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ThesisItem Open Access EFFICACY OF DRY COW THERAPY ON THE PERSISTENCE OF COMMON CONTAGIOUS PATHOGENS IN BOVINE UDDER IN WAYANAD DISTRICT(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES POOKODE, WAYANAD, KERALA VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, 2023-03-03) KARISHMA PRABHAKAR; Dr. Janus. A.Mastitis is the most important economically important disease in dairy cattle worldwide. Cows are particularly susceptible to new intramammary infections during the early dry period and around calving and the quarters that are sub clinically infected during this period can later develop clinical mastitis. The present study was conducted to asses the prophylactic effect of intramammary Ceftiofur and internal teat sealant during the dry period and the subsequent lactation. A total of 30 apparently healthy cross bred, pregnant cows in their later stage of pregnancy were screened for presence of contagious mastitis pathogens. From the secretion taken from 48 hours after cessation of milking, a total of 118 bacterial isolates were obtained from 108 quarters. Sixteen per cent of the isolates were coagulase positive Staphylococci, of which 11.8 per cent was S. aureus and 4.2 per cent was non-aureus Staphylococci which included three S. hyicus and two S. pseudointermedius. Coagulase negative Staphylococci (CNS) comprised of 50.8 per cent of the total isolates, which included 22 S. chromogens, 14 S. xylosus, 12 S. saprophyticus, six S. hominis and S. epidermidis each. St. agalactiae constituted 27.1 per cent of the isolates. Other bacteria isolated include Micrococcus spp., E. coli and Klebsiella spp. Molecular confirmation of S. aureus, St. agalactiae, CNS, were done by targeting nuc, 16SrRNA and cns gene respectively. Antibiogram studies of the isolates were done and genotypic profiling of the resistance gene were also carried out using tetM, blaZ, gyrA, parC and mecA gene. Phenotypic identification of biofilm formation of the isolates was done and is compared with presence of biofilm associated genes icaA, icaD and bap. Selected animals were grouped into three groups with six animals each. One group was given Ceftiofur intramammary along with teat sealant, the second group was given teat sealant only, and the third group was left as infected control. Bacteriological cure rate after calving was assessed in the three groups. Group one and group two showed a high significant reduction in the mastitis causing pathogen with a cure rate of 91.6 per cent and 83.3 per cent respectively compared to control group (25 per cent). This study revealed that antibiotic dry cow therapy in combination with teat sealant was highly effective compared to dry cow therapy with teat sealant alone. However, the dry period therapy did not significantly reduce the incidence of mastitis case during the first 30 days of dry period, but the quarter wise occurrence of mastitis was low in group one (16.6 per cent) compared to group two (33.3 per cent). This study showed that apart from the use of dry cow therapy, proper management practices are also having an important role in reducing the incidence of mastitis.ThesisItem Open Access CLINICO-BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY IN COMMON INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF DOGS AND RESPONSE TO ANTIOXIDANT THERAPY IN Babesia gibsoni INFECTION(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCS, POOKODE, WAYANAD, KERALA VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, 2023-01-10) ASMA IDREES M; Dr. Deepa P. M.The present study was conducted to detect the early biomarkers for the diagnosis of acute kidney injury in dogs, to identify the major infectious causes of acute kidney injury and to assess the clinico pathological changes associated with infectious etiologies in dogs. The study was also conducted to assess the efficacy of N acetyl cysteine as a supportive therapy in the treatment of Babesia gibsoni infection in dogs. A total of 221 dogs having clinical signs suggestive of acute kidney injury due to infectious etiology were screened for leptospirosis and babesiosis at Teaching veterinary clinical complex of KVASU, Wayanad from December 2021 to August 2022. Seventeen dogs with leptospirosis were confirmed by the fourfold increase in paired sera samples and 129 dogs with babesiosis was confirmed by using Polymerase chain reaction. A total of 36 dogs which were either infected with leptospirosis or babesiosis were identified as having AKI based on serum creatinine values. Overall prevalence of canine leptospirosis causing AKI was 7.69 per cent (17/221) and that of babesiosis was 8.59 per cent (19/221). Breed wise highest prevalence of both babesiosis and leptospirosis was observed in Labrador breed. Highest