Thesis

Browse

Search Results

Now showing 1 - 9 of 18

Restricted
Market Integration and Price Transmission Behaviour of Kinnow Markets in India
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Kuljeet Kaur; Guleria, Amit
The present study analyzed the price behavior and integration of selected kinnow markets in India. Major Kinnow producing states of India viz. Punjab, Rajasthan and Himachal Pradesh were selected based on their share in total production of the country. Furthermore, four major markets of each selected states along with two major national markets of orange i.e. Delhi and Bangalore were selected. Data on area, production and productivity of kinnow were taken from various issues of statistical abstracts of Punjab. To achieve the objectives, various statistical tools like CAGR, Decomposition analysis, Coefficient of Variation, seasonal indices, Johansen Methodology, Granger Causality test, Vector Error Correction Model etc. were employed to analyze the data. The analysis indicated that area and production of kinnow was consistently increasing significantly in major kinnow producing districts of Punjab over the last two decades. The change both in area and productivity contributed towards the change in production of kinnow. Trend analysis of prices revealed a significant positive trend in the selected markets of kinnow. Significant seasonality with inverse relationship has been observed in arrivals and prices of kinnow. All the selected markets were found to be integrated and exhibited long-run relationship with each other. Hoshiarpur market was found to be a key market as it was influencing the prices of other selected markets of the country. In order to fully integrate the market prices, study suggests for policy interventions in the form of strengthening of market intelligence services along with improvements in market infrastructure including storage, transportation and other physical facilities.
Restricted
Economic analysis of paddy straw management in Punjab
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Gurinderpal Singh; Sachdeva, Jatinder
The study has been conducted to undertake economic analysis of paddy straw management in in Ludhiana and Mansa districts of the Punjab state during the year 2019-20. A sample of 80 farmers growing paddy and using various methods of paddy straw management viz. in-situ burning, partial burning and non-burning using different technologies was taken for the study. Comparatively a higher proportion of farmers belonging to age group of 31-50 years adopted non-burning techniques than the farmers belonging to the age group of more than 50 years, most of the educated respondents were found to be adopting non-burning method of paddy straw management. While a large proportion of illiterate farmers burnt their paddy straw. The study brought out that adoption of non-burning method was directly related to the farm size where majority of the farmers with land size of more than 10 hectares adopt non-burning method and farmers with land size less than 2 hectares burnt the paddy straw. The study highlighted that 65 per cent of the total farmers used hired tractor along with implements for paddy straw management. Straw incorporation and removal technique were found a little bit costlier, while straw retention technique showed savings in the cost as well as better returns. Shortage of skilled labour, difficulty in sowing and expensive implements were the major problems faced by the respondents in managing paddy straw. Field trainings, method demonstrations and extension contacts for the farmers may help in upgrading skills of the labour. The cultivation of long duration varieties of paddy, result in enormous amount of paddy straw and should be avoided to reduce the difficulty in sowing of next crop. Better custom hiring services and compensation for not burning paddy straw would help to decrease the burden of high investment in paddy straw management among farmers and checking the negative effects of straw burning.
Restricted
Impact of crop diversification on farm technical efficiency in Punjab agriculture
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Manpreet Singh; Priscilla, Laishram
The study has analyzed the impact of crop diversification on farm technical efficiency in the agriculture sector of Punjab state. The study revealed that average value of the Simpson index of diversification, indicating the extent of crop diversification was found to be 0.487 implying that crop diversification in Punjab is low. Fractional logit and Tobit regression models were used to identify the determinants of crop diversification. The major factors positively and significantly influencing crop diversification were cultivation as principal income, non-farm business sources of income, access to public extension services and experiences of crop loss. The average farm technical efficiency, estimated through the stochastic frontier production approach, was observed to be on an average of 84 per cent implying that output can be increased by 16 per cent by optimizing input use. Tobit regression revealed that factors negatively affecting farm efficiency were the age of the household head and experiences of crop loss while principal income source of the household as crop cultivation and access to public extension positive and significantly affected the same. The instrumental variable technique was employed to assess the impact of crop diversification on farm efficiency as it corrects for endogeneity in crop diversification. The results revealed that the adoption of a diversified crop portfolio by the farmers significantly improves technical efficiency. Hence, crop diversification strategy should focus on crops that have the potential to optimize input use and increase farm technical efficiency.
Open Access
Value chain analysis and factors affecting price of kinnow in Punjab
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Manhas, Neha; Sharma, V. K.
