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Anand Agricultural University, Anand
Anand Agricultural University (AAU) was established in 2004 at Anand with the support of the Government of Gujarat, Act No.(Guj 5 of 2004) dated April 29, 2004. Caved out of the erstwhile Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU), the dream institution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Dr. K. M. Munshi, the AAU was set up to provide support to the farming community in three facets namely education, research and extension activities in Agriculture, Horticulture Engineering, product Processing and Home Science. At present there seven Colleges, seventeen Research Centers and six Extension Education Institute working in nine districts of Gujarat namely Ahmedabad, Anand, Dahod, Kheda, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Mahisagar, Botad and Chhotaudepur
AAU's activities have expanded to span newer commodity sectors such as soil health card, bio-diesel, medicinal plants apart from the mandatory ones like rice, maize, tobacco, vegetable crops, fruit crops, forage crops, animal breeding, nutrition and dairy products etc. the core of AAU's operating philosophy however, continues to create the partnership between the rural people and committed academic as the basic for sustainable rural development. In pursuing its various programmes AAU's overall mission is to promote sustainable growth and economic independence in rural society. AAU aims to do this through education, research and extension education. Thus, AAU works towards the empowerment of the farmers.
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ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON IMMUNOMODULATORY AND GROWTH PROMOTING EFFECTS OF CLOVE OIL IN BROILER CHICKEN(Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry Anand Agricultural University, Anand, 2020) Parmar Jaydipkumar Kantibhai; Dr. K. A. SadariyaTo assess immunomodulatory activity, a total of 60 chicks were divided randomly to 5 groups each of 12 chicks. Group I served as control and given basal diet without clove oil and vitamin E and selenium. Group II served as standard control and given vitamin E and selenium containing proprietary product in water at the dose rate of 1.5 grams per 100 birds for first two weeks and 5 grams per 100 birds for next 3 weeks. The remaining groups III, IV and V were given clove oil at the dose rate of 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg diet, respectively. This study was conducted for 35 days. Cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity (CBH) response at two different doses (100 μg and 200 μg) of phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA-P) was carried out to assess cell mediated immunity on 14th day of age. Blood was collected on 7th, 21st and 35th day of age and serum was separated to estimate antibody titers against Newcastle Disease Virus vaccine by haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test and biochemical parameters like serum total protein, serum albumin, serum globulin and albumin to globulin ratio (A/G). On 35th day, thin blood smears were prepared and stained with field’s stain to determine differential leucocyte counts microscopically. At the end of the experiment, birds of all groups were sacrificed and tissues like thymus, spleen and bursa were collected for histopathological examinations.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON IMMUNOMODULATORY AND GROWTH PROMOTING EFFECTS OF CINNAMON OIL IN BROILER CHICKEN(Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry Anand Agricultural University, Anand, 2020) Goswami Bhavingiri Gautamgiri; Dr. S. K. BhavsarTo assess immunomodulatory activity, a total of 60 chicks were divided randomly to 5 groups each of 12 chicks. Group I served as control and was given basal diet without cinnamon oil and vitamin E & selenium. Group II served as standard control and was given vitamin E & selenium containing proprietary product in water at the dose rate of 1.5 grams per 100 birds for first two weeks and 5 grams per 100 birds for next 3 weeks. The remaining groups III, IV and V were given cinnamon oil at the dose rate of 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg diet, respectively. This study was conducted for 35 days. Cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity (CBH) response at two different doses (100 μg and 200 μg) of phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA-P) was carried out to assess the cell mediated immunity on 14th day of age. Blood was collected on 7th, 21st and 35th day of age and serum was separated to estimate antibody titers against ND vaccine by haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test and biochemical parameters like serum total protein, serum albumin, serum globulin and A/G ratio. On 35th day, thin blood smears were prepared and stained with field’s stain to determine differential leucocyte counts microscopically. At the end of the experiment, birds of all groups were slaughtered and tissues like thymus, spleen and bursa were collected for histopathological examinations.ThesisItem Open Access ANTI-BACTERIAL, ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND SAFETY STUDIES OF CLOVE OIL IN RATS(Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry Anand Agricultural University, Anand, 2019) Humbal Brijesh Rajeshbhai; Dr. K. A. SadariyaThe present study was conducted to evaluate in vitro antibacterial, in vivo anti-inflammatory (100, 250 and 500 mg/kg) effects and safety of clove oil (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) following repeated oral administration in wistar rats.ThesisItem Open Access ANTI-BACTERIAL, ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND SAFETY STUDIES OF CINNAMON OIL IN RATS(Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry Anand Agricultural University, Anand, 2019) Prajapati Jaiminkumar Arvindbhai; Dr. A. M. ThakerScreening of cinnamon oil for antibacterial activity was done by the disc diffusion method. It was performed using an 18 h culture at 37°C in 10 ml of Muller Hinton Agar (for S. agalactiae 5% defibrinated sheep blood was added). The test suspension was standardized to match 0.5 McFarland turbidity standard. The Cinnamon oil was suspended in 10% dimethyl sulfoxide with tween 80. Under aseptic condition, empty sterilized discs were impregnated with 50 μl of different concentrations (1:1, 1:2, 1:5, 1:10 and 1:20) of the respective Cinnamon oil and placed on the agar plate surface. Paper disc moistened with aqueous DMSO was placed on the seeded petriplate as a vehicle control. Standard disc containing antibacterial drugs (cefotaxime, ampicillin, tetracycline and gentamicin) were used as reference control. The petri plates were incubated at 37°C for 18 h. After the incubation period, the zone of inhibition was measured.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON ANTIDIABETIC EFFECT OF AQUEOUS AND ALCOHOLIC EXTRACTS OF LINUM USITATISSIMUM IN STREPTOZOTOCIN INDUCED DIABETIC RATS(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY ANAND AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2018) Kapuriya Pankajkumar Batukbhai; Dr. K. A. SadariyaThe present study was conducted to evaluate antidiabetic effects of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of L. usitatissimum following repeated oral administration for 28 days in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. The study was conducted on fifty four (54) male Sprague dawley rats dividing them in various groups having six rats in each group. Group I served as vehicle control and received 0.5 % solution of sodium bicarbonate in normal saline orally once daily for 28 days. Group II served as diabetic control and received streptozotocin (STZ) intraperitoneally at the dose rate of 60 mg/kg body weight, by dissolving in 0.1 M citrate buffer (pH 4.5) solution. Rats of group III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII and IX also received STZ at the same way. Group III received glibenclamide at dose of 5 mg/kg of body weight (p.o.) once daily after establishment of diabetes for 28 days. Group IV, V and VI received aqueous extract of L. usitatissimum seeds at dose of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg respectively (p.o.) once daily, while group VII, VIII and IX received alcoholic extract of L. usitatissimum seed at dose of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg (p.o.) respectively once daily for 28 days.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON PHARMACOKINETICS AND SAFETY OF GEMIFLOXACIN IN BROILER BIRDS(Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry Anand Agricultural University Anand, 2017) Gohel Rahulkumar Harsukhbhai; Dr. K. A. SadariyaGemifloxacin is a newer, fourth-generation fluoroquinolone drug that exhibits broad spectrum of antibacterial activity than the older fluoroquinolones. The present study was designed to investigate the detailed pharmacokinetics of gemifloxacin in broiler birds following single dose intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration at the rate of 10 mg/kg of body weight and also evaluate safety of repeated oral administration of gemifloxacin at a dose of 10 mg/kg of body weight for five days in broiler birds was also studied by monitoring heamatology and blood biochemistry parameters. Drug concentration in plasma was determined using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using non-compartmental approach.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON IMMUNOMODULATORY EFFECT OF COW URINE DISTILLATE IN HEALTHY AND CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE INDUCED IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE MICE(AAU, Anand, 2015) PANCHA, PRAKASH G.; Sadariya, K. A.Modulation of immune responses to alleviate the diseases has been of interest for many years and the concept of 'Rasayana' in Ayurveda is based on related principles. Apart from being specifically stimulatory or suppressive, certain agents have been shown to possess activity to normalize or modulate pathophysiological processes and are hence called immunomodulatory agents. A large number of plant products are being investigated for immune response, modifying activity. Cow urine distillate is also being investigated for immune response modifying activity. In reference to