prevalence of babesiosis was seen in the age group of two to four years and that of leptospirosis was four to six years. Sex wise highest prevalence of both babesiosis and leptospirosis was recorded in male dogs. The highest prevalence of babesiosis was recorded in summer season and that of leptospirosis were recorded in rainy season. Inappetence (100%), oliguria (83 %), tick infestation (69 %), Fever (64%), dehydration (58%), pale mucous membrane (50), lethargy (33 %), vomiting (30%), icterus (27 %), diarrhoea (25 %) and haemoglobinuria (8%) were the common clinical findings of affected dogs. Haemato-biochemical findings viz., leucocytosis, anaemia, thrombocytopenia, and increased creatinine were observed in babesiosis whereas severe leucocytosis, anaemia, thrombocytopenia, hyperglobulinaemia, hypo-albuminemia and increased serum creatinine were the important findings in leptospirosis. Antioxidant activity was estimated in dogs using commercially available antioxidant activity estimation kit. Urine samples from dogs with AKI due to infectious etiology were analysed by canine specific sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for determination of early biomarkers, Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and Kidney Injury Molecule-1 (KIM-1). Comparison between the conventional biomarkers with novel biomarkers were done statistically and found that NGAL and KIM-1 - showed significant increase even in stage I, however KIM1 showed identical values in different stages of AKI, thus NGAL can be recommended as the best early biomarker for detection of AKI. For the assessment of treatment response of N acetylcysteine, twelve Babesia gibsoni positive stage I AKI dogs were selected and divided into two groups with six in each group and given a combination therapy of Clindamycin @ 25mg/kg OD, Metronidazole @ 15mg/kg BID and Doxycycline @ 10mg/kg OD orally in the group I and in group II with N acetylcysteine @70 mg/kg once daily orally for five days as supportive treatment along with the same therapy, also management of AKI with fluids, antiemetics and antacids were done and treatment response were taken in day 21. Group II showed better response in haemato- biochemical parameters and antioxidant activity; thus, N acetylcysteine can be used as a supportive therapy for the treatment of Babesia gibsoni infection in dogs.ThesisItem Open Access ASSESSMENT OF BIOCIDE SENSITIVITY OF STAPHYLOCOCCI FROM MILK AND THE UDDER SURFACE OF DAIRY CATTLE(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCS, POOKODE, WAYANAD, KERALA VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, 2022-10-15) VIGNESH S; Dr. Rathish R. L.The present study was conducted to assess the biocide sensitivity and to detect the presence of biocide resistance genes among staphylococci isolated from infected milk and udder surface. A total of 20 organised dairy farms of Wayanad were selected. Study revealed that only five per cent of farms practiced udder sanitation procedures. Clinical mastitis was detected in nine animals. Subclinical mastitis was detected in 29 and 31 per cent of animals based on California Mastitis Test and Somatic Cell Counts, respectively. A total of five Staphylococcus aureus isolates and 11 isolates of coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS) were isolated form milk. All cases were successfully treated with parenteral enrofloxacin along with neomycin or cefoperazone. It was observed that udder surface bacterial load increased significantly if udder sanitation procedures were not followed. The counts significantly decreased if udder sanitation was followed. Machine milking resulted in lower microbial loadin post milking. A total of 17 S. aureus isolates were obtained from 96 udder wash samples. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of povidone iodine, chlorhexidine and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) against the staphylococcal isolates were also estimated. Average MIC of chlorhexidine against S. aureus and CNS isolates was 0.88 µg/ml and 0.09µg/ml respectively, significant at p<0.01. Average MIC of povidone iodine against S. aureus and CNS isolates was 13.84µg/ml and 19.15µg/ml, while it was 0.58 µg/ml and 0.27µg/ml for CTAB, respectively. Biocide resistance was noted against chlorhexidine and povidone iodine. Povidone iodine had the highest and the widest range of MICs. The MIC of S. aureus form udder wash had higher MIC than those from mastitis cases. Polymerase chain reaction targeting virulence gene amplified of ica A inthree and ica D in one isolate. Gene coding resistance to quaternary ammonium compounds (qac A/B) was detected from seven isolates of S. aureus obtained from mastitis, while smr gene, which coded for chlorhexidine resistance was obtained from two isolates. The study