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Systematic sampling for milk yield data
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2013-07) Pandey, Tanuj Kumar; Vinod Kumar
The present study uses systematic sampling procedures for milk yield data exhibiting some non-linear trends. The data relate to milk yields of four breeds of cows (two brands S16 and S19 of Sahiwal cows and two brands X124 and X205 of crossbred cows) and one breed (Murrah brand no. M125) of buffaloes over one lactation period during 2011-2013. The best fitted mathematical forms of non-linear trend present in the milk yield data are obtained and the expressions of average variances of the estimators of population mean under simple random, usual systematic and modified systematic sampling procedures by taking into account the trend present in the data have been derived from the formulae already derived by Ashutosh (1995) for populations showing general trend. A comparative study is made among these three sampling procedures for five data sets by calculating average variances using best fitted trend equations. Usual systematic sampling is found more precise than simple random and modified systematic sampling procedures for four data sets whereas modified systematic sampling is found better than the other two procedures for one data set. Stratification of milk yield data has resulted in the significant reduction of average variances under all the three sampling schemes. The distribution of milk yield is found to vary from one data set to another. Dagum (4P) distribution is found the best fitted distribution for milk yield of Sahiwal cows, whereas for crossbred cows with brand numbers X124 and X205, it is Gumble Min. and Lognormal respectively. Moreover, the distribution of milk yield of Murrah buffaloes brand number M125 is general extreme values.
Open Access
Crop diversification in Uttarakhand an economic analysis
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2013-08) Goswami, Swati; Srivastava, S.K.
Crop diversification is an important strategy for overall agriculture development in the country. The present study was conducted in Uttarakhand, with the objectives to estimate growth rates of different crops, to examine the socio-economic status, to analyze the nature and extent and to identify the factors affecting crop diversification. The present study utilizes both secondary and primary data, secondary data was collected for the period of 11 years (2000-01 to 2010-11). For primary data, multistage stratified random sampling technique was followed to select 45 farmers from hill region and 30 farmers from plain region. Exponential growth function was used to estimate the growth rate of different crops, to examine socio economic, simple statistical tools were used, Simpson diversification index had been used to analyze the nature and extent of crop diversification. Multiple linear regression was used to examine the factor affecting crop diversification. Growth rate estimated to know the change in area, production and productivity showed that, paddy recorded a significant decline in area and production except Uttarkashi which rise at the rate of 1.16 (area) and 3.01 (production) per cent per annum, wheat show a significant decline in area, while in production recorded a significant increase. Pulses also shows a significant rise in their area, production and productivity as whole, except in U S Nagar where all the above three, declined very sharply at the rate of 27.59, 27.73 and 3.22 per cent per annum. Oilseeds crops and other crops also show the significant change in their area, production and productivity over the study period. The average operational holding of plain region was more than five times high as compared to hilly region, number of male members has been found slightly higher than the female members, and the family size is comparatively large. More than 40 per cent area to total cropped area was devoted to subsistence foodgrains. Share of cows was highest in total livestock population in both areas. Crop enterprise was the main source of income in plains while service sectors dominates in the hill region. The diversification indices constructed for all the crops groups at districts, divisions and state level showed that the diversification has been found more in hill districts as compared to plain districts. State as a whole registered a significant rise in all the crop groups. Pulses also show the significant high level of diversification, while oilseed show the moderate level of diversification. At farm household level, about 62 per cent farmers comes in the category of very high level of diversification in hill region while in plains same per cent belongs to high level of diversification. Hill region show the higher level of diversification in all the crop groups and also in the varieties, as compared to plain region.The major factors responsible for the change in crop diversification were fertilizer consumption, gross irrigated area, road length, mechanization and certified seeds, at districts, divisions and state level. In case of farm households age of household head, size of farm households, distance to market,off- farm/non- farm income and fertilizer which effects the crop diversification. The creation of basic infrastructural facilities is an essential prerequisite for crop diversification and fostering the process of agricultural development.