this status, the immunomodulatory effect of Cow urine distillate in healthy and cyclophosphamide induced immunosuppressive mice have been investigated in the present study. The present study was conducted on six to eight week old swiss albimo mice which were acclimatized for five days before the start of oral dosing of Cow urine distillate and cyclophosphamide. Dose of cyclophosphamide for immunosuppression used for the study was 60 mg/kg body weight orally, once daily for 28 days. Forty eight mice were divided into eight different groups, each comprising six male mice. The mice of group I were given normal saline and served as vehicle control. Group II was administered cyclophosphamide (60 mg/kg, orally) served as immunosuppressed group control. Group III, IV and V were given Cow urine distillate (2 ml, 4 ml and 6 ml per kg), respectively. Group VI, VII and VIII were given Cow urine distillate (2 ml, 4 ml and 6 ml per kg), respectively along with cyclophosphamide (60 mg/kg, orally). Once daily oral dosing was carried out for 28 days. All the mice were monitored for any observable toxic symptoms throughout the experimental period and they were also weighed weekly to monitor body weight. Feed consumption was measured at weekly interval. Before sacrificing the mice blood samples were collected on day 29 of the study and analyzed for hematological, biochemical and immunological parameters. Organ (spleen and thymus) weighted and collected for gross and histopathological examinations.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON AMELIORATING POTENTIAL OF CURCUMA LONGA AND PHYLLANTHUS EMBUCA ON POTASSIUM OXONATE INDUCED GOUT IN RATS(AAU, Anand, 2014) SARVAIYA, VAIDEHIBEN NITESHKUMAR; Thaker, A. M.Gout is a metabolic disorder of purine metabolism characterized by hyperuricemia (urate levels >6.8 mg/dl) and recurring attacks of arthritis and in later stages chronic arthritis, tophi formation and a tendency to renal failure. The present study was conducted to evaluate anti-gout effects of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Curcuma longa and Phyllanthus emblica following repeated oral administration for 28 days in potassium oxonate induced hyperuricemic rats. The study was conducted on sixty six (66) male Sprague-Dawely rats dividing them in various groups having six rats in each group. Group I served as vehicle control and received the glycerin solution dissolved in water orally for 28 days of dosing period. Group II served as gout control group. Rats of group III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X and XI received Potassium oxonate at the dose rate of 250 mg/kg body weight, intraperitoneally every day throughout the study period for induction of gout. Group III received standard drug allopurinol orally at dose of 5 mg/kg of body weight (p.o.) for 28 days of dosing period. Group IV and V received aqueous extracts of C. longa at dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg, VI and VII received alcoholic extracts of C. longa at dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg, group VIII and IX received aqueous extracts of P. emblica at dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg and group X and XI received alcoholic extracts of P. emblica at dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg (p.o.) respectively for 28 days of dosing period. Animals were observed daily for clinical signs and mortality, if any. Body weight and feed consumption were recorded at weekly interval. On 29th day of study, animals were subjected to blood collection; blood and serum sample were analyzed for haematological and biochemical parameters respectively. At the end of study period, animals were sacrificed and necropsy was performed; tissues (kidney, liver, spleen, heart, lungs) were collected for histopathological studies. Gout rat model was developed by intra-peritoneal injection of potassium oxonate at the dose rate of 250 mg/kg body weight throughout the study period (28 days). In this gout rat model serum concentration of creatinine, uric acid, blood urea nitrogen and xanthine oxidase enzyme level was increased as compared to rats of vehicle control group. Gout control rats treated with Potassium oxonate at 250 mg/kg body weight demonstrated dull, depressed and anorectic changes along with reduced body weight gain and sluggishness in the last week of experiment. Non significant reduction in feed consumption and body weight gain were observed in gout control rats as compared to vehicle control rats at 28th day of experiment. At the end of experiment, hyperuricemic rats receiving aqueous and alcoholic extracts of C. longa and P. emblica at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg and allopurinol at dose rate of 5 mg/kg body weight showed increase feed consumption and body weight gain as compared to rats of gout control group. Group of rats which were administrered aqueous and alcoholic extracts of C. longa showed significant increase in feed consumption in 3rd week of experiment and group of rats which were administered aqueous and alcoholic extracts of P. emblica showed significant increase in feed consumption in 1st and 2nd week of experiment. Intra-peritoneal