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ThesisItem Open Access Price forecasting, linkages and relevance: a study of national commodity and derivatives exchange of India(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Dhir, Gauri; Dharni, KhushdeepPresent study has been undertaken to forecast the futures prices of selected agricultural commodities and to examine the linkage of Dhaanya with selected macro-economic indices and linkage of National Commodity & Derivatives Exchange with international commodity exchanges. Further, an attempt has been made to study the opinion of the stakeholders regarding agricultural commodity exchanges in India. To fulfill the first objective of this study, data mining tools have been used to forecast futures prices of sugar, soybean, chana (black) and castor seeds. Closing future prices of these commodities were collected from the website of the selected commodity exchange for the period of 9 years i.e. from January 2007 to June 2016. Secondly, linkage between Dhaanya and macro economic indices has been explored. These indices include WPI, IIP, CNX-NIFTY, M3, FPI of FAO and US Dollar. International linkages have also been identified by taking closing values of future prices of soybean, corn, sugar and soybean oil at national and international commodity exchanges. Further, to explore the relevance of agricultural commodity exchanges in India, primary data have been collected from stakeholders through three separate pre-structured questionnaires. Forecasting results indicate that data mining techniques such as ANN, SVM and Decision tree model can be used to forecast future prices of commodities in profitable manner. Long run relationship between Dhaanya and Index of industrial production (IIP) has been observed. International linkage results also indicate that there is presence of long run relationship between national and international commodity markets. Primary data results indicate that the farmers were having very low awareness regarding working of the commodity exchanges and were having negligible participation. There was a significant difference among the opinion of various stakeholders regarding the relevance of commodity exchanges in India.ThesisItem Restricted Performance and Usage of Data Mining Techniques for Predictive Modeling: A Study of selected Stock Markets(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Jasleen, .; Dharni, KhushdeepData mining techniques can effectively deal with the nonlinearity of the stock market and allow search for hidden patterns, in large volumes of data. The present study is aimed at evaluating the performance of data mining techniques across the global stock indices and also to evaluate the performance of data mining techniques in the selected Indian stock market, i.e., National Stock Exchange. Further, an attempt has been made to explore the usage of data mining techniques among the investors and stakeholders. Secondary data based on daily values of stock indices of three developed markets (United States of America, United Kingdom and Japan) and four emerging markets (China, Brazil, India and South Africa) were collected i.e. Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA), FTSE 100, Nikkei 225, SSE 50, iBovespa, Nifty 50, JALSH for the period of 12 years ranging from 1st April, 2005 to 31st March, 2017. Further, secondary data related to technical and fundamental variables were collected for the constituents of CNX 500 of National Stock Exchange with time period ranging from 1st April, 1998 to 31st March, 2016. Further, primary data was collected from 167 retail investors and other stakeholders with the help of pre structured non-disguised questionnaire. Results based on the analysis of secondary data reveal that there was a significant difference in performance of data mining techniques in terms of Hit Ratio, Returns, Mean Absolute Error and Root Mean Square Error across different stock indices. ANN models based on data of all selected indices performed better in terms of Hit Ratio and annual returns as compared to SVM models based on data of all indices. Further, results reveal that both data mining techniques i.e. ANN and SVM have an ability to differentiate between high performance and low performance stocks. Performance of stocks improved with the usage of data mining techniques as compared to buy-and-hold strategy. Results based on primary data reveal that retail investors face various challenges in using prediction techniques for investment decision making. Generally, there is a lack of awareness and knowledge regarding prediction techniques among the investors.ThesisItem Open Access Market orientation and its influence on performance: A study of Textile industry in Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2015) Talwar, Lakshdeep; Babita KumarThe present study was conducted to study the extent of market orientation and its influence on performance of textile industry in Punjab. Textile industry in Punjab is mainly in three sectors- cotton, woolen and handloom sectors. A sample of 25 units each from cotton, woolen textile and handloom sectors has been taken. Further from each sector, large and MSMEs were selected on the basis of proportionate sampling. Total 19 large and 56 MSMEs were selected. Primary data related to Market orientation (M.O) and business performance was collected from marketing executives/owners through a well designed structured questionnaire based on a 5 point scale given by Kohli and Jaworski in 1993. The scale was adapted according to the textile industry. The overall extent of M.O of textile industry was found to be very low (mean Score=2.84). Among various sectors, cotton textile sector had slightly better M.O (mean score=3.4) than handloom and woolen sector (mean score=2.6 and 2.7 resp.).The M.O and business performance of textile industry were found to be positively associated but there was no significant relation between market orientation and business performance of textile industry of Punjab.ThesisItem Open Access study of content and quality of disclosures regarding business responsibility and corporate governance(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2015) Manmeet Kaur; Kapur, SandeepThe present study was undertaken for analysing corporate governance(CG) and business responsibility report(BR) of index based(common in Nifty & sensex) companies and non-Index based (listed under indexes other than Nifty & Sensex) companies and to examine the perception of brokers and investors towards both these reports. Secondary Data in form of annual reports was collected for analysing reports. The study regarding perception of investors was conducted in Ludhiana where 20 Brokers and 100 investors were part of sample population. Their perception was tested on usefulness, adequacy in content. Results indicate there is significant difference between disclosures regarding shareholder committee, non-mandatory requirement ,which are part of CG, and principles and significant risk and goals of management, which are part of BR report of index-based and non-index based companies . Response of investors and brokers indicated that non-mandatory disclosure of Corporate governance report is of least use to them and share holder information and party transactions in their view are most useful disclosures of corporate governance report. Business responsibility report according to them contains all useful disclosures but negative consequences of operations on social, environmental and economic fronts disclosure of is most inadequate in terms of