revealed the presence of biocide resistantstrains of S. aureus even in farms that seldom use any biocidesThesisItem Open Access COMPARATIVE DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC PROTOCOL FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF DERMATOPHYTOSIS IN DOGS(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES, POOKODE, WAYANAD, KERALA VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, 2022-10-13) ARUN PRAKASH V.; Dr. Rathish R. LThe study entitled “Comparative diagnostic and therapeutic protocol for the management of dermatophytosis in dogs” documented isolation, molecular identification of etiologies and therapeutic management of affected cases. A total of 114 dogs were screened for dermatophytosis from July 2021 to January 2022 from Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, Pookode, Wayanad. Dermatophytes were observed in 30 (26.32 per cent) of cases presented. Chicago sky blue staining of skin scrapings and culture showed better visualization of the fungal etiology. Culturing in DTM aided in early and easy detection of dermatophytes. Dermatophytosis was most commonly encountered in puppies of less than one year of age (46.67 per cent) than adult dogs. German Shepherd breeds of dog (26.67 per cent) were more affected with dermatophytosis than other breeds.76.67 per cent of dogs were bathed in an interval of one week or less and irregularly groomed animals constituted 66.67 per cent of cases. Alopecia, pruritus, scales, papules and patches were the predominant clinical signs observed in dogs withdermatophytosis. Molecular characterization of dermatophyte isolates was carried out by using ITS gene and species was identified by RFLP using restriction enzyme Mva I. Based on the analysis of RFLP pattern, 14 isolates of M. canis, eight isolates of T. rubrum, six isolates of M. gypseum and two isolates of E. floccosum were confirmed. All the 30 dogs with dermatophytosis were grouped into three and topical therapy with shampoo containing two per cent miconazole and two per cent chlorhexidine, shampoo containing four per cent chlorhexidine and lime sulphur dip were used to treat 10 cases each. The efficacy of different treatment was evaluated based on disappearance of lesions and clinical signs, resurgence of hair and negative fungal cultures. All dogs responded to different treatments of dermatophytosis and it was found that once in three days topical application of shampoo containing four per cent chlorhexidine for average 99 days would result in faster clinical and mycological cureThesisItem Open Access ETIOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND CLINICO THERAPEUTIC STUDIES ON BACTERIAL PATHOGENS CAUSING CANINE OTITIS EXTERNA WITH EMPHASIS ON Pseudomonas spp.(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES, POOKODE, WAYANAD, 2022-09-20) RITA GRACE SACHARIAOtitis externa is the acute or chronic inflammation of externa ear and dogs are more prone to this disease. The disease occurs due to many factors, bacteria and fungi are only the opportunistic pathogens rather than the primary cause of the disease. A total of 20 dogs that were presented in Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, Pookode with otitis externa were selected randomly and their epidemiological details viz. age, sex , breed, body weight, skin condition and management practices were recorded. Ear swabs were collected and subjected to cultural and biochemical identification. Whole blood was collected for determining haematological parameters. Genomic DNA isolation was done for samples positive for Pseudomonas spp. after cultural and biochemical identification, and were subjected to PCR for genus specific confirmation of Pseudomonas. Detection of virulence genes viz. Las A, Las B, Lec A, Lec B and Apr was conducted on samples identified as Pseudomonas at genus level. Clinical trial was conducted on 12 randomlyselected dogs with otitis externa. The animals were separated into two groups, one treated with antibiotics alone and the second group with a combination of antibiotic and a biofilm cleaving agent that is Tris EDTA as topical application. Present study revealed that 45 per cent of the bacterial isolates from canine otitis externa cases belonged to Pseudomonas spp., 40 per cent Staphylococcus spp. and 15 per cent Streptococcus spp. on cultural and biochemical identification. All the Pseudomonas isolates were further confirmed by PCR. Among them identification of virulence genes revealed presence of Las B and Apr gene in all the isolates and 55.56 per cent of the isolates were positive for Lec B gene. Haematological parameters showed marked leucocytosis, neutrophilia and lymphopaenia in affected animals. Though there were no statistically significant improvement between both the groups in