - 20°C in phosphate buffered saline for DNA extraction. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed using primers specific for 16S rRNA of Demodex spp. Amplicons were sequenced and analysed. Dogs with demodicosis were divided in to three groups for comparing standard miticidal therapeutic protocols involving oral ivermectin, ivermectin injection and doramectin injection respectively. Therapeutic responses in each group were recorded on weekly basis. The prevalence of demodicosis in dogs under study was found to be 21.6 per cent. Among Demodex spp. positive cases, prevalence of localized form was 81.48 per cent, and that of generalized form was found to be 18.51 per cent. The highest occurrence of demodicosis was recorded in dogs aged less than 1.5 years i.e 71.78 per 75 cent followed by 18.51 per cent in age group of 1.5-4 years and lowest occurrence in age group of > 4 years with 3.7 per cent. The prevalence of demodicosis in different breeds of dogs under study was found to be highest in German shepherd with 22.2 per cent, followed by Labrador retriever with 14.8 per cent. No significant difference was found in prevalence of demodicosis between male and female dogs. The predominant primary skin lesions noticed in dogs with demodicosis included papules in 63 per cent, and patch in 14.8 per cent. The major secondary lesions observed were pustules, hyperpigmentation and scales in each 63 per cent, hyperkeratosis, lichenification and crust in 14.8 percent, erosion in 11.1 per cent and ulcer, excoriation, comedones and epidermal collarettes in one each 3.7 per cent. Upon hematological examination significant elevation of TLC (p ≤ 0.05) was observed in diseased animals whereas TEC, haemoglobin and VPRC values showed a significant reduction (p ≤ 0.01) in comparison to control group. Serum biochemical evaluation of diseased animals revealed significant decrease in total serum protein and albumin (p ≤ 0.05) levels when compared to healthy animals. The concentration of ALP was significantly elevated (p ≤ 0.01) in affected animals. PCR, deep skin scraping method, and trichography showed 100 per cent, 92.59 per cent, and 74.07 per cent sensitivity in diagnosing demodicosis respectively. On morphometrical analysis, there was significant reduction in mean total body length, opisthosoma, gnathosoma podosoma and ratio of length opisthosoma length to body length, significant increase in ratio of prosoma to opisthosoma, ratio of total body length and opisthosoma length and in Demodex cornei than Demodex canis. Genus specific PCR of Demodex DNA yielded a specific product of 340 bp with primer pair P1F and P2R in twenty seven positive samples. The ten PCR products were sent for sequencing. Sequences were analyzed in BLAST to confirm specificity of 16S gene of Demodex (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST). Ten sequences of Demodex spp. DNA were submitted to the genbank and got accession numbers (MN161400- 161409). On phylogenetic analysis nine Demodex canis and one Demodex cornei isolates were found to be identical with china, USA and spain isolates. In therapeutic evaluation 76 mite reduction in every week in three groups were evaluated. Chisqaure value showed non-significant efficacy in three groups, but doramectin was found to be faster in reducing mite count at second week. The study was concluded with findings which include, morphometry can be used as an effective tool in differentiating different species of mites, Demodex cornei is identical to Demodex canis in phylogeny, Demodex cornei is a morphological variant of Demodex canis and doramectin can be used for faster recovery in demodicosis in dogs.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    XENOTRANSFUSION STUDIES IN ANAEMIC CATS
    (College of Veterinary and animal Science,Mannuthy, 2019) SAHLA SHAHEENA A P; N. Madhavan Unny
    Xenotransfusion study was performed in 10 severly anaemic cats brought to the University Veterinary Hospital, Mannuthy and Kokkalai. Blood typing was done in 40 cats from Thrissur district. Persian and non-pedigree domestic cats were blood typed using a commercial kit following the principle of immunochromatographic method. Among the 40 cats, 38 belonged to type A. Type B and type AB was recorded in one animal each. All Persian cats were of type A. Xenotransfusion with dog blood was performed in severely anaemic cats. Animals were subjected to a detailed physical examination, blood smear and faecal sample examination and haematology to reach an etiological diagnosis and to assess the severity of anaemia. Seven of the anaemic cats were infected with the haemoparasite, Mycoplasma haemofelis. Infection with gastrointestinal parasites, Ancylostoma spp. and Toxocara spp. as well as feline panleucopenia were the other major reasons that caused anaemia in cats. Clinical outcome and variation in blood parameters before and 24 hours after the transfusion was evaluated. Haemogram of anaemic cats showed a marked reduction in haemoglobin level, volume of packed red blood cells, total erythrocyte count and total thrombocyte count prior to xenotransfusion. Timely transfusion with canine blood resulted in a significant increase in haemoglobin level, volume of packed red blood cells, total erythrocyte count and total thrombocyte count. Major and minor cross matching tests performed prior to transfusion between donor dog blood and recipient cat blood did not show agglutination reaction. Along with xenotransfusion all cases were treated with specific therapeutic agents based on their etiology. Three animals died during the course of treatment. Clinical improvement was noticed in the other animals after transfusion and no major adverse reactions were noticed during transfusion. Based on the findings of present study, it can be concluded that there is a high frequency of occurrence of type A cats in Kerala. Xenotransfusion of cats with canine blood can be advocated in emergency situations as a life saving measure.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    CLINICO-THERAPEUTIC STUDY OF SUB-ACUTE RUMINAL ACIDOSIS IN GOATS
    (COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 2018) PRASANTH C R; S. AJITHKUMAR
    The present topic, “Clinico-therapeutic study of sub-acute ruminal acidosis in goats” was the first detailed study conducted on this disease in India. Study was conducted in various goat farms in Thrissur district of Kerala, India from December 2015 to January 2017. Twenty four SARA affected goats were selected and divided into two groups, group I and group II. Six apparently healthy goats from SARA negative herd was selected as SARA negative group III animals. Prevalence rate of the disease was 7.97 per cent and was highest in the age group of 3 to 5 years. Crossbred goats were mainly affected. Major associated health problems recorded in SARA affected goats were diarrhoea, laminitis, polioencephalomalacia, reproductive problems and hypocalcaemia. Cyclic feeding behavior and low body condition score were consistent findings in SARA affected goats. Volatile fatty acid profile revealed an increase in TVFA, propionate and butyrate level with reduced acetate level. Rumen protozoal count was also reduced. Rumen liquor showed a predominance of Gram positive bacteria during SARA episodes. However, rumen lactate concentration did not show any significant variation. Important changes on blood gas analysis were reduction in blood pH, pCO2 and bicarbonate levels. Blood total lactate showed an increase along with L-lactate. Serum protein profile and blood electrolytes did not shown any significance. Increased serum haptoglobin (Hp) suggested inflammatory response and stress. SARA caused major depreciation in milk quality parameters. Majority of associated health problems subsided in both SARA affected groups after the treatment. Treatment with Lithothamnium calcareum and yeast culture alone imparted improvement in reproductive status while that with magnesium oxide did not. Both these treatment regimes produced homogeneous response in improving all clinical parameters except in the quality of milk. Combination of Lithothamnium calcareum and yeast culture was more acceptable than magnesium oxide since it produced unique improvement in clinical, production and reproductive parameters.