injection of potassium oxonate increased kidney: body weight ratio in rats of gout control group as compared to vehicle control group and other treatment groups which were administered standard drug allopurinol at dose rate of 5 mg/kg body weight and aqueous and alcoholic extracts of C. longa and P. emblica at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight after 28 days of study period. Significant thrombocytosis has been noticed in gout control rats treated with potassium oxonate at 250 mg/kg body weight. While administration of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of C. longa and P. emblica at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg and allopurinol at dose rate of 5 mg/kg body weight in hyperuricemic rats showed significant reduction in mean platelets counts as compared to gout control rats. Daily oral administration of allopurinol at 5 mg/kg body weight and aqueous and alcoholic extracts of C. longa and P. emblica at dose rate of 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight in hyperuricemic rats for 28 days produced significant reduction in serum uric acid, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen and xanthine oxidase enzyme level in dose dependent manner. Rats of gout control group showed pale kidneys grossly as compared to kidneys of vehicle control group. Microscopically, group of gout control rats receiving intra-peritoneal injections of potassium oxonate at dose rate of 250 mg/kg body weight everyday throughout the study period, showed deposition of urate crystals in renal parenchyma, atrophy of glomeruli and desquamation of tubular epithelium, severe congestion and hemorrhage with degeneration and necrosis of renal tubular epithelium and presence of proteinacious cast in renal tiibular lumen. Histological examination of sections of liver of rat from gout control group showed degeneration of hepatocytes and focal necrosis surrounded by infiltration of mononuclear cells and showed sinusoidal congestion in liver hepatocytes. On histopathological examination, sections of spleen of gout control rats showed mild congestion and hemorrhage with multifocal area of necrosis. Treatment of hyperuricemic rats with aqueous and alcoholic extracts of C. longa and P. emblica at dose rate of 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight and standard treatment allopurinol at dose rate of 5 mg/kg body weight almost preserved normal histoarchitecture of all the organs as compared to rats of gout control group. The hypouricemic effect of allopurinol, as a reference drug on reducing serum biochemical parameters was more potent and significant as compared to plant extracts treatment and reduced them upto the normal level. Aqueous and alcoholic extracts of C. longa rhizomes and fruits of P. emblica showed their effectiveness in dosedependent manner. Aqueous and alcoholic extracts of both the plants at the dose rate of 400 mg/kg body weight showed better effect and it was significantly different than dose rate of 200 mg/kg body weight. The antigout activity of C. longa and P. emblica may be due to the presence of phytochemical constituents such as phenolic compounds, plant sterols, long chain fatty acids and to a lesser extent unsaturated fatty acids. Further investigation to define its clinical efficacy would be highly desirable.ThesisItem Open Access SUB-ACUTE ORAL TOXICITY STUDY OF ATORVASTATIN ALONE AND IN COMBINATION WITH VERAPAMIL FOLLOWING REPEATED ADMINISTRATION IN HYPERLIPIDEMIC RATS(AAU, Anand, 2012) PATEL, JAYESHKUMAR BACHUBHAI; Thaker, A. M.Atorvastatin, a second-generation potent inhibitor of 3-Hydroxy 3- Methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase is indicated for the treatment of dyslipidemia. The present study was conducted to evaluate the toxicity potential of Atorvastatin alone and in combination with Verapamil in hyperlipidemic rats. The study was conducted on 48 male Wistar rats dividing them in various groups having six rats in each group. Group I served as vehicle control and received 1.0 ml of 0.5% sodium bicarbonate solution orally for 28 days of dosing period. Group II served as hyperlipidemic control. Atorvastatin was given orally at dose rate of 0.5, 2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg body weight in poloxamer-407 induced hyperlipidemic rats of group III, IV and V respectively. Poloxamer-407 induced hyperlipidemic rats of group VI, VII and VIII received Atorvastatin at dose rate of 0.5, 2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg body weight respectively and additionally received Verapamil orally at dose rate of 10 mg/kg body weight. Animals were observed daily for clinical signs and mortality, if any. Body weight and feed consumption were recorded at weekly interval. On 29th of study, animals were subjected to blood collection; blood and serum sample were analyzed for haematological and biochemical parameters respectively. At the end of study period, animals were sacrificed and necropsy was performed; tissues (cerebrum, cerebellum, lung, liver, kidney, heart, aorta, spleen and muscle) were collected for histopathological studies. Hyperlipidemic rat model was developed by