content and quality.ThesisItem Restricted Influence of sales promotion activities on consumer buying behaviour: A study of apparel retail outlets of Ludhiana city(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2015) Manoj Kumar; SukhmaniSales promotion can affect consumer’s buying perception and thus there is a likelihood of approaching or avoiding the product or store. Creating superior customer experience seems to be one of the central objectives in today’s retail environments. Customer experience encompasses the total experience including the search, purchase, consumption and after-sales phases of the experiences. All these are closely related to sales promotion planning and have significant impact on the customer experience of a retail firm. Sales promotion could affect shoppers’ behaviors in several ways. The present study was conducted to study was restricted to Ludhiana city. Ten stores from Ludhiana city which qualify the definition of Retail outlet were selected for the study on convenience basis. Further, 10 customers were selected from each store on basis of simple random sampling. Thus, a total sample size of 100 customers was surveyed. Primary data was collected with the help of structured and non-disguised questionnaires and observation chart. To satisfy the first objective data was collected from the store managers with the help of questionnaire and observation chart. Another questionnaire was prepared to satisfy the second objective and data was collected from customers. Data was collected related to sales promotion i.e. displays, discounts, gift vouchers, samples, etc from store managers and customer buying preferences and behavior from customers.ThesisItem Restricted Study of Store Atmospherics in Department Stores and Its Effect on Behavior of Customers(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2015) Sekhon, Navdeep Singh; Banga, GagandeepThe present research was conducted to study the store atmospherics in department stores and its effect on buying behavior of customers. The study was conducted by selecting 10 stores which qualify the definition of Department stores, from Ludhiana city and by selecting 15 customers from each store on basis of systematic random sampling. Thus, a total sample size of 150 customers was selected. Primary data was collected with the help of structured and non-disguised questionnaires and observation chart. Two separate questionnaires were prepared. For the first objective, data was collected from the store managers and by observation chart. For the second objective, data was collected from the customers. The study showed that store atmospherics components are one of the most important tools to attract customers and increase sale. The store atmospheric components are exterior, general interior, store layout and interior display. The most effective store atmospheric components are store interior display and exterior of the department store. The customers feel that store atmospherics increase their comfort level and makes them store loyal.ThesisItem Restricted Study of Productivity and Profitability of Selected Bank in Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2015) Jain, Pragya; Sachdeva, Y. P.Banks are considered as the backbone of any economy. Productivity and Profitability of banks enhances the economic health of the country. After liberalization, privatization and globalization of Indian economy, there was paradigm shift in entire country. The waves had also affected banking sector in positive way. The present study is an attempt to evaluate the productivity and profitability of ICICI Bank. ICICI is holding top positions in private sector banks in India. To calculate productivity and profitability, ratio analysis technique was used. The study tried to find out the different ways to measure productivity and profitability of ICICI Bank during the period 2010 to 2014. The methodology involved profitability ratios and employee and branch productivity ratios. The factors affecting productivity, profitability were identified and analyzed by primary data collection from the 20 branches in Punjab. It has been revealed that both the factors are inter related. The productivity of the bank was far better than many banks in the industry. It had been increased over the years and was becoming effective and much better due to the implementation of modern techniques. The profitability analysis justified a growth in all ratios stating the efficient management of funds. The study suggests that to increase profitability banks should embrace to adopt new technology to compete with other banks and also to successfully survive in the market.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation and Use of passenger car portals in Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2015) Sidana, Rahul; Dharni, KhushdeepUse of passenger car-portals is on the rise. Present study was undertaken to evaluate selected passengers car-portals through user opinion and content analysis. Use pattern and challenges in face of future use were also explored. One hundred and fifty respondents were selected from three cities of Punjab. Data from the respondents was collected using a pre-structured non-disguised questionnaire. Content analysis of 30 selected car- portals was also undertaken. Results reveal that respondents were using car-portals for seeking information about various car-models and were using various tools and services like EMI calculator, car-accessories, on-road price, user reviews, expert reviews, road-side assistance and car comparison of various car models. About sixty two percent of the respondents were using the car-portals on daily basis. Seventy five percent of the respondents were also using others sources of information for generating information about various car models. Content analysis results by the researcher showed that many of the websites were efficient in providing information. With increasing penetration of internet, the use of car-portals by the people is likely to increase in future.ThesisItem Open Access Corporate Social Responsibility under Companies Act, 2013: A Study of Perceptions of Stakeholders(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2015) Guglani, Rohan; Kapur, SandeepThe present study was conducted to analyze the perceptions of stakeholders regarding the Corporate Social Responsibility clause under Companies Act, 2013. For achieving the first objective, primary data was collected through a structured interview schedule. A sample of 110 respondents was selected on convenience basis. Analysis was done using statistical tools like mean score, standard deviation, Chi square, ANOVA and T-test. The study highlighted that most of the respondents find the introduction of the Corporate Social Responsibility clause as justified. Majority of the respondents are of the view that the limits for the applicability of Corporate Social Responsibility provisions to the companies within the act should be lowered. Respondents were largely of the view that the set of activities eligible under CSR, as specified in the Act should be increased. For achieving the second objective, secondary data was analyzed regarding organization creation for undertaking Corporate Social Responsibility activities. Though section 8 company involves complicated legal procedures as well as high cost factor as compared to trust and society but still it is more preferred from the point of view of grant of subsidy by the government as well as from the point of view of Foreign Contribution Regulation Act (FCRA) registration.