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Open Access
Electroencephalographic and electrocardiographic studies on propofol anaesthesia in sheep
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2011-06) Raj Kumari; Das, Arup Kumar
In this study electroencephalographic and electrocardiographic changes during surgical interventions {viz., placement of central venous catheters (Group-B), docking/ tail amputation (Group-C), bilateral orchiectomy (Group-D) and no surgical stimuli as control (Group-A)} with propofol anaesthesia were assessed in twenty-four (n=24) apparently healthy male sheep. For surgical operations each sheep of this study was premedicated with glycopyrrolate (@ 0.02 mg/kg body weight, IM) and, five minutes after, anaesthesia was induced with propofol (@ 4.00 mg/kg body weight, IV). The parameters in this study included clinical, cardiopulmonary, haematobiochemical and electrocardiographic parameters. Similarly, qualitative electroencephalographic evaluation was done through spectral analysis to generate total power, SEF-90, MF and PPF over 0-30 frequency band width while relative power of different bandwidths viz., , , and was assessed. Rectal temperature and respiration rate has not shown any significant variability in any of the groups during the entire course of experiment. Haemoglobin concentration reduced and this extent was higher in control group than central venous catheterization, docking and castration groups. PCV reduced in all the groups. TEC depicted reduction in control group; however, this fall was not apparent in other groups. Blood glucose decreased initially followed by an increase in three groups after propofol induction while the castration group exhibited a non-significant increase from very beginning. Total serum protein declined in all the groups. A sudden increase in serum triglyceride (TG) was observed at one minute post-propofol induction in all the groups, which later on declined. Propofol has not been able to induce any significant changes in P-wave, QRS wave and T-wave amplitude as exhibited in control group. However, P-wave amplitude increased significantly in animals performed with central venous catheterization. The T-wave amplitude increased nonsignificantly in CVC group while decrease in docking and castration groups. P-wave and T-wave duration has not exhibited any significant difference throughout the course of experiment. However, QRS wave duration decreased in control group and no significant changes were observed in surgical groups. PR segment length reduced in castration group only and none of the other groups exhibited any significant changes. ST segment length exhibited significant increase in control group, non-significant increase in CVC while exhibiting significant fall in castration and docking groups. RR interval exhibited reduction in all the four groups, non-significantly in control while significantly in the three surgical groups. Heart Rate increased in all the four groups. EEG analysis showed an increase in total power, median frequency, theta frequency, peak power in all group, and after a transient increase reduction in spectral edge frequency and alpha frequency. However delta frequency showed an increase after a transient decrease and a marked decrease in beta frequency after propofol injection. It was concluded that propofol to some extent possess analgesic effect and may be useful in husbandry practices/ day case surgery. However, evaluation of analgesic effects of propofol needs further investigation.
Open Access
Eeffect of supplementation of yeast as nucleotide source on the performance of Japanese quail
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2013-06) Prakash, S.; Palod, Jyoti
