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Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar
After independence, development of the rural sector was considered the primary concern of the Government of India. In 1949, with the appointment of the Radhakrishnan University Education Commission, imparting of agricultural education through the setting up of rural universities became the focal point. Later, in 1954 an Indo-American team led by Dr. K.R. Damle, the Vice-President of ICAR, was constituted that arrived at the idea of establishing a Rural University on the land-grant pattern of USA. As a consequence a contract between the Government of India, the Technical Cooperation Mission and some land-grant universities of USA, was signed to promote agricultural education in the country. The US universities included the universities of Tennessee, the Ohio State University, the Kansas State University, The University of Illinois, the Pennsylvania State University and the University of Missouri. The task of assisting Uttar Pradesh in establishing an agricultural university was assigned to the University of Illinois which signed a contract in 1959 to establish an agricultural University in the State. Dean, H.W. Hannah, of the University of Illinois prepared a blueprint for a Rural University to be set up at the Tarai State Farm in the district Nainital, UP. In the initial stage the University of Illinois also offered the services of its scientists and teachers. Thus, in 1960, the first agricultural university of India, UP Agricultural University, came into being by an Act of legislation, UP Act XI-V of 1958. The Act was later amended under UP Universities Re-enactment and Amendment Act 1972 and the University was rechristened as Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology keeping in view the contributions of Pt. Govind Ballabh Pant, the then Chief Minister of UP. The University was dedicated to the Nation by the first Prime Minister of India Pt Jawaharlal Nehru on 17 November 1960.
The G.B. Pant University is a symbol of successful partnership between India and the United States. The establishment of this university brought about a revolution in agricultural education, research and extension. It paved the way for setting up of 31 other agricultural universities in the country.
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ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of antidiabetic, cardioprotective, reproductive and hepato-renal efficacy of Amaranthus hypochondriacus in diabetic rats(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar-263145, 2023-09-01) Maletha, Deeksha; Singh, S. P.This study was designed to evaluate the antidiabetic, cardioprotective, reproductive and hepato-renal efficacy of Amaranthus hypochondriacus following administration of its hydroethanolic seed and leaf extracts @ 250 mg/kg b wt for 30 days in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. The phytochemical analysis of hydroethanolic extracts of Amaranthus hypochondriacus seeds (AHSE) and leaves (AHLE) revealed the presence of various phytoconstituents including alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, terpenoids, reducing sugars, glycosides, saponins, tannins, proteins, fixed oil and fats. Upon quantitative phytochemical analysis, AHLE showed the presence of higher phenol and flavonoid content as compared to AHSE. Evaluation of in vitro antioxidant activity assessed in terms of % inhibition of DPPH and ABTS free radical and total antioxidant capacity revealed the presence of higher antioxidant potential in AHLE as compared to AHSE. The yeast α-glucosidase and porcine α-amylase enzyme inhibition assay revealed concentration dependent percentage inhibition of α-glucosidase and α-amylase by AHSE and AHLE, respectively, with AHLE causing greater inhibition than AHSE, suggesting presence of high antidiabetic potential in AHLE. For evaluation of antidiabetic, cardioprotective, reproductive and hepato-renal efficacy of Amaranthus hypochondriacus, 30 male Wistar albino rats weighing 200-250 gm b wt were randomly and equally divided into five groups. Group I served as control. Diabetes was induced in group II to V by single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (prepared in citrate buffer, pH 4.5) @ 50 mg/kg b wt in rats. After 72 hrs, the rats exhibiting blood glucose levels above 250 mg/dl were considered diabetic and given treatment as per the experimental design for 30 days. Group I served as normal control group. Group II represented diabetic control group, group III rats received glibenclamide @ 1mg/kg b wt, group IV and V received AHSE and AHLE @ 250 mg/kg b wt for 30 days, respectively. A significant (P<0.05) decrease in body weight, Hb, PCV, TEC, TLC, and lymphocytes, alongwith the presence of apparent clinical signs such as polydipsia, polyuria were observed in group II rats throughout the experiment. The treatment with AHSE and AHLE significantly prevented the weight loss in group IV and V, respectively with loss of signs and symptoms associated with diabetes in a time dependent manner. The untreated diabetic control group II showed elevated fasting blood glucose, glycosylated Hb and impaired glucose tolerance, which were ameliorated