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ThesisItem Open Access A STUDY ON THE ACUTE TOXIC EFFECTS OF DICLOFENAC AND AMOXICILLIN IN Danio rerio(KVASU CENTRE FOR WILDLIFE STUDIES KERALA VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY POOKODE, WAYANAD, 2023-03-14) BANKUPALLI NITYA; Dr. George ChandyDiclofenac is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medication, and amoxicillin is an antibiotic medicine, used to treat bacterial infections in people and animals. These substances are often found in a variety of aquatic habitats, and their residues are also present in several aquatic plants and animals. Since many years, the prevalence and persistence of these pharmaceutical drugs in the environment have been a serious issue. There is a rising need for ecotoxicology research to understand the negative effects of these medications on aquatic habitats and creatures as knowledge of their impacts grows. In order to comprehend these effects, a 15-day research was done to determine the influence of the LC50 values of two marketed medications, namely diclofenac and amoxicillin, on Danio rerio by evaluating the biochemical parameters total lipids and cholesterol. Three-fourths of the LC50 value of diclofenac and amoxicillin, was administered to two groups of fish with a control group serving as a comparison. At four, eight, and fifteen days of time intervals fish were slaughtered and tissues such as gills, viscera, and muscle were taken and utilised to calculate total lipids and cholesterol. Daily observation of the fish behaviour was conducted concurrently. Overall, the total lipid content of all tissues exposed to both toxicants was found to be greater than that of the control tissues. However, the level of cholesterol in both toxicant tissues was lower than that of the control tissue. This clearly demonstrates that the drug exposure for 15 days can affect the levels of lipids and cholesterol.ThesisItem Open Access ABATTOIR SLUDGE AS SUBSTRATE FOR BIOMASS PRODUCTIVITY OF BLACK SOLDIER FLY LARVAE(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES, MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, KERALA VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, 2022-01-02) RINTU JOSEPH; Dr. Sathu T.The study was conducted to assessthe feasibility of using Black Soldier Fly Larvae (BSFL) in the valorization of the abattoir sludge, which is a left - over substance from the effluent treatment plants. The substrate for the study included abattoir sludge as the principal substrate (PS) and hostel food waste as the cosubstrate (Co- S) for BSFL rearing. Two different experiments were carried out to optimize the proportion of principal substrate and co-substrate for rearing larvae, to fix the level of larval incorporation into the substrate and to assess the nutritional qualities of the harvested prepupae. Abattoir sludge without Co-S was the control and treatment included the combinations of principal substrate and the co-substrate in three different proportions (T1: 70 per cent PS and 30 per cent Co-S, T2: 80 per cent PS and 20 per cent Co-S and T3: 90 per cent PS and 10 per cent Co-S). The efficiency of BSFL to feed on the substrate and get converted into biomass wasevaluated for the control and treatment combinations. The control substrate did not favour the development of larvae. Among the different treatments, T1 had significantly (p<0.001) higher mean prepupal weight (21.04 ± 2.34 milligrams) and total prepupal yield (1.47± 0.14 grams). Therefore, T1 was selected as the best substrate combination for the next stage of experiment. The experiment 2 was conducted to fix the level of larval incorporation in the T1. Larvae were incorporated in four different levels viz., 150 (T4), 450 (T5), 600 (T6) and 750 (T7) mg in the selected substrate combination of the experiment 1. Different treatments did not vary significantly with respect to total prepupal yield, feed conversion and reduction efficiencies. The average prepupal weight (38.44 ± 6.34 milligrams) and larval survivability (82.67 ± 7.04 per cent) were observed to be highest for T4. Therefore, T4 was selected as the best treatment. The protein content of larvae harvested from different treatments ranged from 29.88 ± 0.93 to 34.77 ± 2.62 per cent. The fat content was variable and depended on the proportion of co-substrates as well as the level of larval incorporation. The ether extract content ranged from 6.34 ± 2.67 to 18.83 ± 1.00 per cent. The study showed that the nutrients in the abattoir sludge were not readily available to the larvae. Addition of food waste as a co-substrate improved the waste reduction and survival rates of the larvae. Acombination of 70 per cent abattoir sludge and 30 per cent food waste yielded maximum biomass. The optimum amount of BSFL to be added to this substrate combination for the larvae to reach the maximum weight within the shortest development time was found to be 150 mg. However, the utilization of BSFL composting as a method for recycling of untreated abattoir sludge requires further research.ThesisItem Open Access ABUNDANCE, ROOST CHARACTERISTICS, ACOUSTICS AND DIET COMPOSITION OF SELECTED BAT SPECIES IN SOUTH WAYANAD FOREST DIVISION(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES, POOKODE WAYANAD, 2017) BIBIN PAUL M; Abdul Azeez C.P.Bat species abundance, roost characteristics and selected Rhinolophid bat species call parameters (R. rouxii, R. beddomei and