In the present investigation, two experimental trials were conducted on 120, three day old Japanese quails (red plumaged) for a period of 6 weeks each, to study the effect of nucleotide supplementation as yeast extract on the growth performance, nutrient retention, carcass traits, meat composition, haematological, certain serum biochemical and health status related parameters, intestinal morphology and immunological status. In both of the experiments, experimental Japanese quails were randomly divided into four treatment groups (T1, T2, T3 and T4), each group having three replications consisting of ten Japanese quails each. The different groups were supplemented with nucleotides @ 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 per cent and 0, 0.25, 0.5 and 0.75 per cent in experiment I and experiment II, respectively. Growth parameters were studied at weekly intervals as well as for starter (I-II week), finisher (III -VI week) and overall periods (I-VI). Delayed type of hypersensitivity test was conducted on the 21st day of experiment I, by randomly selecting six Japanese quails from each group for the sensitization test. A metabolic trial of 7 days duration was conducted from 36th – 42nd days of both the experiments to determine the effect of nucleotide supplementation on nutrient utilization. At the end of experiment I on 42nd day, two Japanese quails from each replicate (six Japanese quails/treatment) were randomly slaughtered for carcass yield, processing losses, yield of cut up parts, organ weights and carcass composition. Representative blood samples were also collected for study of haemato-biochemical parameters and humoral immune response. After evisceration the intestine of the birds were carefully separated and the length of the intestine from duodenum to end of the rectum was measured using a measuring tape to study the effect of supplement on the intestinal gross morphology. A sample of two cm from proximal jejunum was collected and preserved in 10 per cent formalin to study the histological changes on the villous height, crypt depth and villous height-crypt depth ratio of the intestine. The results of the both experiments indicated that dietary inclusion of nucleotides in Japanese quails increased body weight gain, reduced feed intake, improved feed conversion ratio and performance index significantly (P<0.01), with best performance during all the periods was noted in group supplemented with 0.5 per cent of nucleotides. The nutrient utilization in terms of dry matter, crude protein and total carbohydrates were significantly (P<0.05) improved in Japanese quails of nucleotide supplemented groups in both the experiments. Utilization of crude fat content was significantly (P<0.05) improved in experiment I with all levels of nucleotide supplementation while utilization was not affected in experiment II. The dressed yield with and without giblet were not affected by nucleotide supplementation. Thigh, breast, drumstick and neck muscles weight were not affected by supplementation of nucleotides. Weight of back muscles were significantly (P<0.05) decreased in supplemented groups. However, wing muscles weight were significantly (P<0.05) improved in Japanese quails supplemented with 1.0 per cent level of nucleotide. Nucleotide supplementation significantly improved the liver and gizzard weight. Heart weight and processing losses were not affected by nucleotide supplementation. Fat content of the thigh and breast muscles were significantly (P<0.05) reduced by nucleotide supplementation. However, moisture, crude protein and total ash content of thigh and breast muscles were not affected. Haematological parameters such as TEC, TLC, PCV, Hb and MCHC values showed significant impact of nucleotide supplementation. Decreased concentration of serum glucose, serum cholesterol and LDL cholesterol and increased concentration of triglycerides and HDL cholesterol were noticed in nucleotide supplemented groups especially at higher levels. Protein profile showed significant improvement in total protein, albumin and globulin with higher levels of nucleotide. Serum creatinine and SGPT contents showed nonsignificant impact whereas, serum uric acid and SGOT contents were significantly reduced in nucleotide supplemented quails. Nucleotide supplementation significantly (P<0.01) improved both humoral and cell mediated immune response. Relative intestinal length, duodenal villous height and V/C ratio were significantly increased while duodenal crypt depth was decreased with all levels of nucleotide supplementation with best results at 0.5 per cent level of nucleotide supplementation. From the results of present study it can be concluded that, dietary nucleotide supplementation at 0.5 per cent level may be advised to improve growth performance, nutrient retention, lean meat production, intestinal morphology and immune status of Japanese quails.
Open Access