and reduced following administration with AHLE and AHSE, with higher amelioration by AHLE, suggesting their antidiabetic activity. In group II rats, a significant (P<0.05) increase in ALT, AST, ALP and a significant decrease in total protein and albumin, HDL-cholesterol was observed in group II, which were reduced after treatment with AHSE and AHLE. The administration of AHSE and AHLE was found effective in reducing hyperglycemia induced oxidative stress in erythrocytes and tissues, as it reduced lipid peroxidation and raised the level of antioxidant enzymes including reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase and catalase, which is suggestive of their antioxidant activity. Streptozotocin administration significantly (P<0.05) affected the reproductive parameters, as it reduced the total sperm count, motility, viability and raised abnormal sperm per cent, which upon treatment with AHSE and AHLE in groups IV and V were significantly improved, with AHLE providing better protective action at par with glibenclamide against reproductive dysfunctioning. The histopathological and electron microscopic examination of tissues revealed the presence of structural disintegration along with severe pathological lesions in tissues of liver, kidney, pancreas, testes and heart, in diabetic control group II which were of mild to moderate degree in AHSE and AHLE treated groups, indicating the ameliorative effect of AHSE and AHLE against streptozotocin induced cellular damage. Thus, it is evident from this study that the streptozotocin induced diabetes in rats produced haemotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, dyslipidemia and reproductive dysfunctioning which were ameliorated following Amaranthus hypochondriacus seed and leaf extracts administration, with leaf extract providing greater ameliorative action than seed extract, indicating antidiabetic, cardioprotective, reproductive and hepato-renal efficacy of Amaranthus hypochondriacus. (SThesisItem Open Access A STUDY ON MOLECULAR RESPONSES OF HYPOXIA EXPOSURE IN GOLDEN MAHSEER, Tor putitora (HAMILTON, 1822)(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar-263145, 2023-10-01) Khan, Arzoo; Kumar, AvdeshGolden mahseer is an important food and recreational species of Indian Himalayan region and also declared as an endangered species. The present study aimed to observe the behavioural, metabolic and molecular response of golden mahseer to acute hypoxia. The fishes were exposed to 96 hour of hypoxia stress. Different parameters related to behavioral and metabolic responses were documented. The molecular response was studied by qRTPCR assay of 12 hypoxia responsive genes hif1ab, hif2a, hif3a, aldoaa, vegfaa, vegfab, ldhb1, igfbp-1, igfbp-2a, igfbp-3, epoa, hmox2a. Under hypoxia stress fish showed behavioural responses in terms of aerial emergence, rapid gulping, circular swimming, wide-mouth gape, settling at the bottom corner and rapid tail movement. The gill ventilation rate increased with decreasing dissolved oxygen level that indicated that the fishes equilibrate the oxygen pressure in the blood with the oxygen pressure in the surrounding water. The mass specific consumption rate of oxygen significantly decreased which showed the metabolic response under low oxygen availability. The distinctive expression pattern of hif2a and hif3a mRNA indicated its role in adaptive response to tissue hypoxia. Among the vascular endothelial growth factor genes the enhanced expression of vegfab across all examined tissue of Tor putitora suggests its role in the adaptation to acute hypoxic stress. Among different igfbp’s only igfbp1 have shown enhanced expression in different tissues while igfbp2a and igfbp3a did not expressed under hypoxic condition. The detection of only one isoform (igfbp1) of golden mahseer suggested that it predominantly regulate the igfbp function in this species. The up-regulation of erythropoietin a (epoa) gene in different tissue of Tor putitora suggests its role in haemoglobin oxygen affinity in maintaining the haemoglobin saturation under falling blood oxygen level conditions. The heme oxygenase 2 alpha (hmox2a) expression in different tissue under hypoxic condition suggested its role in iron homeostasis under stress condition. The ldhb1 and aldoaa are metabolic genes which are involved in glycolytic pathway. The up-regulation of ldhb1 and aldoaa is indicative of activation of anaerobic glycolysis in response to hypoxic stress as an adaptation mechanism under low oxygen availability. The present study provides valuable information regarding the molecular response of different genes to hypoxia stress in golden mahseer. These genes can also be used as the biomarkers of ecosystem hypoxia stress.ThesisItem Open Access GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS FROM RICE CULTIVATION IN THE MAJOR RICE PRODUCING COUNTRIES: EXTENT AND ASSOCIATED TRADE-OFF(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar-263145, 2023-09-01) Arya, Akansha; Srivastava, S. K.The thesis titled "GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS FROM RICE CULTIVATION IN THE MAJOR RICE PRODUCING COUNTRIES: EXTENT AND ASSOCIATED TRADE-OFF" delves into an extensive exploration of the intricate relationship between rice production, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and international trade in the world's key rice-producing nations. The study not only elucidates the findings but also offers significant conclusions and policy implications derived from the research. In a world where food security is paramount for the burgeoning global population, rice stands out as a crucial staple crop. However, the dynamics of rice cultivation, trade, and their environmental impacts present complex challenges. This thesis seeks to unravel these intricacies, beginning with an examination of the pivotal role rice plays in the agricultural landscape and the wider economy. It underscores the multifaceted factors, including climate change, economic conditions, population growth, global trade, and evolving agricultural practices, that influence food patterns across the globe. Despite modern advancements in agriculture, the specter of food security looms large, encompassing not just food availability but also affordability and accessibility. The far-reaching consequences of food insecurity are stark, affecting individuals and societies in myriad ways, from malnutrition and cognitive development to social disparities, reduced productivity, mental health issues, educational difficulties, and environmental degradation. Central to this study is the revelation that agriculture, particularly rice cultivation, is a significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, with methane emissions during rice cultivation being a pressing concern. The global rise in population will inevitably lead to an increased demand for rice, which, if not managed judiciously, can exacerbate GHG emissions. As such, the thesis advocates for a dual focus—enhancing rice production to meet growing demand while minimizing the environmental footprint. It recognizes that technological advancements in rice cultivation are necessary to achieve this delicate balance. The research is carried out across ten major rice-producing countries: China, India, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Vietnam, Thailand, Myanmar, Philippines, Pakistan, and Brazil. The study meticulously evaluates key parameters such as agricultural GDP, the share of rice value in agricultural GDP, rice production, productivity, trade, GHG emissions from rice cultivation, and net rice trade. The findings across these nations unveil intriguing trends and critical insights. For instance, some countries have witnessed fluctuations in the contribution of agriculture to GDP and the significance of rice within this sector. Others exhibit positive trends in rice production parameters, while trade dynamics—exports and imports—also show distinct patterns. Most significantly, the research delves into the GHG emissions associated with rice production, their proportions relative to overall agricultural and total emissions, and GHG emissions per unit of rice production. These findings hold profound implications for policy formulation and environmental stewardship. The thesis emphasizes the pressing need for addressing GHG emissions from rice cultivation in the global pursuit of net-zero emissions. It underscores the importance of setting emission reduction targets, considering the environmental trade-offs of rice trade, and harnessing technological innovations to reduce emissions while sustaining rice production. In essence, this research offers invaluable insights into the intricate interplay between rice production, trade, and greenhouse gas emissions, providing guidance for policymakers, international organizations, and stakeholders striving to navigate the complex nexus of food security and environmental sustainability on a global scale. The conclusions drawn from this study not only shed light on the extent of emissions but also illuminate the path towards a more sustainable future, where rice cultivation can coexist harmoniously with the imperative of reducing greenhouse gas emissions.ThesisItem Open Access Molecular characterization, epidemiology and management of Rhizoctonia aerial blight of soybean(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar-263145, 2023-08-01) Jeena, Himani; Singh, K. P.Rhizoctonia aerial blight caused by Rhizoctonia solani is a one of the most serious diseases affecting the yield and quality of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill). The aim of the present investigation was to understand the prevalence, epidemiology, and management of Rhizoctonia aerial blight in soybean cultivation in Uttarakhand, India. A three-years survey conducted in major soybean growing areas of the state revealed that the disease is widespread in the Kumaon region, with an average disease incidence of 14.75 percent. Among the districts, the highest disease incidence and severity were observed in Udham Singh Nagar (30.40% and 25.78% respectively), followed by Nainital and Almora. To assess the cultural, morphological, and molecular variabilities, thirty-five isolates of R. solani were collected from different areas of Uttarakhand. These isolates exhibited significant variation in terms of colony characteristics and morphological traits. Molecular variability was examined using ISSR, RAPD, and URP markers, which all exhibited 100 percent polymorphism. The