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20217
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Subject: Agricultural Meteorology × End date: 2021 × Start date: 2021 × Type: Thesis × Thesis Type: M.Sc ×
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Now showing 1 - 7 of 7
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Delineation of thermal requirements of maize (Zea mays L.) in different sowing windows
    (Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Bhowmik, Manjima; Som Pal Singh
    Climate change has a detrimental effect on maize productivity mostly temperature and precipitation have opposite impacts on maize yield. The present study entitled “Delineation of thermal requirements of maize (Zea mays L.) in different sowing windows” was carried out during Kharif season 2020-21 at research farm PAU to assess the impact of climate change. The experiment was conducted with two maize varieties (PMH1 and PMH2) under four dates of sowing dates (25th May, 5th June, 15th June and 25th June). In field experiment, maximum calendar days (92), accumulated growing degree days (1936.2) and grain yield (50.0 q ha-1) were recorded for 25th May sown crop. Results of trend analysis recorded highest rate of increase in AGDD in Patiala (14.81℃ day year-1 and highest rate of increase in HUE in Ludhiana (0.046 kg ha-1 ℃ day year-1). In the whole state, to complete different phenological stages during different pentads under four sowing windows, the highest heat units were accumulated by the crop at Muktsar during period P1 (1991-1995) to P6 (2016-2020). The lowest heat units were accumulated by S.B.S. Nagar from pentad P1 (1991-1995) to P6 (2016-2020). During future time series under four sowing windows, the highest heat units will be accumulated at S.B.S. Nagar during period F1 (2021-2025) to F6 (2046-2050) and the lowest heat units will be accumulated by Hoshiarpur from pentad F1 (2021-2025) to F6 (2046-2050). Spatio-temporal interpolation of variability of thermal requirements of maize in different districts of Punjab had been demarcated using geo-spatial technology. The results showed that growing degree day accumulation had increased in all the districts of Punjab from 1991-2020. Pentad wise analysis revealed that under all sowing windows, maximum variability in HUE was observed during P5 (2011-2015) and minimum during P1 (19911995). The Mann-Kendall test results revealed that long term (1991-2020) decadal variability showed the highest significant increase in heat unit accumulation in Fatehgarh Sahib @ 33.05°C year-1 and significant decrease in heat unit accumulation in Faridkot @ -19.4°C year-1 during 2011-2020 under sowing window II. The study concluded that increasing pattern of thermal requirements warns about more warming scenarios in future and thus, creating a strong need to develop region specific climate smart adaptation strategies.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Assessing drought and length of growing period under current and future climate scenario in Punjab using geospatial technology
    (Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Bopche, Usaka; Kingra, P. K.
    The study entitled, "Assessing drought and length of growing period under current and future climate scenario in Punjab using geospatial technology” was conducted at the Department of Climate Change and Agril. Meteorology, PAU, Ludhiana. Long term (1971-2020) rainfall data, mid-century (2040-2060) and end-century (2075-2095) under four different climate change scenarios were collected to calculate Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and Length of Growing Period (LGP). In addition to this, remote sensing satellite based indices Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) and Land Surface Water Index (LSWI) were calculated from satellite data. The result concluded that annual SPI in the north-east region increased from first (1971-1980) to third (1991-2000) and decreased thereafter whereas during kharif season, significant increase in SPI was observed during 1981-1990 in central region and significant increase was observed during the period 1971-2020. Decade 2001-2010 experienced worst drought during rabi season. Significant increase in annual SPI during midcentury has been experienced in all the three RCPs 4.5, 6.0 and 8.5 except RCP 2.6 which showed significant decrease @ -0.06/year in north-east region. During kharif season, all four RCPs showed significant increase in SPI. However, during rabi season, RCP 2.6 showed significant decrease @ -0.09/year in SPI in north-east region and significant decrease @ -0.02/year and @ -0.07/year under RCP 4.5 and 6.0, respectively, in central region. No significant change was observed in LGP in north-east and central region