A study on certain physico-biochemical attributes of local Pantja Buck semen
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2014-05) Shail Nidhi; Palod, Jyoti
Pantja is the local breed of goat found in Tarai region of Uttarakhand. In present investigation 6 local Pantja bucks B6, B5, B4, B3, B2 and B1 of age 11, 14, 15, 18, 20 and 34 months with body weights 16, 17, 21, 26, 28 and 40 kg respectively, maintained at Goat unit, LPM Department, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pantnagar, were selected to study certain physic-microscopic tests, complementary biochemical tests, biochemical attributes and elemental attributes of semen and morphology of sperm. Semen collection was done at about 9.009.30 a.m. by artificial vagina method twice weekly per buck. Immediately after collection, physical examination of fresh semen was done first and then microscopic examination of undiluted and diluted semen was performed. After that complementary biochemical tests were performed on fresh semen. For tests performed in seminal plasma, semen was centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 minutes and was stored at -18 ºC except for the tests performed in fresh seminal plasma. Sperm dimensions and abnormalities were also measured by microscopy. The results of the experiment indicated that maximum samples 58.33 and 33.66 per cent were creamy in color and creamy consistency and minimum 9.1 and 4.5 per cent were yellow in color and watery in consistency respectively. It was found that maximum samples obtained from older bucks were creamy in color and consistency. The volume of the semen increased with age of the bucks with an overall value of 0.54 ± 0.02 ml (range 0.38 ± 0.03 to 0.78 ± 0.04 ml). Mass motility, individual motility and sperm concentration of semen was increased with age of the animal and found maximum for buck B1. Mean sperm dimensions viz. sperm head length, head width, flagellum length and sperm total length by light microscope (100X) were found as 8.03 ± 0.02, 3.98 ± 0.02, 51.92 ± 0.11 and 60.05 ± 0.10 µm respectively. Average mean values of sperm head length, head width, head base width, head thickness, acrosome thickness, mid piece length, principal piece length, end piece length, mid piece thickness, principal piece thickness and total sperm length by SEM was recorded as 8.46 ± 0.03, 4.05 ± 0.02, 2.17 ± 0.01, 0.45 ± 0.00, 0.57 ± 0.00, 10.72 ± 0.61, 37.47 ± 0.07, 3.52 ± 0.66, 0.76 ± 0.02, 0.52 ± 0.00 and 60.17 ± 0.02 µm respectively. These parameters were independent of buck age. Average mean values of primary and secondary sperm abnormalities were found as 1.77 and 2.44 per cent respectively with overall total sperm abnormalities 4.22 per cent. Overall mean value of pH was found (6.61 ± 0.02) independent of buck age. Resazurin and Methylene blue reduction time were noted higher for younger bucks and minimum for older bucks with overall value 3.15 ± 0.25 and 6.04±0.36 min. respectively. Mean values of HOST and Millovanov’s resistance test were recorded as 36.10 ± 1.17 per cent and 5216.70 ± 1.94 respectively. The mean values of mass motility, individual motility and livability of sperms were found as 1.60 ± 0.09, 36.76 ± 0.69 per cent, 16.76 ± 0.86 per cent at 0°C, 1.93 ± 0.12, 47.36 ± 0.94 per cent, 27.30 ± 0.80 per cent at 10°C and 3.46 ± 0.37, 74.03 ± 0.82 per cent, 71.03±0.867 per cent at 37°C respectively. Overall mean values of glucose, total protein, albumin, globulin, A/G ratio, creatinine, urea, uric acid, fructose and cholesterol were found as 38.86 ± 0.78, 4.61 ± 0.11, 2.22 ± 0.05, 2.32 ± 0.06, 1.09 ± 0.04, 1.99 ± 0.03, 42.26 ± 0.99, 7.16 ± 0.14, 605.84 ± 14.26 and 152.10 ± 3.14 respectively. Concentrations of elements Mg, P, Cl, Zn, Cu, Fe and Ca in seminal plasma of Pantja bucks were 2.84 ± 0.05, 8.09 ± 0.24, 86.00 ± 4.94, 0.29 ± 0.06, 0.04 ± 0.00, 0.16 ± 0.03 and 10.50 ± 0.33 respectively. Concentration of most of biochemical and elemental constituents were found higher in mature animals as compared to yearlings. Results of present study reveal that Pantja buck produce good quality semen, having semen characteristics similar to other goat breeds of the country. They are therefore well suited for breeding purpose and can be used for natural services as well as production of semen for artificial insemination.