clinical trial, it was noticed that animals treated with combination of antibiotic and biofilm cleaving agent had more numbers of complete recovery. Acad. Form No.ThesisItem Open Access MOLECULAR DETECTION OF VIRULENCE FACTORS IN STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS ASSOCIATED WITH BOVINE MASTITIS(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, 2021-12-30) ANUGRAHA MERCY EASAW; K. VijayakumarIntramammary infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus continues to be an extortionate malady affecting the dairy industry and has got significant bearing on the public health sector. The disease is of worldwide occurrence and the virulence factors possessed by the organism plays a pivotal role in the establishment of infection and its pathogenesis. The present study was envisaged for the screening of subclinical mastitis using california mastitis test, electrical conductivity, and somatic cell count. Isolation and identification of the different organisms was performed from both clinical and subclinical mastitis and antibiogram of the isolates were performed. The presence of the selected four virulence factors of S. aureus isolated from both subclinical and clinical cases were identified. Treatment trial with three selected antibiotics viz Oxytetracycline, Cefoperazone - Sulbactam and Ciprofloxacin, were conducted in clinical mastitis cases caused by S. aureus. A total of 100 apparently healthy dairy cows which were in lactation was screened for subclinical mastitis. Using CMT, 46 per cent of the animals, was found to be subclinically affected. Milk from animals were screened for electrical conductivity and 38 per cent of the animals in the study population were positive. Using SCC, 48 per cent of animals yielded positive results. Isolation of organisms yielded growth in case of 40 animals. The organisms isolated from subclinical mastitis in this study included coagulase negative staphylococci (48.94 per cent), S. aureus (10.64 per cent), Micrococcus spp. (17.02 per cent), Streptococcus spp. (4.25 per cent), Escherichia coli (12.76 per cent) and Klebsiella spp. (6.39 per cent). The antibiogram of the 47 isolates collected from subclinical mastitis were performed using disk diffusion assay and the maximum resistance was shown to Penicillin G and Methicillin and most sensitivity to Oxytetracycline. In this study the isolates from subclinical mastitis were found to have varying MAR index ranging from 0.2 to 1.0. In this study 42 out of the 47 isolates were found to be having a MAR index of more than 0.2. Milk samples from 51 animals with clinical mastitis was included in this study. In the present study, among the samples collected from 51 animals, a total of 38 isolates were obtained. Out of the 38 organisms isolated, most of the isolates were contagious pathogens (71.05 per cent) which included S. aureus (47.37 per cent), CNS (15.79 per cent) and Micrococcus spp. (7.89 per cent). The environmental pathogens (28.95 per cent) isolated included coliforms which were E. coli (15.79 per cent) and Klebsiella spp. (13.16 per cent). Antibiogram showed varying sensitivity and resistance to the antibiotics selected. The maximum resistance was shown to Methicillin and Penicillin G and maximum sensitivity to Cotrimoxazole followed by Oxytetracycline and Ceftriaxone - Sulbactam. The MAR index in this study ranged from 0.2 to 0.8 which showed that there was a high prevalence of multi drug resistant isolates. Using Polymerase chain reaction, the 23 isolates (five from subclinical and18 from clinical cases) were confirmed as S. aureus using 16S rRNA for identification of genus and 23S rRNA for species level identification. The four selected virulence genes were screened in these isolates. Out of the 23 isolates, all isolates possessed coa and nuc gene (100 per cent each) whereas hla gene was identified from nine isolates, i.e, one from subclinical mastitis (20 per cent) and eight from clinical cases (44.44 per cent) and none of the isolates from subclinical as well as clinical cases possessed PVL gene. Amplification of coa gene showed polymorphism in case of clinical mastitis whereas no polymorphism was exhibited in case of subclinical mastitis. Treatment trial was conducted in mastitis caused by S. aureus using three different antibacterial protocols viz Oxytetracycline, Cefoperazone - Sulbactam and Ciprofloxacin. Varying clinical response was observed to each drug but all the three protocols were found to be equally effective. No statistical significance could be noticed between the clinico-therapeutic efficacy of the drugs. The present study concluded the presence of virulence genes in S. aureus associated with bovine mastitis isolated from Thrissur district. Further studies by including more number of samples as well as