but in south-west region, significant increase has been observed @ 0.42/year during the period 1971-2020. LGP is likely to decrease under RCP 2.6 during mid-century @1.08/year in north-east region and also decrease under RCP 4.5 during end-century @ 0.66/year in south-west region. LSWI and VCI was calculated for September month for ten years (2011-2020) indicated that LSWI was almost same throughout the study period, which might be due to sufficient irrigation and soil moisture availability whereas VCI was observed to be fluctuating which may be due to variability in the rainfall. The results of the study indicated that crop condition as well as soil moisture availability was good even during the years of moisture deficit, thus highlighting severe pressure on water resources in the region.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Productivity of rapeseed and mustard (Brassica spp. L.) genotypes as influenced by microclimate and growth alterations
    (Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Lovedeep Singh; Gill, Kulwinder Kaur
    The investigation entitled “Productivity of rapeseed and mustard (Brassica spp. L.) genotypes as influenced by microclimate and growth alterations” was carried out at Research farm of Department of Climate Change and Agricultural Meteorology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. The field experiment was performed during the rabi season of 2019-20 in split plot design keeping four cultivars: Giriraj, RLC-3, GSC-7 and GSC-6, three planting methods i.e. uni-directional (E-W), uni-directional (N-S) and bidirectional (E-W, N-S) in main plots with two growth alterations viz. detopping and no detopping in sub-plots, replicated three times. Among all the cultivars, significantly highest grain yield (22.61 q/ha) and oil content (40.64 %) was observed for giriraj cultivar (V1). The plant height, dry matter accumulation, biological yield, straw yield, grain yield and yield attributing characters were significantly higher under bi-directional (P3) sowing of the crop. Among growth alterations, detopping treatment resulted in higher plant height, dry matter accumulation, biological yield, straw yield, grain yield and all yield attributing characters except number of primary branches per plant than no detopping treatment. The rapeseed and mustard crop grown under bi-directional sowing recorded increased grain yield by 14.62 % and 14.09 % over uni-directional (E-W) and uni-directional (N-S) sowing, respectively. Similarly, the oil content under bi-directional sowing was higher by 3.54 % and 1.28 % over uni-directional (N-S) and uni-directional (E-W) sowing, respectively. Among growth alterations, crop under detopping treatment recorded significantly higher grain yield (19.29 q/ha) than no detopping treatment (18.29 q/ha) which showed 5.46% increase in yield under detopping treatment. Higher oil content was observed in detopping treatment (39.55 %) in comparison to no detopping treatment (38.07 %).
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Delineation of thermal requirements of rice (Oryza sativa L.) staggered in different transplanting windows and their validation
    (Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Manhas, Upasna; Som Pal
    The present study entitled “Delineation of thermal requirements of rice (Oryza sativa L.) staggered in different transplanting windows and their validation” was carried out during Kharif season 2019-20 at research farm of Department of Climate Change and Agricultural Meteorology. The experiment was conducted with three rice varieties (PR115, PR118 and PR124) under three dates of transplanting dates (13th June, 21st June and 29th June) in Randomized block design with three replications. The results of phenological studies revealed that the crop transplanted early (13th June) took more number of days (137) to reach physiological maturity and accumulated more heat units as compared to delayed transplanting (21st June and 29th June). Historical analysis of accumulated growing degree days (AGDD) of rice in Punjab from 1990-2019 under transplanting window I, II and III showed that there was increasing trend of AGDD in all the districts except the Ludhiana and Bathinda where no such prominent increasing trend was found. Among all the districts, the highest rate (23.85°C day year-1) of AGDD increased was in S.B.S. Nagar. The lowest rate (2.29°C day year-1) of increase was in Ludhiana. In the whole state, to complete different phenological stages during different pentads under three transplanting windows, the highest heat units were accumulated by the crop at Muktsar during period P1 (1990-1994) to P6 (2015-2019). The lowest heat units were accumulated by S.B.S. Nagar from pentad P1 (1990-1994) to P4 (2005-2009) and