Open Access
Application of indigenous rural know- how (use of Chedu and Mattha) on well- being of Murrah buffalo calves
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2014-06) Ramesh Kumar; Sanjay Kumar
An investigation was carried out to study the effect of Chedu (brown color residue obtained during ghee preparation) and Mattha (traditionally made by removing butter from curd by dilution) on ectoparasites, endoparasites, hematology and growth performance of Murrah buffalo calves. Twenty Murrah buffalo calves were randomly allotted into four groups nearness to their body weight (5 calves/group) for 90 days i.e., Control (T0) and Treatments (T1: application of Chedu on body coat @150gm/animal mixed with equal amount of water, T2: administration of Mattha @ 2% of body weight mixed with salt 0.5 % of Mattha, T3: use of both Chedu and mattha). The overall body weight gain (kg) was statistically significant (P<0.05) in T1 (36.6), T2 (43.6), and T3 (44.8) as compared to T0 (31kg). The overall change in body length (cm) was statistically significant (P<0.05) in T3 (11.4 cm) as compared to T0 (7.2cm). The gain in Heart girth (cm) observed statistically significant difference in treatment groups (7.8, 12, and 13 cm in T1, T2 and T3 respectively) as compared to control group (7 cm). The gain in paunch girth (cm) was observed statistically significant difference in treatment groups (8, 10.6, and 11.6 cm in T1, T2 and T3 respectively) as compared to T0 group (6.2 cm). Height at withers (cm) of calves were observed statistically significant difference (P>0.05) in treatment groups (10.20 and 11.8 cm in T2, and T3 respectively) as compare to control group (5.40 cm). Hemoglobin (gm/dl) showed statistically significant difference in treatment groups (10.02 ± 0.19 and 10.20±019, in T2 and T3 respectively) as compare to control group (7.48±0.06). In packed cell volume (%), statistically significant difference were observed (30.36 ± 0.21 and 30±0.18 in T2 and T3 group respectively) as compared with control group (28.72±0.49). The results of Erythrocytic sedimentation rate were observed significantly differ (P<0.05) in T3 (38.40± 0.75) as compared to T0 (69.00±1.00). Total Erythrocytic count value showed significant result (P<0.05) 7.16±0.18 in T3 as compare to T0 (8.72±0.13). However non significant result was observed in total leucocytic count, whereas in Neutrophills statistically significant results (P<0.05) were observed 31±0.71 and 29.40 ±0.68 in T2 and T3 respectively as compare to T0 (19.40±0.51). Eosinophills showed statistically significant difference (P<0.05) in T3 (4.0±0.32) as compare to T0 (9.0±0.45). In Lymphocyte significant difference (P<0.05) was observed 62.80±0.58 in T3 as compare to 69.80±0.49 in T0. Monocytes showed statistically significant difference (P<0.05) 3.20 ±0.37 in T2 and T3 as compare to 1.80±0.37 in T0. The endoparasites (Egg per gram in feces) were observed statistically significant (less) in T2 and T3 (20±12.25 and 20±12.25) as compare to T0 and T1 (270±20 and 230±20) due to the effect of Mattha. Effect of Chedu was seen in T1 and T3 as preventive measure for ectoparasites as compare to T0 and T2. The investigation revealed that use of indigenous by-products (Chedu and Mattha) is beneficial for proper growth and act as a preventive technology tool for control of ecto and endo parasites in Murrah buffalo calves.
Open Access
Light and ultrastructural studies on the blood cells of Uttara fowl
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2014-06) Khan, Idrees Mohd; Meena Mrigesh
The present study was conducted on the blood cells of ten Uttara fowl. The nucleated erythrocytes were elliptical or oval in shape with mean size 11.20±0.25 µm in length and 6.99±0.14 µm in width. The heterophils were round in shape with mean diameter 9.07±0.55 µm and had spindle or banana shaped light pinkish granules in the cytoplasm. The eosinophils were 9.21±0.60 µm in mean diameter with rounded and strongly eosinophilic cytoplasmic granules. The basophils were round in shape with mean diameter 9.38±0.55 µm and had metachromatically stained cytoplasmic granules. The small, medium and large lymphocytes were observed with mean diameter 5.80±0.12 µm, 7.00±0.22 µm and 10.92±0.20 µm respectively. The monocytes were the largest leucocytes observed in the blood of Uttara fowl, with mean diameter 11.83±0.44 µm. Thrombocytes were pleomorphic but usually round in appearance with mean diameter 4.89±0.20 µm. The heterophils showed weak positive reaction for SBB, alkaline phosphatase and mild reaction for cytochrome oxidase and peroxidase. The eosinophils revealed strong positive reaction for glycogen, general lipids, cytochrome oxidase, peroxidase and weak positive reaction for acid and alkaline phosphatase. The basophils showed strong positive reaction with toluidine blue stain. Four types of leucocytes were observed under SEM and the thrombocytes were roughly round or oval in shape having varying sized cytoplasmic processes. The erythrocytes under transmission electron microscope were elliptical or oval in shape. Reticulocytes were also observed having mitochondria and polysomes within the cytoplasm. The cytoplasmic granules of heterophils and eosinophils were pleomorphic in appearance. The cytoplasmic granules of basophils were generally of two types - round electron dense and honey comb like. Lymphocytes were almost round in shape with numerous cytoplasmic processes and pseudopodia. Monocytes had kidney or dumbbell shaped nucleus with finger like cytoplasmic processes on cell surface. The thrombocytes were nucleated containing cell organelles close to nuclear membrane and peripheral ectoplasm with ribosomes and glycogen granules.