Open Access
Studies on comparative efficacy of some synthetic insecticides, phytoproduct and biopesticides against brinal fruit and shoot borer, Leucinodes orbonalis Guen. and hadda beetle, Epilachna vigintioctopunctata Fab. in brinjal at Pantnagar
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2013-08) Bahuguna, Swati; Srivastava, Poonam
Twenty-eight species of insects belonging 10 different orders and 20 families were encountered to know the diversity of insect fauna associated with brinjal crop. Among the various insect pest of brinjal, the brinjal shoot and fruit borer (L. orbonalis) and hadda beetle (E. vigintioctopunctata), have been recorded as the most prevalent species as evidenced by their activity period at Vegetable Research Centre, Pantnagar The relative efficacy of each treatment was assessed on the basis of per cent pest reduction over control where the per cent reduction of larval population over control was recorded and observed to be highest in lambdacyhalothrin at 4 ml/lt with 54.50 percent which is highest percent in reduction of larval population after 3rd application followed by the lambdacyhalothrin at 0.56, 1.38, 0.69 and 0.81 ml/lt with 53.10, 52.00, 50.90 and 48.86 per cent over B. t. (Halt), B. b. (Biosoft) and neem at 2ml/l with 39.00, 35.80 and 34.70 per cent respectively. The percent reduction of hadda beetle population was recorded highest in chlorpyriphos, quinalphos, carbaryl at 2ml/lt, lambdacyhalothrin at 1.38, 0.69 and 0.56 ml/lt range from 78.33-53.33 per cent. However, the lowest percent of reduction was recorded in the treatment B. t. (Halt), B. b. (Biosoft), neem and malathion at 2ml/l, lambdacyhalothrin at 0.81 and 4ml/lt 51.66-31.66 per cent. The safety of the treatments for the natural enemies viz., Coccinella septumpunctata, Chrysoperla carnea, spider and Eucanthecona bug were observed and the results revealed that the highest population of natural enemies was found in untreated check (T13), as it was the complete safest treatment for all natural enemies followed by neem, B. t. (Halt) and B. b.(Biosoft) at 2ml/lt indicating partial safety of the treatment whereas, lambdacyhalothrin at 0.56, 0.69, 0.81, 1.38 and 4ml/lt, chlorpyriphos, quinalphos, carbaryl and malathion were recorded with lowest number of natural enemies indicating no safety of the treatments. The highest yield of brinjal was recorded in lambdacyhalothrin at 4 ml/lt (204.16 kg/ha) with per cent damage of (28.00) followed by lambdacyhalothrin at 1.38, 0.69, 0.81 and 0.56 ml/lt with 197.22, 190.27 and 170.83 kg/ha and a per cent damage of (32.51, 35.30 and 38.70) respectively. Whereas, B. b. (Biosoft) at 2ml/lt was recorded with lowest yield100.38 kg/ha and a per cent damage of (87.00).
Unknown
Response of french bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes to mulching
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2013-07) Suresh Kumar; Singh, Dhirendra Kumar
The investigation entitled “Response of French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes to mulching” was carried out to study the response of genotype and mulch on growth and yield attributes of French bean. The field experiment was conducted at Vegetable Research Center, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, U.S. Nagar, Uttarakhand, India during autumn-winter season of 2011-12. The experiment was laid out in Factorial Randomized block Design with three replication consisting of twelve treatments. The observations of growth character were recorded at various stages (30 and 60 DAS) of crop growth while yield attribute were recoded at harvest stage of the crop. The data were analyzed for standard error of mean and critical differences at 5% level of significance. The response of French to various treatments were measured in terms of plant growth attributes i.e., germination per cent, days taken to first germination, days to 50% germination, days taken to first flowering, days taken to 50% flowering, plant height at 30 DAS, plant height at 60 DAS, number of primary branches per plant, numbers of leaves, pod length, pod thickness and maturity and yield attributes like no. of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, pod weight, pod yield per plant, pod yield/ plot, pod yield q/ha and total soluble solids. On the basis of the present investigation of the experiment result, it can be concluded that treatment combination V1M3 produced maximum yield as well as more suitable for other growth character than other treatment combination.
Unknown
Role of insect pollinators in coriander seed production
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2013-06) Shivashankara; Srivastava, R.M.