Kinnow is widely grown as citrus fruit and its 70 per cent area falls under Fazilka and Hoshiarpur districts in Punjab. The value chains of kinnow have emerged as an important concept for better marketing and value addition. This study was undertaken to analyse the value chains and factors affecting the price of kinnow in Punjab during 2020-21. The primary data were collected from 80 different sized kinnow growers spread over Fazilka and Hoshiarpur districts. The primary data were also collected from wholesalers, retailers and processing plant. The study reveals the involvement of diverse stakeholders participating in the value chains. Value chain with less number of middlemen was most efficient as compared with the channels with more numbers of intermediaries. The producer share in consumer’s rupee was 34.6 per cent in channel I whereas in channel IV it was 93.2 per cent in Fazilka district and it was 32.9 per cent (channel I) and 93.5 per cent (channel IV) in Hoshiarpur district. Value added products of kinnow i.e., kinnow juice and concentrate was found among the value chain (Producer-Processor-Distributors-Consumer). The findings confirm the inverse relationship between arrivals and prices of kinnow. Major production and marketing related problems faced by kinnow growers were pest and disease attack, price fluctuations, perishability etc. The study suggests the need of better market facilities, transport incentives, establishment of more processing units in order to realize the better prices for their kinnow produce in Punjab.
Open Access
Study of value chain analysis of litchi in Punjab
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Saini, Shamylee; Sharma, V. K.
Litchi is grown in sub-mountainous region as a major fruit with 71.27 per cent total area under both Pathankot and Gurdaspur districts of Punjab. The objectives of this study were to look into value chains, factors influencing litchi prices and the major constraints faced by the litchi growers during production and marketing of litchi fruit during 2019-20. Two blocks each from Pathankot and Gurdaspur districts were selected and further eight villages were selected for study purpose and hence eighty farmers were chosen for detailed analysis. The information was also collected from wholesalers, retailers and processing unit. Mainly two value chains existed in the study area i.e. Channel I (Producer – pre harvest contractor – through commission agent – retailer – consumer) and Channel II (Producer – through commission agent – retailer – consumer). The study showed that the reason of high marketing risk made the majority of the litchi growers (78.75 per cent) to dispose off the produce through pre-harvest contractor. Direct-sale in the market by growers was considered more efficient i.e. 2.18 per cent when marketed in Pathankot and 2.24 per cent when marketed in Gurdaspur. Producer’s share in consumer’s rupee in channel I was 50.77 and 64.29 per cent when marketed at distant and local market in Pathankot, respectively. Similarly, in Gurdaspur the share of producer was 51.51 and 62.50 per cent when marketed at distant and local market, respectively. Producer’s share in consumer’s rupee in channel II was 68.55 and 69.12 per cent when marketed at Pathankot and Gurdaspur markets, respectively. Value added products like litchi juice, litchi squash and canned litchi were manufactured by the processing unit in the study area. The findings of the study indicated the positive relationship between arrivals and prices of litchi in Gurdaspur market and inverse relationship was observed among them in distant market. The major production and marketing problems were impact of weather, animal/bird/pest/disease attack, high perishable nature, price fluctuations, etc. The study further suggested that in order to achieve higher prices the growers should market their produce directly in Punjab.
Open Access
Income diversity of agricultural households in Punjab and its determinants
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Das, Souradipta; Vatta, Kamal
The present study was conducted to identify the pattern of rural income diversification, its determinants and its impact on inequality. The study was based on unit-level data from two rounds of National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) on Situation Assessment. The first survey was conducted in 2002-03 and was named as Situation Assessment of Survey of Farmer Households in India and the second survey was conducted in 2012-13 and was named as Situation Assessment of Agricultural Households in India. Crop income was the major constituent of household income and its share in total income increased but the share of nonfarm income decreased. The bottom one per cent of the agricultural households run the deficit for total income, for the upper 25 per cent of household it was more than three times. It showed a widespread income inequality among various categories of rural households. The relationship between income diversification and rural household income pointed towards distress diversification by relatively poor households. The Simpson diversity index value for Punjab was low in both years because of the high degree of specialisation in cropping activities. Marginal farmers and semi medium farmers became diversified with these 10 years but the large farmers became specialized with time. The Simpson diversity index for the marginal and small were considerably higher than that of the medium and large farmers. It was due to the reason that marginal and small categories were deriving their income from crops, dairying and wage labour in agriculture. Age, non-farm income source, landholding size and irrigated land size were the main determinants of household income diversification. The analysis indicated that crop income contributed maximum in total inequality and was inequality triggering in its effect. While livestock and, wages and salaries and non-farm business sources were the potential sources to bridge the inequality gap in the entire state. The result of Theil index emphasized that the intra-landholding and inter-landholding inequality was the main contributor in total inequality in the year 2002-03 and 2012-13 respectively.