other virulence genes is warranted in elucidating the epidemiology and understanding the pathogenesis of bovine mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureusThesisItem Open Access MOLECULAR CHARACTERISATION OF Theileria orientalis AND CLINICO-THERAPEUTIC STUDIES OF THE INFECTION IN DAIRY CATTLE(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, 2021-02-16) K. SUDHAKAR GOUD; K. VijayakumarThe present study was undertaken to identify the genotypes of T. orientalis and to study the clinico-therapeutic aspects of T. orientalis infection in dairy cattle. A total of 410 cattle showing the clinical signs suggestive of theileriosis and 138 asymptomatic animals tethered adjacent to the infected cattle formed the study population. Theileria piroplasms were detected in 46.09 per cent of the clinically infected cattle and 52.17 per cent of asymptomatic cattle by light microscopy. Genus specific PCR yielded positive results in all smear positive clinically infected cattle and 40 asymptomatic cattle selected for molecular study. In species specific PCR, out of the 189 clinically infected cattle, 186 were found positive for T. orientalis and the remaining three cattle were positive for T. annulata. Among asymptomatic cattle, all 40 cases were positive for T. orientalis. Genotype specific PCR identified presence of Chitose and Buffeli genotypes of T. orientalis in both clinically infected and asymptomatic cattle. Mixed infection with Chitose and Buffeli genotypes was detected in 86.02 per cent and 87.5 per cent of the clinically infected and asymptomatic cattle tested respectively. These results indicated that majority of the dairy cattle positive for T. orientalis infection harbored mixed parasite populations bearing at least two different alleles of p32/33. None of the field samples tested was amplified by Ikeda type specific primers. Phylogenetic analysis based on MPSP gene sequences revealed that the T. orientalis isolates were comprised of additional two allelic MPSP gene types i.e. type 5 and 7, indicating that parasites with four MPSP types 1, 3, 5 and 7 were present in Kerala. The level of parasitaemia in T. orientalis infected animals ranged from 0.2 to 17.7 per cent. All the asymptomatic cattle (except five animals) that were positive for T. orientalis had less than one per cent level of parasitaemia. Breed wise distribution of cases revealed a high occurrence (54.8 per cent) of T. orientalis infection in Holstein Friesian crossbred cattle. A high occurrence (41.4 per cent) of T. orientalis infection was recorded among three to five years age group cattle. The occurrence of T. orientalis infection was highest (44.09 per cent) during monsoon. Most common clinical signs recorded in T. orientalis infected cattle were inappetance, pale mucous membrane, fever, lethargy and decreased milk production. The ticks present on T. orientalis infected animals were identified as Rhipicephalus microplus and Haemaphysalis longicornis based on morphological features. Haemato-biochemical analysis revealed significant decrease (p<0.05) in the mean total erythrocyte count, haemoglobin, volume of packed red cells, monocytes, albumin and albumin: globulin ratio in T. orientalis infected cattle compared to the control group. A significant increase (p<0.05) in the mean lymphocyte count was observed in T. orientalis infected animals compared to control group. There was no significant difference in the mean MCV, MCH, MCHC, platelet count, total leucocyte count, granulocytes, total proteins, globulins, aspartate aminotransferase, creatinine and blood urea nitrogen values between T. orientalis infected animals and healthy control animals. The evaluation of serum acute phase proteins, serum amyloid A (SAA) and haptoglobin revealed, significant decrease in the mean haptoglobin concentration in T. orientalis infected cattle compared to healthy control animals. No significant difference was observed in the mean SAA between T. orientalis infected animals and control animals. Among the different treatment regimens used, treatment with combination of buparvaquone and oxytetracycline LA was found to be effective for T. orientalis infected animals in terms of remission of clinical signs, but complete elimination of the organism was not observed in all the three treatment groups tested.ThesisItem Open Access IDENTIFICATION OF GENES ENCODING EXTENDED SPECTRUM BETA LACTAMASE PRODUCTION IN ESCHERICHIA COLI AND KLEBSIELLA SPP. ASSOCIATED WITH BOVINE COLIFORM MASTITIS(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, 2021-10-11) RUGMA V.; K. VinodkumarMastitis is the most economically significant disease in dairy cattle and antibiotic therapy is the mainstay of treatment. Antibiotic resistance among bacteria is increasing at alarming levels throughout the world