The studies on “Role of insect pollinators in coriander seed production” was carried out during 2012-13 at G.B.P.U.A & T. Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India, to study role of insect pollinators in coriander seed production. The mean abundance of honeybees was highest with 3.1 bees/min/ m2 at 12 PM and followed by 2.36 bees/min/ m2 at 3 PM and least was 1.16 bees/min/m2 at 10 AM. Its population was highest in the variety COR 44 with 4.93 and least in the variety COR 36 with 0.53. In case of Syrphids, the mean abundance of syrphids is highest at 10 AM i.e. 5.22 syrphids/min/ m2 followed by 4.34 syrphids /min/m2 at 3 PM and least at 10 AM was 3.81 syrphids /min/ m2 . It was highest in the variety COR 38 with 12.07 and least was zero in two varieties. The pollinators of coriander belong mainly to four orders viz., Hymenoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera and Coleoptera. Important species visiting the coriander viz., Apis dorsata, A. cerana indica, Apis mellifera, Apis florea, Episyrphus balteatus, Eristalis tenax and, syrphus spp., Musca spp. and other Dipteran flies of which, A. cerana indica was more dominant followed by Apis dorsata but in Syrphids Episyrphus sp. was more dominant. The flowering period for the varieties COR 37 and COR 36 was 18 days; COR 55 was 28 days and 30 days for all other varieties. The foraging speed of honey bees viz., Apis dorsata and A. cerana are 11.22 seconds and 3.473 respectively. The foraging rate of Apis dorsata and A. cerana, are 13.53 and 23.43 umbels/ minute by Apis dorsata and A. cerana respectively. The foraging mode observed in bee, which was carried both pollen load and nectar in their visit but syrphids were nectar feeder only. Syrphid started foraging (8.23 AM) much earlier than the honeybees i.e.10.13 AM and 10.14 AM for Apis dorsata and A. cerana respectively. The bee, Tetragonula laeviceps was not involved in the pollination of the coriander. Pollen carrying capacity of the Apis dorsata was highest followed by A. cerana, the mean relative abundance of pollen is 2.43 ×104pollens/ml and 1.63×104pollens/ml for Apis dorsata and A. cerana, respectively. The cross pollination plots were showed higher yield than the caged plots, the 9 varieties which were pollinated by insects given tremendous increase in the yield. The mean % increase of yield in all varieties is 243.02%. The percent of yield increase was highest in COR 44 (308%) followed by COR 49 (303.81%) and least in COR 38 (177.5%).
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Rhizoctonia aerial blight of soybean: Recent techniques of management
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2013-06) Bisht, Ritu; Dubey, K.S.
Soybean (Glycine max L. Merril) is one of the most important crop in the world today by the virtue of its richness in balanced protein and oil content. Diseases caused by various pathogens are indeed a worldwide important problem in soybean production . Among biotic diseases, Aerial Blight/ web Blight of soybean caused by a fungus i.e. Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn (Teleomorph: Thanatephorus cucumeris (Frank)(donk) is a serious problem in soybean and considered to be menacing and causes heavy losses in yield particularly in warm and humid part of the country. The pathogen is seed-borne,soil-borne as well as wind-borne in nature and it has very wide host range as well as lack of resistance in soybean germplasm to aerial blight has further aggravated the problem, therefore, its management is always challenging.The present investigations were done to study the recent techniques to be used for managing Rhizoctonia aerial blight of soybean. Five strains of Trichoderma harzianum and three strains of Pseudomonas sp. were screened for their antagonistic effect against R.solani.Among fungal antagonists 89-N and LTh-14 showed strongest antagonistic effect against the test fungus,while Th-69 was least effective in parasitizing the test fungus.In case of bacterial antagonists PS F11 was found most effective and potential bio-agent strain in dual culture technique. Among ten organic matter amended soil extracts screened, Pressmud amended soil was found very effective in inhibiting the growth of the test fungus. Out of ten organic matter amended soils and inoculated with R.solani,pressmud increased the seed germination and decreased the seed rot, seedling rot and disease severity.Orange peel showed highest vigour index while maximum nodulation was obtained in green pea manure.The effect of wheat straw