R. pusillus) and diet composition were studied (one fruit bat Cynopterus brachyotis, two species of insectivorous bats Rhinolophus beddomei and R. rouxii) from May 2017 to August 2017 in the South Wayanad Forest Division (SWFD). Bat species abundance was estimated using roost count method. The roost site parameters such as temperature, altitude, canopy cover, humidity and proximity to water body, human settlement and nearest road were noted. Bat call parameters were recorded in the roost site using ultrasound bat detector and analysed using Batsound Software. Bat call was classified using discriminate function analysis. Diet composition of a fruit bat and insectivorous bat species were analysed and micrograph were used to identify prey species. Prey species diversity and similarity in diet composition was calculated. A total of 11 bat species, belonging to five families such as Pteropodidae, Rhinolophidae, Megadermatidae, Emballonuridae and Vespertilionidae were recorded. Among different families Rhinolophidae and Pteropodidae had maximum number of species and abundance. The abundance of bat species was significantly more in Chedeleth Range. The number of bat species recorded and abundance was higher in non forest area than forest area. Present study reported the highest number of P. giganteus in Panamaram river. Among different variables measured in roost site compared between forest and non forest, distance to human settlement and distance to road was significantly higher in forest area. Bat species such as Megaderma spasma, R. beddomei, R. lepidus. R. rouxii recorded from abandoned buildings, rock caves, tunnel and unused wells. P. giganteus roosted only on trees and there were substantial variation in roost tree selection. Among roost site characteristics, roost temperature and altitude varied across species. 59 Three species of Rhinolophidae call parameters such as duration, interval, start and end frequency, FMAX and bandwidth were analysed and found that all parameters varied significantly. Call parameters of R. pusillus is reported for first time. Call parameters have reported to vary in different localities, method of call recording and thus it is essential to study call parameters from Wayanad region. In the present study calls were measured at the roost site when the bats were flying without any constraints. The call parameters of three Rhinolophid species were classified with 100% certainty using discriminate function analysis. A total of 120 droppings of frugivourous bat C. brachyotis were analyzed (both frequency and volume were estimated) and 12 different species of fruits were identified. Plant species belongs to 10 genera and eight families were identified as food plants. Ficus sp. had the highest frequency (46.5%) followed by Psidium guajava (26.7%), Ficus callosa (18.9%) and other species. Diet composition based on volume was different with Gnetum sp. had the highest volume (50.9%) followed by Cinnamomum sp. (12.2%), Ficus sp. (7.5%) and other species. There was significant difference between the volume of fruit and frequency. Diet composition of two Rhinolophid bat species (R. beddomei and R. rouxii) were compared. The major insect prey was similar for both species with Coleoptera, Lepidoptera and Diptera were constituted 80% and 88% in R. beddomei and R. rouxii respectively. Prey species diversity was higher for R. beddomei than R. rouxii. Diet niche overlap based on prey species was 98% similar. Though both species feed on same niche, same insect prey item, morphological differences of bat species, foraging methods and insect prey abundance could enable both species to co-exist in the similar environmentThesisItem Open Access ACARICIDAL ACTIVITY OF EXTRACTS AND THE FRACTIONS OF ARTEMISIA NILAGIRICA (CLARKE) PAMP. AND CLERODENDRUM PHILIPPINUM SCHAUER. AGAINST RHIPICEPHALUS (BOOPHILUS) ANNULATUS(Kerala Veterinary and animal science university, Pookode, 2014-05-27) Darsana, U; Suresh N NairThe present study is envisaged to find out the acaricidal potential of the extract / fractions / subfractions of the plants Artemisia nilagirica (Clarke) Pamp and C. philippinum Schauer. Safety of the extract were assessed by oral (rats) and dermal (rabbits) toxicity studies using relevant OECD guidelines. The efficacy of crude ethanolic extract of A. nilagirica and C. philippinum against R. (B.) annulatus females were assessed by estimating the per cent larval mortality by larval packet test and per cent adult mortality, inhibition of fecundity and larval hatching rate by adult immersion test. The ethanolic extract of A. nilagirica was positive for flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, glycosides, phenolic compounds, tannins, saponins, fixed oils and fats. The ethanolic extracts of A. nilagirica produced concentration dependent larvicidal activity, adult tick mortality, inhibition of fecundity and highly significant inhibition of hatching. The hexane fraction of this extract retained the acaricidal properties of the extract. The subfraction FA1c was acaricidal among the eight subfractions separated from hexane fraction. Crude extract of C. philippinum demonstrated concentration dependent adult tick mortality and also a significant inhibition of hatching of eggs. The n-butanol fraction of this extract retained the eclosion blocking properties. Qualitative phytochemical analysis of the ethanolic extract of C. philippinum revealed the presence of