average PIC values for these markers were 0.367, 0.429, and 0.310 respectively. UPGMA cluster analysis grouped the isolates based on their geographical location, although there were a few exceptions. The mean percent disease index (PDI) and infection rate ranged from 9.29 to 65.82 percent and 0.028 to 0.058 units per day, respectively, in highly resistant and highly susceptible varieties. Disease severity showed a significant negative correlation with minimum temperature and a positive correlation with evening relative humidity. Multiple regression models utilizing weather variables successfully predicted disease severity, with coefficient of determination above 0.82 for all varieties. The logistic and Gompertz models were deemed suitable for explaining the temporal dynamics of the disease under field condition. These models can prove valuable in developing disease prediction models for timely adoption of disease management strategies. Among the tested fungicides, Tebuconazole 50% + Trifloxystrobin 25% WG exhibited maximum inhibition of mycelial growth, up to 88.24 and 100 percent at 50 μg/ml and 100 μg/ml respectively, in vitro. It also found effective disease control of up to 72.61 per cent under field conditions. Additionally, five nanoparticles were evaluated for their efficacy against Rhizoctonia solani. Among them, ZnO nanoparticles at 500 μg/ml successfully inhibited 100 percent of the fungus radial growth. In greenhouse conditions, ZnO NPs treated plants showed a 66.77 % reduction in disease incidence at 100 μg/ml. Evaluation of 53 soybean genotypes revealed that nineteen genotypes exhibited moderately resistant to Rhizoctonia aerial blight, although none of the genotype was found free from disease. Sixteen SSR markers, including Sat 281, Satt 245, Sat_ 076, Sat_246, Satt 277, Satt 463, Satt_195, Sat_276, Sat_127, Sat_196, Sat_105, Sat_124, Sct_199, and SOYHSP176, showed differential amplification between resistant and susceptible genotypes, and were found promising for validation of field level screening. The significant findings from this investigation can be utilized to optimize management strategies for Rhizoctonia aerial blight disease. (ThesisItem Open Access STUDY ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF BROILER FARMERS IN UDHAM SINGH NAGAR DISTRICT OF UTTARAKHAND(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar-263145, 2023-09-01) Saxena, Tushar; Kumar, AnilTo study the socio-economic profile traits of broiler farmers, the present investigation was carried out in Udham Singh Nagar district of Uttarakhand from January 2023 to June 2023. A total of 90 broiler farms were randomly selected for the study. Cost and returns from broiler enterprises were estimated on the basis of farm sizes (small, medium and large) and farmer’s education (up to junior, intermediate, and graduate/above) level. The socio-economic traits of broiler farmers included in the present study were gender, age, family size, education level, flock size, main occupation, annual income, source of information, training, farming experience and land holdings etc. The findings of the investigation suggested a significant difference in total cost between small and large sized farms and for medium and large size farms and among junior, intermediate and graduate/above level educated farmers. In addition, significant difference was observed in total variable cost, between small and large sized farms and also observed for medium and large sized farms. Significant difference was observed in total variable cost, between primary level and graduate/above level educated farmers. Highest gross return was calculated for large sized farms while lowest gross return was calculated for medium sized farms. Significant difference was observed in net returns value among different sized farms. The study revealed that Benefit cost ratio was significantly different between small and large sized farms and also between medium and large sized farms and between junior and graduate level farmers and also between intermediate and graduate level farmers in study area. Influence of education level on farm was found highly significant at 1 percent level. Influence of education level on source of information of farmers was found significant at 5 per cent. Findings of the present study indicated non-significant influence of source of information on farm size. No significant influence of land holding on knowledge and source of communication was observed in this study. Influence of farmer’s education level on their main occupation was found highly significant at 1 per cent. Findings confirmed that majority of farmers were educated up to intermediate level followed by graduation/above level and their main source of information and communication were relatives and neighbours. There is a strong possibility that farmers would have been encouraged after seeing their relatives/neighbour progressing more in poultry farming. It may be concluded that most of the farmers were marginal, young, male, untrained, and broiler farmers as their primary line of work. Large-scale farms with highly educated farmers were shown to be the most profitable for broiler farming. The significant influence of the socio-economic traits notably education, may