was similar to the check. Among the thirteen herbal extracts evaluated against R.solani,bel was found most effective at both the concentrations i.e. 10 % and 20 % while, morpankhi and ginger were found least effective in inhibiting the growth of R.solani.Among seven animal by-products tested cow-urine (old) was found most effective in inhibiting growth of the test fungus while, cow-milk was found least effective. Out of ten essential oils screened, lemon grass,lemon tulsi and peppermint showed 100 % inhibition of mycelial growth of R.solani while, khus and patchouli oil were found least effective. All the essentials oils were also tested at higher concentrations i.e. 500 ppm , 1000 ppm, 1500 ppm , 2000 ppm and 2500 ppm and showed 100 % growth inhibition of the test fungus except khus and patchouli oil. Among the five mineral oils evaluated against the test pathogen ,petrol exhibited maximum growth inhibition of R.solani. Liquid paraffin was found least effective against the test fungus. Tebuconazole and Thiophanate-methyl showed 100 % mycelial growth inhibition at all the concentration i.e. 25 ppm, 50 ppm and 100 ppm and were most effective against R.solani . Thiram was found least effective against the test fungus.
Open Access
Diversity analysis for quantitative traits, biochemical profiling and screening of MYMV in blackgram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper) germplasm collected from Uttarakhand hills
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2013-06) Gupta, Richa; Arora, Anju
Blackgram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper, 2n = 2x = 22) commonly known as urdbean or mash is an important pulse crop of India. The present investigation was carried out at N.E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre, Pantnagar, during kharif, 2011 and 2012 with 54 genotypes (including 50 test lines and 4 check varieties) of blackgram for ten quantitative traits with the objectives to study genetic divergence, character association for yield and its components, quantification of seed storage protein and identification of genotypes with high protein content, polymorphism in genotypes using SDS – PAGE and to identify resistant germplasm source for MYMV disease. Mean squares due to genotypes were highly significant for plant height, number of clusters per plant, number of pods per plant, seeds per pod, 100 seed weight and grain yield per plant while significant for number of pods per cluster. The highest yield was recorded as 10.55 g/plant for genotype GP 2011-15 followed by 10.30 g/plant for GP 2011- 64. Character association analysis revealed that yield per plant showed highly significant and positive correlation with all the characters except days to 50% flowering and 100 seed weight. Based on non-hierarchical euclidean cluster analysis, 54 genotypes were grouped into nine non-overlapping clusters. The cluster V comprised of maximum number of genotypes (11) whereas, cluster VII consisted of minimum number of genotypes (2). Highest inter cluster distance was observed between the genotypes of clusters IV and VII followed by clusters IV and VI. Six genotypes viz., GP 2011-15, GP 2011-448, GP 2011-152, GP 2011-64, IS-1 and RS 241 were identified as divergent and desirable for particular characters. Genotype GP 2011-15 was selected for number of clusters/plant, number of pods/plant and yield/plant, IS-1 for seeds/pod, GP 2011-448 was selected for plant height and 100 seed weight, GP 2011-152 for number of branches/plant, genotype GP 2011-64 for number of pods/cluster and pod length and RS 241 was selected for days to 50% flowering. Among genotypes evaluated some of them could be a good source of seed storage protein. In blackgram seeds protein ranged from 20.22 to 23.06%. PCPGR 8027 and PCPGR 8022 contained highest amount of total protein i.e. 23.06% and 23.03% respectively. The genotypes were grouped on the basis of SDS-PAGE analysis. The dissimilarity coefficient ranged between 0 - 0.80. A dendrogram based on the UPGMA analysis grouped 54 genotypes into 2 main clusters, cluster A and cluster B. Cluster A consisted of 26 genotypes and the remaining 28 were grouped in cluster B. Genotypes were also screened against MYMV disease. Six genotypes viz., EK 91, IS-1, Urd 83, GP 2011-15, GP 2011-64 and PCPGR 8026 were found immune against MYMV. Three genotypes GP 2011-15, GP 2011-64 and PCPGR 8026 were found agronomically good and immune against MYMV disease, whereas, PCPGR 8026 was found early maturing and contained high seed storage protein.