Open Access
Economic Analysis of Celery Based Crop Rotations in Punjab
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Sudeep Singh; Sidana, Baljinder Kaur
The present study examines the cost and return structure, resource-use efficiency, net returns from various celery based crop rotations and identifying the constraints in production and marketing of celery crop. A sample of 60 celery growers from 20 villages of two districts of Punjab namely Amritsar and Patiala were selected through purposive sampling technique. The results revealed that celery cultivation was mostly adopted by medium and large farmers. The average yield was higher for the sample farmers who harvested during the second week of May. The average per acre operational cost of cultivating celery came out to be Rs.16828, whereas gross returns were Rs.47094 giving net returns of Rs.30266. Output-input ratio came out to be 2.79 which implies that by incurring cost of Rs.1.00, a return of Rs.2.79 can be generated. The Cobb-Douglas production function revealed that the machine use and urea were statistically significant and had positive regression coefficients which mean that at current level these were underutilized. Among the major celery based rotations, paddy-peacelery was the most common rotation giving 14.42 per cent higher returns when compared with paddy-pea-wheat rotation. Price fluctuation, delayed payment, inadequate facilities of unloading the crop, malfunctioning by dealers and high transportation cost were the main problems faced by the sample farmers in the marketing of celery. As the crop is labour intensive, to reduce the labour needs, there is need to develop machinery for hoeing and harvesting operation. As the crop is mainly exported to USA, Europe, Canada higher use of pesticides than recommended leads to increase maximum residual limit in crop which in turn leads to rejection in export markets.
Restricted
Agricultural production profile of India with special reference to Punjab and Mizoram
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Rohlupuii; Arjinder Kaur
Agriculture plays an important role in Indian economy. Indian agriculture has evolved from „deficiency‟ to „sufficiency‟ stage after the inception of Green Revolution. Punjab was at the fore front in adoption of the new agricultural technology. The present study based on secondary data was undertaken to analyze the agricultural production dynamics of two selected states i.e Punjab and Mizoram. Cropping pattern of India was found to have moved towards cereals and horticultural crops in recent times, though it is still diversified to a large extent. Punjab agriculture has become more input intensive and special with dominance of wheat -paddy crops. The crop production of Mizoram was found to be organic to a large extent with lesser use of chemical inputs and mainly rainfed dependent as well as more diversified. There were wide differences in production scenario of both the states with only few common crops grown in both the state. The proportionate contribution of Punjab has increased in national production but for Mizoram it has declined. In case of horticultural crops, the contribution of both the states has increased. Wider gaps were found to be existing in productivity level of crops grown in both the states mainly due to lack of irrigation facilities and less mechanized operations in Mizoram. The Mizoram has shown scope in unique products like chow-chow, birdeye chilly, tapioca and spices like turmeric and ginger. So, there is need to tap this potential.
Open Access
Value chains for crop diversification and higher farm incomes: A study of green pea in Punjab
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Simranpreet Kaur; Vatta, Kamal
This study was undertaken to examine the cost-return structure of pea value chains, compare the traditional and modern value chains and explore the means for value chain up gradation for pea in Punjab during 2019-20. The primary data were collected from 50 pea growers located in Amritsar and Hoshiarpur district, which are the major pea growing districts in Punjab. The primary data was also collected from wholesalers, retailers and pea processors. The overall cost of pea cultivation was Rs. 77700/ha and the gross returns were Rs 176109/ha. The study reveals the involvement of diverse actors, participating directly or indirectly in the value chain. Different actors identified in the study area were farmers, commission agents, wholesalers, retailers, processors and ultimate consumers. Three traditional value chains for pea were identified and the value chain of producer-consumer was the most preferred by the pea growers. Value added product of pea i.e. frozen was found among the modern value chain (MVC-I). Degree of value addition in pea varied from 3.52 to 11.69 per cent among different chain actors. Major production constraints faced by the pea growers were high seed cost, high fertilizer cost, high pesticide cost, impact of weather, storage facility, high labour cost, problem of pest and disease attack, lack of availability of electricity and variability in production. The major marketing constraints were long distance, high transportation, delay in payments and lack of assured markets. The study highlights the role of awareness generation, price incentives, input subsidies, better credit facilities to the pea growers for encouraging value chain upgradation. It also suggests transport incentives, special focus on capacity building for quality production, better dispute redressal system (between producers and processors) and encouragement of processors for encouraging pea production and ensuring better returns to the farmers. The expansion of pea cultivation and better integration of the farmers with modern value chains will contribute towards sustainable crop diversification in Punjab.

Thesis

Browse

Thesis Type

Type

Author

Date

Subject

Search Results