be related to the main employment, knowledge level, and source of communication used in the various flock-sized farms throughout the research period.ThesisItem Open Access Fabrication and Strength Assessment of Carbonaceous Fillers Reinforced Epoxy Composites(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar-263145, 2022-10-01) Maheshwari, Peeyush; Misra, AnadiBiochar (BC) from pine leaves was derived through slight modification in temperature and time as prescribed. After that graphene oxide (GO) was prepared from BC through slight modifications in stirring time, speed and concentrations of ingredients as prescribed in Hummer's method. A series of epoxy composites (ECs) were fabricated by dispersing carbonaceous fillers (CFs) with concentrations ranging 0-5% weight into a commercially available epoxy resin (CY-230) followed by curing with triethylene tetramine (TETA, HY-951). The CFs are nanographite (NG), BC, GO. The qualitative dispersion of CFs into cured epoxy was ascertained through atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The ECs were converted into different dimensions according to ASTM D specifications. The effect of CFs on their mechanical and thermal properties has been evaluated. With CFs concentration, a regular increase in hardness, tensile, flexural and compressive properties has been observed when CFs added up to 3% (w/w). This is attributed to homogeneous dispersion and good bonding between epoxy resin and CFs. The effect of CFs on thermo-oxidative stability of cured epoxy as well as ECs was investigated through simultaneous thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysisdifferential thermogravimetry (TG-DTA-DTG). The visco-elastic behaviour of epoxy composites was observed through dynamic mechanical analysis. This shows that the viscoelastic behaviour was enhanced with the addition of CFs and increase in frequency.ThesisItem Open Access Impact of bioinoculants and their consortia on growth attributes of papaya (Carica papaya L.) var. Red Lady under modified growing conditions(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar-263145, 2023-08-01) Bajeli, Jyoti; Rai, P. N.Microbial inoculants or bioinoculants are promising candidate for sustainable management of cultivated ecosystems that improves crop growth and productivity by mobilizing soil nutrients and tolerance to abiotic stresses. The present experiment was conducted at G.B.P.U.A. & T. Pantnagar, during 2021-2023 to study the effects of bioinoculants and their consortia on growth, physiological and biochemical parameters in papaya var. Red Lady raised under well-watered and drought stress situations under modified growing conditions (glasshouse and naturally ventilated polyhouse conditions). The pot experiments were used for the study conducted in completely randomized design (CRD). Firstly, seeds were inoculated with one bacterial isolate (Pseudomonas pallaroniana strain DPB 16) and one fungal isolate (Fusarium pallidoroseum strain FP10) individually and in consortia with 1 ml/10 g and then two months old seedlings were treated with their individual and consortia at 20 ml/plant at the time of transplanting. The transplanted seedlings were then subjected to well - watered and drought stress conditions after four months of transplanting. The results depicted that the highest increase in shoot length, shoot diameter, root length, fresh and dry plant biomass, leaf area index (LAI) was found in the bioinoculant consortia treatment. The physiological and biochemical treatments viz., total chlorophyll content, total proline content, malondialdehyde content, hydrogen peroxide content, total phenol content and total flavonoid content was also found highest in the bioinoculant consortia treatment. The enzymatic activity such as Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), Guaiacol Peroxidase (GPX), Ascorbate Peroxidase (APX), Glutathione Reductase (GR) and total protein content were found the highest in the microbial consortia both under well-watered and drought treatment. Moreover, the leaf nutrient content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium was also found the maximum under the consortia of the two strains used. The individual bioinoculant treatment was also found effective as compared to control in all the parameters. The colony forming unit (CFU) count of the soil around the rhizosphere of papaya plants was also higher in all the bioinoculant treatments as compared to control. Therefore, the study revealed that the microbial consortia was highly effective in promoting the growth and mitigating the drought stress in papaya var. Red Lady.