Open Access
Effect of energy treatments and hydropriming on seed quality during storage, crop establishment and yield of chick pea
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2013-07) Sharma, Rashmi; Pandey, Sunita T.
In the present investigation, three separate experiments were conducted in which first two experiments were performed at Seed Physiology lab, Department of agronomy, college of Agriculture, G.B. Pant university of Agriculture and Technology. The seeds of chickpea were treated with magnetic field of 100-250 mT for 1-4 hours and BK RYM treatment for 1-4 hours, both at the step of one hour. In experiment No. 1 screening of various energy treatments was done to find out the optimum energy field and its exposure duration to invigorate the seeds of chickpea. Magnetic field of 100 and 200 mT for one hour and BK RYM for 2 and 4 hours resulted in higher germination, growth, vigour and biochemical activities compared to untreated seeds. These treatments were selected for the further experimentation of this study. In experiment No. 2, one year old and freshly harvested seeds treated with selected strength and duration of energy field and hydropriming (for 8 hours) were stored for six months in cloth bag covered with polythene bags at 8% moisture and observations of their physiological and bio chemical activities were recorded on the bi- monthly basis. Magnetic field of 200 mT for one hour, BK RYM treatment for 2 hours and hydropriming showed superior result over untreated seeds in the entire duration of storage. In experiment No. 3 Chickpea seeds treated with selected strength and duration of energy field and hydroprimed seeds(for 8 hours) were sown in field during the Rabi season of 2012-13 at Breeder Crop Research Center, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology to find out the effect of seed invigoration techniques on crop establishment and yield. Seeds treated with 8 hours hydropriming, 200 mT magnetic field for one hour and BK RYM treatment for 2 hours emerge earlier, had more plant population, more number of branches and more pods/plant over control, however only hydropriming, and 200 mT magnetic field for one hour treatments gave significantly higher yield over control.
Open Access
Genetic diversity and screening of brinjal germplasm against shoot and fruit borer
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2013-06) Khan, Rashid; Singh, Y.V.
The present investigation was conducted at Vegetable Research Centre, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Udham Singh Nagar (Uttarakhand) during kharif season 2011. In present study 192 genotypes of brinjal were assessed to know the nature and magnitude of genetic variability and genetic divergence for fruit yield and its contributing characters. All genotypes were screened out against shoot and fruit borer to identify resistance genotypes. These genotypes were evaluated in augmented block design and observations were recorded for 15 quantitative characters. The variance was recorded highest for total yield per hectare (448.00) and minimum for number of primary branches per plant (7.56). Coefficient of variability was recorded highest for number of fruits infested by shoot and fruit borer per plant (10.78) and minimum for days to 50% flowering (1.40). Based on genetic divergence population was grouped into five clusters. The cluster III had maximum number of genotypes (57) followed by cluster number II (53), I (43), IV (38), and V (1). The maximum inter cluster distance (18.031) was found in between clusters II and V, whereas minimum distance (2.869) was found between clusters between I and III. Total yield exhibited highest significant and positive correlation with total fruit weight per plant (1.00) followed by weight of fresh fruit per plant (0.780), total number of fruits per plant (0.560), average fruit weight (0.459), plant height (0.318) and fruit diameter (0.186) while significant and negative correlation was recorded with days to 50% flowering (0.231) and days to first fruit harvest (0.208). To initiate the resistance breeding programme all 192 genotypes were evaluated to observe their resistance level against brinjal shoot and fruit borer in field condition. Among 192 genotypes two genotypes viz. EC305163 and IC090132 were found immune to shoot and fruit borer, three genotype namely IC545256, IC433625 and IC264470 found resistance, 21 fairly resistance, 38 tolerant, 52 susceptible and rest 76 genotypes were found highly susceptible to brinjal shoot and fruit borer. The genotypes showing immune, resistance and fairly resistance reaction would be utilized for developing shoot and fruit borer resistant varieties of brinjal.

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