by Jalandhar in P5 (2010-2014) and by Ludhiana in P6 (2015-2019). Trend analysis of heat use efficiency (HUE) of rice from 1990-2018 showed that under three transplanting windows the highest rate of increase in HUE was in Ludhiana. The decreasing rate was found in Rupnagar, S.B.S. Nagar and Amritsar under transplanting window I and in Rupnagar and Amritsar under transplanting window II and III. Spatio-temporal interpolation of variability of thermal requirements of rice in different districts of Punjab had been demarcated using geospatial technology. The results showed that growing degree days accumulation had increased in all the districts of Punjab from 1990-2019. Maximum accumulation of heat units is in first transplanting window followed by second and then in third. Results of validation of historical thermal requirements with actual experimental data under staggered transplanting were, the most positive deviation at maximum tillering, anthesis and physiological maturity occurred in North-east districts (S.B.S Nagar and Hoshiarpur) and most negative deviation at Muktsar during different Pentads. Study of predicted temporal variability in thermal requirements of rice under three transplanting windows showed that most positive deviation at tillering, anthesis and physiological maturity during different pentads occurred at Muktsar during F6 (2045-2049) and lowest deviation at Hoshiarpur during F1 pentad. So the present study may help in the deciding the right time of transplanting and match phenology of crop in specific environment to achieve higher yield.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Delineation of thermal requirements of wheat (Triticum aestivum) staggered in different sowing windows and their validation
    (Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Sharma, Ambika
    Owing to lack of work on delineation and mapping of thermal requirements of wheat under Punjab conditions, the present study on “Delineation of thermal requirements of wheat (Triticum aestivum) staggered in different sowing windows and their validation” was carried out to assess the impact of climate change. The study used long term temperature data from 1990-2049, wheat yield data from 1990-2018 and phenological data of the field trial, conducted during Rabi season 2019-2020 at research farm PAU, Ludhiana, with wheat variety Unnat PBW 343 and five dates of sowing (D1-25th October, D2-5th November, D3-15th November, D4-25th November and D5-5th December). In field experiment, maximum calendar days (156), accumulated growing degree days (1615.5°C day) and grain yield (62.1 q/ha) were recorded for 5th November sown crop. Results of trend analysis recorded highest rate of increase in AGDD at S.B.S. Nagar (21.05°C day yr-1) under sowing window IV and heat use efficiency at Bathinda (0.046 kg ha-1 °C day-1 yr-1) under sowing window V. Pentad wise analysis revealed that under all sowing windows, maximum variability in HUE was observed during P5 (2010-2014) and minimum during P1 (1990-1994). Through maps, it was observed that spatially under all sowing windows, AGDD showed an increasing pattern in north-east and central regions of the state during the past 30 years, while south-west region reflected increasing pattern only under sowing window IV. Results of future validation projected that most positive deviation in CRI (103.04%) and flowering (55.85%) is likely to occur at Rupnagar and physiological maturity (46.05%) at Patiala during F6 (2045-2049), respectively. However, Amritsar is likely to have least deviation in flowering (6.28%) and physiological maturity (7.19%) during F1 (2020-2024). The study concluded that increasing pattern of thermal requirements warns about more warming scenarios in future and thus, creating a strong need to develop region specific climate smart adaptation strategies.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of meteorological parameters on Karnal bunt incidence in wheat
    (Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Attri, Anurag; Sandhu, Sarabjot Kaur
    The present study on “Effect of meteorological parameters on Karnal bunt incidence in wheat” was conducted during Rabi 2019-20 at Research Farm, Department of Climate Change and Agricultural Meteorology, PAU Ludhiana. The experiment was conducted under factorial split plot design with 6 replications having three dates of sowing (20th October, 5th November and 20th November) and two method of cultivation (recommended cultivation and additional leaf wetness) in main plots and three varieties (Unnat PBW 343, PBW 725 and HD 2967) in sub plots. Artificial inoculations were carried out at booting stage of the crop and incidence of Karnal bunt was recorded at time of harvesting. The maximum disease incidence (22.15%) was