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON CLINICO-HAEMATOBIOCHEMICAL AND THERAPEUTIC EFFICACY OF POLYHERBAL FORMULATION AGAINST RESISTANT GASTRO INTESTINAL NEMATODES IN GOATS(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar-263145, 2023-08-01) Rathor, Ashok Singh; Bhatt, PrakashThe present study was conducted at goat farms/herds of Tarai region around Pantnagar. Total 146 goats exhibiting FAMACHA scores ranging from 3 to 5, were examined to determine the prevalence of GI nematodosis. Out of 146 goats, 103 were diagnosed with GI nematodosis. From these 103 goats, 24 goats of either sex, aged between 9 months to 5 years, were selected with egg counts exceeding 200. They were randomly assigned to four equal groups. Group I received oral fenbendazole treatment at 5mg/kg body weight, Group II received oral ivermectin at 0.2mg/kg body weight, Group III received an oral polyherbal formulation at 6.5g/30 kg body weight, and Group IV served as the untreated control. A pilot study was also conducted earlier on three goats to rule out any adverse effects of the polyherbal formulation used in the experimental study. The haematological, biochemical, and oxidative stress related parameters were investigated at intervals of 0, 7, 14, and 21 days. Faecal samples were collected directly from rectum on 0 day (Pre-Treatment), 7th day, 14th day and 21st Day (post-treatment) for calculation of EPG and FECRT. There was significant improvement in the mean values of Red Blood Cells, Haemoglobin, and Packed Cell Volume after treatment with polyherbal formulation and ivermectin, as compared to control. ALP, AST, and ALT levels within Groups I, II, and III reduced significantly by the 21st day, aligning with the healthy goat's standard range. Whereas the values in Group IV showed a steady rise. The increased enzyme activity in affected animals aligns with detrimental effects caused by traumatic abomasal and intestinal damage, directly linked to parasitic infestation. Serum concentrations of GSH-Px, SOD, and CAT were notably elevated on the 21st day post-treatment in goats treated with the polyherbal formulation, ivermectin, and fenbendazole, along with decreased MDA levels, indicating decreased oxidative stress after treatment. It was revealed that levels of GSH-Px, SOD and CAT were low during stress caused by GI nematodosis whereas MDA levels were high. Assessment of EPG and FECRT (%) values on the 21st day post-treatment revealed efficacy rates of 85.07% for ivermectin, 90.62% for the polyherbal formulation, and 59.05% for fenbendazole. Significant improvement in the mean EPG in both treatment groups G II and G III was seen on 14th day post treatment compared to G I thus indicating resistance to fenbendazole. Coproculture on the 14th day post-treatment indicated that 97% of identified species were H. contortus, establishing it as the primary cause of GI nematodosis in goats from the Tarai region of Uttarakhand.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON CLINICO-HAEMATOBIOCHEMICAL AND THERAPEUTIC EFFICACY OF POLYHERBAL FORMULATION AGAINST RESISTANT GASTRO INTESTINAL NEMATODES IN GOATS(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar-263145, 2023-08-01) Rathur, Ashok Singh; Bhatt, PrakashThe present study was conducted at goat farms/herds of Tarai region around Pantnagar. Total 146 goats exhibiting FAMACHA scores ranging from 3 to 5, were examined to determine the prevalence of GI nematodosis. Out of 146 goats, 103 were diagnosed with GI nematodosis. From these 103 goats, 24 goats of either sex, aged between 9 months to 5 years, were selected with egg counts exceeding 200. They were randomly assigned to four equal groups. Group I received oral fenbendazole treatment at 5mg/kg body weight, Group II received oral ivermectin at 0.2mg/kg body weight, Group III received an oral polyherbal formulation at 6.5g/30 kg body weight, and Group IV served as the untreated control. A pilot study was also conducted earlier on three goats to rule out any adverse effects of the polyherbal formulation used in the experimental study. The haematological, biochemical, and oxidative stress related parameters were investigated at intervals of 0, 7, 14, and 21 days. Faecal samples were collected directly from rectum on 0 day (Pre-Treatment), 7th day, 14th day and 21st Day (post-treatment) for calculation of EPG and FECRT. There was significant improvement in the mean values of Red Blood Cells, Haemoglobin, and Packed Cell Volume after treatment with polyherbal formulation and ivermectin, as compared to control. ALP, AST, and ALT levels within Groups I, II, and III reduced significantly by the 21st day, aligning with the healthy goat's standard range. Whereas the values in Group IV showed a steady rise. The increased enzyme activity in affected animals aligns with detrimental effects caused by traumatic abomasal and intestinal damage, directly linked to parasitic infestation. Serum concentrations of GSH-Px, SOD, and CAT were notably elevated on the 21st day post-treatment in goats treated with the polyherbal formulation, ivermectin, and fenbendazole, along with decreased MDA levels, indicating decreased oxidative stress after treatment. It was revealed that levels of GSH-Px, SOD and CAT were low during stress caused by GI nematodosis whereas MDA levels were high. Assessment of EPG and FECRT (%) values on the 21st day post-treatment revealed efficacy rates of 85.07% for ivermectin, 90.62% for the polyherbal formulation, and 59.05% for fenbendazole. Significant improvement in the mean EPG in both treatment groups G II and G III was seen on 14th day post treatment compared to G I thus indicating resistance to fenbendazole. Coproculture on the 14th day post-treatment indicated that 97% of identified species were H. contortus, establishing it as the primary cause of GI nematodosis in goats from the Tarai region of Uttarakhand.
