CLINICO-BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY IN COMMON INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF DOGS AND RESPONSE TO ANTIOXIDANT THERAPY IN Babesia gibsoni INFECTION

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Date
2023-01-10
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COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCS, POOKODE, WAYANAD, KERALA VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY
Abstract
The present study was conducted to detect the early biomarkers for the diagnosis of acute kidney injury in dogs, to identify the major infectious causes of acute kidney injury and to assess the clinico pathological changes associated with infectious etiologies in dogs. The study was also conducted to assess the efficacy of N acetyl cysteine as a supportive therapy in the treatment of Babesia gibsoni infection in dogs. A total of 221 dogs having clinical signs suggestive of acute kidney injury due to infectious etiology were screened for leptospirosis and babesiosis at Teaching veterinary clinical complex of KVASU, Wayanad from December 2021 to August 2022. Seventeen dogs with leptospirosis were confirmed by the fourfold increase in paired sera samples and 129 dogs with babesiosis was confirmed by using Polymerase chain reaction. A total of 36 dogs which were either infected with leptospirosis or babesiosis were identified as having AKI based on serum creatinine values. Overall prevalence of canine leptospirosis causing AKI was 7.69 per cent (17/221) and that of babesiosis was 8.59 per cent (19/221). Breed wise highest prevalence of both babesiosis and leptospirosis was observed in Labrador breed. Highest prevalence of babesiosis was seen in the age group of two to four years and that of leptospirosis was four to six years. Sex wise highest prevalence of both babesiosis and leptospirosis was recorded in male dogs. The highest prevalence of babesiosis was recorded in summer season and that of leptospirosis were recorded in rainy season. Inappetence (100%), oliguria (83 %), tick infestation (69 %), Fever (64%), dehydration (58%), pale mucous membrane (50), lethargy (33 %), vomiting (30%), icterus (27 %), diarrhoea (25 %) and haemoglobinuria (8%) were the common clinical findings of affected dogs. Haemato-biochemical findings viz., leucocytosis, anaemia, thrombocytopenia, and increased creatinine were observed in babesiosis whereas severe leucocytosis, anaemia, thrombocytopenia, hyperglobulinaemia, hypo-albuminemia and increased serum creatinine were the important findings in leptospirosis. Antioxidant activity was estimated in dogs using commercially available antioxidant activity estimation kit. Urine samples from dogs with AKI due to infectious etiology were analysed by canine specific sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for determination of early biomarkers, Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and Kidney Injury Molecule-1 (KIM-1). Comparison between the conventional biomarkers with novel biomarkers were done statistically and found that NGAL and KIM-1 - showed significant increase even in stage I, however KIM1 showed identical values in different stages of AKI, thus NGAL can be recommended as the best early biomarker for detection of AKI. For the assessment of treatment response of N acetylcysteine, twelve Babesia gibsoni positive stage I AKI dogs were selected and divided into two groups with six in each group and given a combination therapy of Clindamycin @ 25mg/kg OD, Metronidazole @ 15mg/kg BID and Doxycycline @ 10mg/kg OD orally in the group I and in group II with N acetylcysteine @70 mg/kg once daily orally for five days as supportive treatment along with the same therapy, also management of AKI with fluids, antiemetics and antacids were done and treatment response were taken in day 21. Group II showed better response in haemato- biochemical parameters and antioxidant activity; thus, N acetylcysteine can be used as a supportive therapy for the treatment of Babesia gibsoni infection in dogs.
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