and the extensive use of antimicrobials for treatment of mastitis is implicated as one of the possible reasons. Production of Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBL) enzymes by some organisms is a matter of particular concern, as extended spectrum betalactam antibiotics form the last line of defence against many human pathogens and these strains have the ability to rapidly spread and transfer the resistance phenotype. The study was aimed at determining the presence of genes responsible for the production of ESBL among common pathogens Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Klebsiella spp. involved with clinical coliform mastitis in dairy cows. Out of the 54 milk samples from cows affected with clinical mastitis (CM) and subjected to cultural isolation, 25 (46.3 per cent) had Gram negative bacteria and 12 (22.22 per cent) had Gram positive cocci. The predominant organisms among the Gram negative isolates were E. coli (56 per cent) followed by Klebsiella spp. (44 per cent), as identified by PCR targeting 16S rRNA and gyrA genes on these isolates respectively. The Klebsiella isolates were further confirmed to be Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) by PCR targeting 16S 23S ITS region for K. pneumoniae and pehX gene for Klebsiella oxytoca (K. oxytoca). Antibiotic sensitivity test using in vitro disc diffusion assay revealed 92.8 per cent E. coli and 90.90 per cent Klebsiella to be Multidrug- resistant (MDR) types. The most commonly observed resistance phenotypes were against amoxicillin, cefaperazone, clindamycin and enrofloxacin while the highest sensitivity was for meropenem (100 per cent). The isolates were further analysed for the presence of genes for ESBL production using genotypic methods that targeted genes blaCTX-M, blaSHV and blaTEM, and carbapenemase genes blaOXA and blaNDM. Overall, seven (63.63 per cent) out of 11 isolated K. pneumoniae and none of the E. coli isolates had genes responsible for ESBL production. The blaCTX- M (57.14 per cent) was the most prevalent gene followed by blaSHV (42.86 per cent). None of the isolates were found to carry blaTEM, blaOXA and blaNDM genes. Haematology of affected animals revealed significant lower total erythrocyte, haemoglobin concentration and platelet count and higher values for neutrophils and lymphocytes. Significantly higher values of Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN), total protein, globulin and lower values of creatinine were also detected. The findings of this study suggest that ESBL producing K. pneumoniae isolates are present in the milk produced in the study area, which may pose significant public health hazard.ThesisItem Open Access ANTIFUNGAL RESISTANCE OF DERMATOPHYTES ISOLATED FROM DOGS(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, 2021-03-30) TARRA MALLESWARI; Justin Davis K.A total of 100 dogs were screened for dermatophytosis from December 2020 to September 2021 from Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex (TVCC), Mannuthy and University Veterinary Hospital (UVH), Kokkalai. Of total samples, 25 samples (25 per cent) yielded a positive culture for dermatophytosis on SDA (Sabourauds Dextrose Agar). Five species of dermatophytes including T. mentagrophytes, T. rubrum, M. gypseum M. nanum and E. floccosum were isolated in the present study. Among them T. mentagrophyte (44 per cent) had higher occurrence followed by T. rubrum (24 per cent), M. gypseum (20 per cent) M. nanum (eight per cent) and E. floccosum (four per cent). Dermatophytosis was most commonly seen in puppies of less than six months of age (48 per cent) than young (36 per cent) and adult dogs (16 percent). Pure breeds of dog (92 per cent) were more infected with dermatophytosis than non-descriptive breeds (8 per cent). There was no significance difference noticed in sex wise predisposition of dermatophytosis. Seventy-six per cent dermatophytosis cases were presented as localized lesions and 24 per cent were presented as generalized lesions in the present study. Occurrence of dermatophytosis was high during summer and monsoon season than winter. Molecular characterization of dermatophyte isolates was carried out by using three sets of primers (ITS1-ITS4, B2F-B4R and TR1- TR2). Antifungal sensitivity was carried out by broth microdilution technique on 25 isolates with 4 antifungal agents (fluconazole, ketoconazole, miconazole and griseofulvin). Four isolates of T. mentagrophytes, four isolates of T. rubrum and three isolates of M. gypseum had high MICs for fluconazole (64 µg/ml), while ketoconazole, miconazole and griseofulvin had the lowest MIC values for all the isolates. So, it could be concluded that ketoconazole, miconazole and griseofulvin are the more preferable antifungals to treat dermatophytosis than fluconazole.