intra-peritoneal injection of poloxamer-407 at the dose rate of 500 mg/kg body weight on day prior to start of study and subsequently at every third day throughout the study period. In this dyslipidemic rat model serum concentration of triglycerides, total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol level was increased by 15.1, 5.2 and 8.7 fold respectively; whereas high density lipoprotein cholesterol level was decreased by 1.5 fold as compared to vehicle control rats. Hjperlipidemic rats treated with Atorvastatin alone at 5.0 mg/kg body weight and in combination with Verapamil at 10 mg/kg body weight demonstrated hunched posture and piloerection along with dullness and sluggishness in the last week of experiment. Feed consumption was significantly reduced in hyperlipidemic rats treated with Atorvastatin at doses of 2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg body weight in combination with Verapamil at 10 mg/kg body weight in 3rd and 4th week of experiment. During 3rd and 4th week of study, there was also significant reduction in body weight gain of hyperlipidemic rats treated with Atorvastatin at doses of 2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg body weight in combination with Verapamil at 10 mg/kg body weight Significant neutrophilia, thrombocytopenia and lymphocytopenia have been observed in hyperlipidemic rats treated with Atorvastatin at 5.0 mg/kg body weight in combination with Verapamil at 10 mg/kg body weight. Atorvastatin alone at 2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg body weight and in combination with Verapamil at 10 mg/kg body weight produced significant hypotriglyceridemia in dyslipidemic rats. Atorvastatin alone at 5.0 mg/kg body weight and in combination with Verapamil at 10 mg/kg body weight; and Atorvastatin at 2.5 mg/kg body weight in combination with Verapamil at 10 mg/kg body weight produced significant hypocholesterolemia in dyslipidemic rats. Daily oral administration of Atorvastatin alone at 2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg body weight and in combination with Verapamil at 10 mg/kg body weight for 28 days produced significant reduction in low density lipoprotein cholesterol and significant rise in high density lipoprotein cholesterol in dyslipidemic rats. Aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and total bilirubin level were significantly increased in hyperlipidemic rats treated with Atorvastatin alone at 2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg body weight and in combination with Verapamil at 10 mg/kg body weight. Daily oral administration of Atorvastatin alone at 5.0 mg/kg body weight; at 2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg body weight in combination with Verapamil at 10 mg/kg body weight for 28 days caused significant rise in serum creatinine level in hyperlipidemic rats. Atorvastatin alone at 5.0 mg/kg body weight and in combination with Verapamil at 10 mg/kg body weight; and Atorvastatin at 2.5 mg/kg body weight in combination with Verapamil at 10 mg/kg body weight caused significant elevation in serum creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase level in hyperlipidemic rats. Rats of all treatment groups along with hyperlipidemic control group showed pale liver grossly. In poloxamer-407 induced hyperlipidemic rats, Atorvastatin alone at 5.0 mg/kg body weight and in combination with Verapamil at 10 mg/kg body weight showed noticeable muscle wasting condition Microscopically, fatty changes were observed in liver sections of hyperlipidemic control rats. Microscopic changes observed in liver were necrosis of hepatocytes, mild fatty changes and mild degeneration in hyperlipidemic rats treated with Atorvastatin alone at 2.5 mg/kg body weight and in combination with Verapamil at 10 mg/kg body weight. While hyperlipidemic rats treated with Atorvastatin alone at 5.0 mg/kg body weight and in combination with Verapamil at 10 mg/kg body weight revealed multifocal areas of necrosis, congestion in sections of liver; and bile duct proliferation was evident. Skeletal muscle showed loss of striations in myofibers, segmental muscle fiber necrosis, mild mononuclear cell infiltration and focal muscle fiber necrosis in hyperlipidemic rats treated with Atorvastatin alone at 5.0 mg/kg body weight and in combination with Verapamil at 10 mg/kg body weight; and Atorvastatin at 2.5 mg/kg body weight and in combination with Verapamil at 10 mg/kg body weight. Variable extent of degenerative lesions were observed in myocardium in hyperlipidemic rats treated with Atorvastatin alone at 5.0 mg/kg body weight and in combination with Verapamil at 10 mg/kg body weight; and Atorvastatin at 2.5 mg/kg body weight and in combination with Verapamil at 10 mg/kg body weight. Kidney sections showed varying extent of degenerative and necrotic lesion in renal tubules in hyperlipidemic rats treated with Atorvastatin alone at 5.0 mg/kg body weight and in combination with Verapamil at 10 mg/kg body weight. Based on serum profile as well as microscopic lesions, it was clearly observed that Atorvastatin in combination with Verapamil exhibited pronounced hepatotoxic, myotoxic and nephrotoxic potential.