Open Access
Goats in livelihoods of rural poor: an analysis with special reference to gender perspective in Almora district of Uttarakhand
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2014-03) Sone, Poornima; Avadhesh Kumar
Open Access
Alterations in lactogenic and haematological parameters during lactation in goats under field ambience
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2014-02) Pant, Malini; Huozha, R.
Thirty lactating goats were selected randomly from the local residents around Govind Ballabh Pant, University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, to determine the variations of milk composition, somatic cell count and blood composition. Lactating goats were divided as per the stages of lactation, parity and seasons. Milk and blood samples were taken at pre-determined intervals, were evaluated and analyzed. Stage of lactation was found to influence milk protein, fat, and total solids significantly (P<0.05). Fat, total solids, SNF increased from 3.83±0.18%, 10.95±0.43%, 7.12±0.36% in the first stage to 6.3±0.60%, 12.31±0.27%, 8.40±0.12% respectively, in the last stage whereas, protein level decreased significantly from 5.11± 0.19% to 3.93±0.26 significantly(P<0.05). SCC increased significantly (P<0.05) from 8.47±0.05×105 /ml during early stage, to 12.82±0.80 ×105/ml during late stage of lactation. TLC varied significantly (P<0.05) with the value of 9.75±0.50× 103/µl in the first stage to 12.55±0.13× 103/µl. An increase in neutrophils observed from 32.5±0.97% in the first stage to 38.67±0.61% and decrease in lymphocytes from 57.92±0.71% to 52.75% with the stage of lactation was recorded. Haemoglobin percent also increased significantly, (P<0.05 with the stage of lactation, from 9.42±0.52g/dl in the first stage to 12.49±0.16g/dl in the last stage of lactation. Milk Fat, total solids and SNF content increased significantly (P<0.05) but lactose percent decreased significantly with the advancement of parity from 3.73±0.19%, 14.28±1.31% and 10.55±1.34% in primiparous goats to respective value of 5.2±0.22%,18.35±1.67% and 13.16±1.56% in multiparous goats. SCC increased with parity from 6.37 ±0.56 × 105 /ml in the primiparous to 9.72±0.86 × 105 /ml in multiparous goats. Blood parameters declined significantly (P<0.05) with parity.TLC and lymphocytes decreased from 17.47±1.07× 103 /µl, 58.67% in the primiparous to 12.72±0.55× 103 /µl, 48.83±0.83% whereas, neutrophils increased from 33.5±1.18% in primiparous to 41±1.21% in multiparous animals. Significant (P<0.05) seasonal difference was evident on pH, fat, protein and lactose levels with values of pH and protein increasing from 5.9±0.13, 3.43±0.36% in wet season to 6.17±0.14 and 5.72±0.14% and fat and decreasing from 6.7±0.34% in wet to 4.77±0.19% in dry season. SCC decreased significantly (P<0.05), from 11.64±0.51× 105 /ml in the wet season to 9.3±0.40× 105 /ml in the dry season. TLC decreased from 15.68±0.62× 103 /µl in wet to 11.78±0.54× 103 /µl in dry season. Lymphocytes value decreased from 54.5±1.28% in wet season to 51.17±0.87% in dry season and the value of Hb and TEC increased in dry season from 10.70±0.38 g/dl and 10.94±0.46× 106 /µl to 13.65±0.52 g/dl and 14.10±0.75 × 106 /µl. It may be concluded that milk and blood parameters vary with the physiological parameters for fulfilling the demands of the infants. SCC value also alter with the changing conditions of the animals therefore, they alone cannot be the determinant of udder inflammation.