observed in 5th November sown crop followed by 20th November (19.64%) and 20th October (16.03%) sown crop. Maximum incidence was observed in variety PBW 725 (26.52%) followed by HD 2967 (19.77%) and Unnat PBW 343 (11.54%). Additional leaf wetness resulted in higher disease incidence (26.99%) as compared to recommended cultivation (11.56%). Relative humidity inside crop canopy and canopy temperature showed 71 and 65 per cent variability in disease incidence, respectively. Among micrometeorological parameters, PAR interception (82.9 %) and relative humidity (55.5%) was maximum in 20th October sown crop, while temperature inside the canopy (25.3ºС) and canopy temperature (22.4ºС) was maximum in 20thNovember sowing. The grain yield was maximum (47.9 q/ha) in 20th October sowing followed by 5th November (45.0 q/ha) and 20th November (42.4 q/ha) sown crop. Percentage of yield losses due to Karnal bunt was 2.26, 1.88 and 1.46 per cent in 5th November, 20th November and 20th October sowing, respectively. Forewarning model for Karnal bunt was developed for Ludhiana and Bathinda district by using eleven and nine year historical data of the respective location. Correlation coefficients and step wise regression models developed from disease and weather data showed that evening relative humidity and rainfall showed significant positive correlation with disease incidence and infection in Ludhiana district, while morning relative humidity and rainfall had significant positive correlation in Bathinda district. Step wise regression indicated up to 91 and 97 per cent variability in disease development in Ludhiana and Bathinda district respectively.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of abiotic factors and soil moisture status on Bt cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) production using simulation and statistical relations
    (Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Aulakh, Sandeep Singh; Raj Kumar Pal
    A field experiment entitled “Effect of abiotic factors and soil moisture status on Bt cotton production using simulation and statistical relations” was conducted at Punjab Agricultural University, Regional Research Station, Bathinda during kharif 2019. The experimental field was laid out in the split-plot design with three replications. The main plot treatments included three dates of sowing i.e. 30th April (D1), 15th May (D2) and 30th May (D3) and four sub-plot treatments of irrigation schedules viz. 60% of ETC (I1), 80% of ETC (I2), 100% of ETC (I3) and 120% of ETC (I4). The first irrigation applied to the crop was common to all the treatments, which was given after the recommended time of 30 DAS. Results revealed that, number of days taken to achieve various phenophases from emergence to maturity as well as yield contributing characters were recorded significantly higher under 30th April sowing followed by 15th May and 30th May sown crop. Similarly, higher values of phenology and yield attributes were recorded under more number of irrigation level (120% ETC) and decreased with decrease in irrigation frequency. Seed cotton yield was found to be decreased by 20.4% and 19.4%, with 15 days delayed in sowing from 30th April to 15th May and 15th May to 30th May, respectively, while, decreased by 35.88% with 30 days delayed in sowing from 30th April to 30th May. Similarly, the percent reduction in seed cotton yield was attributed by 1.74%, 8.74% and 4.96% due to decrease in irrigation frequency from I1 to I2, I2 to I3 and I3 to I4 respectively. Among dates of sowing and irrigation levels, crop water use efficiency-CWUE (kg ha-1 mm-1) and apparent water use efficiency-AWUE (kg ha-1 m-3) indicated significant results. Moreover, higher value of CWUE was recorded with more number of irrigations (120% ETC) and decreased with decrease in irrigation frequency. While, AWUE indicated increasing trend with decreasing number of irrigation applied. Among the sowing environments, during the crop growing period of the crop, due to minimal or lesser scarcity of soil moisture with optimum irrigation frequency under 120% to 100% ETC level, seed cotton yield was found higher. CROPGRO-Cotton model showed 0 - 12.9%, 0.7 – 4.28%, 0.14 - 7.82% deviation in simulated values in terms of anthesis, physiological maturity and seed cotton yield, respectively over observed data. Moreover, % deviation in simulated values over observed showed almost increasing trend with delayed sowing and decreased irrigation frequency in respect of phenology and seed cotton yield. Among the crop characters used for sensitivity analysis of model, higher deviation in simulated value over observed was found with incremented/decremented mean temperature (±1 to ±3ºC) than rainfall (±10 to ±30%) and solar radiation (±1 to ±3MJ m-1 d-1).