Open Access
Studies on synthetic pyrethroid resistance in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus and comparative sequence analysis of carboxylesterase gene
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2013-07) Arun, A.; Vatsya, Stuti
Two FAO recommended in vitro bioassays namely Adult Immersion Test (AIT) and Larval Packet Test (LPT) were employed to detect deltamethrin resistance in the tropical cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus collected from tarai and hill regions of Uttarakhand. The AIT revealed the lowest LC50 (0.00085% A. I.; RF= 1) for Reference Susceptible R. microplus tick population. The highest LC50 (0.03842%; RF= 45.17) was observed for Dehradun (Mussourie) population of ticks followed by Nainital I (0.03403%; RF= 40.1), Nainital II (0.00571%; RF= 6.70) and Uttarkashi (0.00114%; RF= 1.29) ticks. In ticks collected from tarai region, the highest LC50 was found for Pantnagar II (0.03361%; RF= 39.53) population followed by Sitarganj (0.00663%; RF= 7.7), Pantnagar I (0.00652%; RF= 7.64), Ramnagar (0.00335%; RF= 3.88) and Tanakpur (0.00252%; RF= 2.94). The LC99 of different populations ranged from 0.3262% to 0.0036%. The R2 values determined from AIT ranged from 0.998 (Susceptible) to 0.847 (Nainital I ticks). The slopes of egg mass of different tick populations were highly negative. The values ranged from -146.95±20.96 (Susceptible) to -40.19±6.86 (Dehradun). The slopes of reproductive indices of different populations of ticks were found to be negative indicating the reduction of fecundity with increased concentration of acaricide. The values of slopes of inhibition of oviposition were positive and the highest value (34.7) was exhibited by Susceptible and lowest (6.92) by Dehradun ticks. In LPT bioassay, an LC50 of 0.00076% A. I. was observed for the Susceptible R. microplus population. Fom hills, Dehradun population exhibited the highest LC50 (0.03454%: RF= 45.39) followed by Nainital I (0.03113%: RF= 40.9), Nainital II (0.00421%; RF= 5.5) and Uttarkashi (0.00084%; RF= 1.1). From tarai region, the highest LC50 concentration was observed for Pantnagar II (0.03091%: RF= 40.65) population of ticks followed by Pantnagar I, Sitarganj, Ramnagar, and Tanakpur population of ticks (0.00493%; RF= 6.44), (0.00460%; RF= 6.05), (0.00250%; RF= 3.28) and (0.00164%; RF=2.10), respectively. The highest LC99 was found for Nainital I (1.8060%) population of ticks and the lowest for Susceptible population (0.0033%). Variations in LC50 values of different populations in AIT and LPT bioassays might be due to the difference in the stage of the tick being tested. The Chi square values ranged from 97.84 (Dehradun) to 18.298 (Nainital II). Six tick populations (Dehradun, Nainital I, Pantnagar II, Pantnagar I, Sitarganj and Nainital II) were found deltamethrin resistant (RF > 5), one tick population (Ramnagar) deltamethrin tolerant (RF 3-5) and two tick populations (Uttarkashi and Tanakpur) deltamethrin sensitive (RF< 3) in both in vitro bioassays. This implies that frequent monitoring of deltamethrin resistance in ticks is required so that timely measures could be taken before resistance to this acaricide becomes established. The Spearman Rank correlation coefficient (rS) was found to be 0.997 between AIT and LPT bioassays. The coefficient of determination (R2) was found to be 0.998. AIT and LPT were found highly correlated. The LPT bioassay takes 6 weeks to give results of acaricide resistance whereas AIT 2 weeks. So, it is suggested that AIT can be used as an effective screening test to detect the acaricide resistance in field populations of ticks. The sequences of amplified partial carboxylesterase gene (372 bp) of R. microplus from tick populations matched 100% with the carboxylesterase gene sequence of R. microplus available in GenBank. The sequence analysis revealed that no population had a nucleotide polymorphism at the position 300. The sequencing of partial carboxylesterase gene revealed four nucleotide changes in Uttarkashi and one in Dehradun population of ticks. The mutations in the nucleotide sequence of Uttarkashi population resulted in two amino acid mutations (Val 66 Gly, Asp 120 Asn) in the translated amino acid sequence. The amino acid sequence deduced from the nucleotide sequence of Dehradun population exhibited one (Glu 123 Arg) mutation. The mutations in Uttarkashi population had no effect in the resistance development as this population was phenotypically susceptible. Further investigations are required to identify role of mutation in resistance development in Dehradun population of ticks. Animal owners use different acaricides and adopt various application methods to control R. microplus. Thus frequent monitoring of acaricide resistance is very important to know the distribution and level of resistance to these acaricides. The baseline information thus generated will enable timely management of spread of acaricide resistance in ticks and hence enhance animal productivity.
Open Access
Evaluation of protective effect of Erythrina variegata and Spirulina platensis in imidacloprid intoxicated WLH cockerels
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2014-07) Gupta, Mayank; Singh, S.P.
This study was undertaken to investigate the ameliorative efficacy of Erythrina variegata leaf powder (EVLP) @1% and Spirulina platensis (SP) @ 0.2% in feed by determining hematobiochemical and antioxidant parameters and histopathological examination following simultaneous administration of imidacloprid (IMI) @ 50 ppm in feed for 60 days in white leghorn cockerels. Hydroethanolic extract of leaves of Erythrina variegata (HEEV) was prepared for phytochemical analysis, and to evaluate its effect on isolated smooth muscles of rat ileum. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, proteins, sterols, saponins and terpenes. For evaluation of protective effects of SP and EVLP in IMI intoxicated cockerels, forty two male white leghorn chicks were divided equally and randomly into six groups viz. I, II, III, IV, V and VI. Group I served as control and other groups were administered as SP @ 0.2% in II, IMI @ 50 PPM in III, SP @ 0.2% plus IMI @ 50 PPM in group IV, EVLP (1%) in group V and EVLP (1%) plus IMI @ 50 PPM in VI, respectively, for 60 days and parameters were recorded at 0, 30 and 60 days interval. A significant (P<0.05) decline in body weight gain was measured in imidacloprid treated cockerels, whereas, SP and EVLP treatments alone in groups II and V and simultaneously with IMI in groups IV and VI revealed an improvement in body weight gain. A significant (P<0.05) reduction in Hb, PCV, TEC, TLC was observedin group III and a significant (P<0.05) increase in Hb, PCV, TEC, TLC was observed in group II as compared to control after 60 days. Groups IV and VI showed a significant (P<0.05) improvement in Hb, PCV, TEC, TLC as compared to group III. A significant decline in total serum protein, albumin and globulin was reported in imidacloprid treated cockerels of group III as compared to control. Groups IV and VI showed significant (P<0.05) increase in total serum protein, albumin and globulin as compared to group III showing ameliorative effect of SP and EVLP medication. A significant (P<0.05) increase in triglycerides, cholesterol, total bilirubin, indirect bilirubin, creatinine, AST, ALT, ALP was observed in cockerels of imidacloprid treated Group III, whereas, a significant (P<0.05) decline in value of these parameters was observed in groups IV and VI supplemented with SP and EVLP, respectively. A significant (P<0.05) decline in RBC catalase and SOD and an increase in LPO in RBC, liver, kidney and testes was observed in group III which, however, returned to normalcy following simultaneous medication with SP and EVLP in groups IV and VI after 60 days. Histopathological changes such as severe congestion of blood vessels, interstitial hemorrhages between tubules, swelling of the glomeruli and hypercellularity of the glomerular capillaries in kidney; severe congestion of large blood vessel, sinusoidal congestion, vacuolar degeneration of the hepatocytes throughout the parenchyma and presence of mononuclear cells around congested blood vessels in liver; reduction in size of the seminiferous tubules with a single layer of germinal epithelium in testes and congestion of blood vessels, elongation of neurons, gliosis and satellitosis in brain were observed in IMI treated group after 60 days trial in cockerels.The tissues from IMI cockerels supplemented with EVLP in group VI showed mild pathological lesions while there were no pathological changes in liver, kidney, testes and brain from IMI plus SP supplemented cockerels of group IV. Presensitization with HEEV (100-1200 µg/ml) for five minutes showed significant spasmolytic activity against acetylcholine (10-5M) and carbachol (10-5M) induced contractions in isolated rat ileum It is concluded from this study that administration of imidacloprid (50 ppm) in feed for 60 days produced haemotoxic, hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic and potent oxidative effects, which were ameliorated following simultaneous administration of Spirulina platensis (0.2%) and Erythrina variegata (1%), respectively, for 60 days in white leghorn cockerels. Hydroethanolic extract of Erythrina variegata showed spasmolytic activity in rat ileum.

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