flavonoids, steroids, glycosides, phenolic compound, tannins, alkaloids, saponins, fixed oils and fats. The subfraction FC3a obtained from the n-butanol fraction of C. philippinum showed significant acaricidal activity. Acute oral, acute and sub-acute dermal toxicity studies did not reveal any toxicity of these two plants. The present work imply that FA1c of hexane fraction of A. nilagirica and FC3a of n-butanol fraction of C. philippinum possessed significant acaricidal activity. The subfraction could be new drug leads for development of promising acaricides.ThesisItem Open Access ACARICIDAL ACTIVITY OF EXTRACTS AND THE FRACTIONS OF ARTEMISIA NILAGIRICA (CLARKE) PAMP. AND CLERODENDRUM PHILIPPINUM SCHAUER. AGAINST RHIPICEPHALUS (BOOPHILUS) ANNULATUS(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES, POOKODE WAYANAD, 2014) DARSANA U.; Suresh N. NairThe present study is envisaged to find out the acaricidal potential of the extract / fractions / subfractions of the plants Artemisia nilagirica (Clarke) Pamp and C. philippinum Schauer. Safety of the extract were assessed by oral (rats) and dermal (rabbits) toxicity studies using relevant OECD guidelines. The efficacy of crude ethanolic extract of A. nilagirica and C. philippinum against R. (B.) annulatus females were assessed by estimating the per cent larval mortality by larval packet test and per cent adult mortality, inhibition of fecundity and larval hatching rate by adult immersion test. The ethanolic extract of A. nilagirica was positive for flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, glycosides, phenolic compounds, tannins, saponins, fixed oils and fats. The ethanolic extracts of A. nilagirica produced concentration dependent larvicidal activity, adult tick mortality, inhibition of fecundity and highly significant inhibition of hatching. The hexane fraction of this extract retained the acaricidal properties of the extract. The subfraction FA1c was acaricidal among the eight subfractions separated from hexane fraction. Crude extract of C. philippinum demonstrated concentration dependent adult tick mortality and also a significant inhibition of hatching of eggs. The n-butanol fraction of this extract retained the eclosion blocking properties. Qualitative phytochemical analysis of the ethanolic extract of C. philippinum revealed the presence of flavonoids, steroids, glycosides, phenolic compound, tannins, alkaloids, saponins, fixed oils and fats. The subfraction FC3a obtained from the n-butanol fraction of C. philippinum showed significant acaricidal activity. Acute oral, acute and sub-acute dermal toxicity studies did not reveal any toxicity of these two plants. The present work imply that FA1c of hexane fraction of A. nilagirica and FC3a of n-butanol fraction of C. philippinum possessed significant acaricidal activity. The subfraction could be new drug leads for development of promising acaricides.ThesisItem Open Access ACARICIDAL ACTIVITY OF EXTRACTS OF SPHAERANTHUS INDICUS L. AND LEUCAS INDICA Spreng.(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES, POOKODE WAYANAD, 2012) DIVYA T. M; Sanis JulietThe present study is envisaged to isolate the extract/fractions/subfractions based on their acaricidal activity to identify the bioactive components of the plants Leucas indica and Sphaeranthus indicus. The efficacy of crude ethanolic extract of L. indica and S. indicus against R. (B.) annulatus females were assessed by estimating the per cent adult mortality, inhibition of fecundity and hatching rate by adult immersion test. The ethanolic extract of L. indica was positive for alkaloid, glycosides, terpenoids and flavanoids whereas it was negative for sterols, saponins and phenolic compounds. On fractionation of the crude extract, triterpenes and glycosides were detected in the hexane fraction and alkaloid, flavanoids, glycosides and diterpenes in the chloroform fraction. The ethanolic extracts of L. indica produced a significant concentration dependent adult tick mortality and inhibition of fecundity and complete failure of eclosion of eggs from the treated ticks. The hexane fraction of the ethanolic extract of L.indica exhibited significant acaricidal activity whereas the chloroform fraction of L. indica retained the eclosion blocking property of the extract. The subfraction Fl1i was acaricidal among the twelve subfractions separated from hexane fraction and the subfraction Fl2e among the twelve subfractions separated from chloroform fraction demonstrated a significant eclosion blocking effect. Crude extract of S. indicus demonstrated a significant concentration dependent effect on adult tick mortality and inhibition of fecundity. But the extract was not effective in controlling hatching of eggs laid by the treated ticks. The hexane fraction of this extract retained the acaricidal properties of the extract. Qualitative phytochemical analysis of the ethanolic extract of S. indicus revealed the presence of steroids, diterpenes, triterpenes, phenolic compounds and glycosides whereas the hexane fraction showed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, triterpenes, glycosides and alkaloids. The subfraction Fs1d obtained from the hexane fraction of S. indicus showed significant acaricidal activity. The present work imply that the isolatedextracts/fractions/subfractions of L. indica and S. indicus could be new drug leads for development of promising acaricides for the control of ticks.ThesisItem Open Access ACARICIDAL ACTIVITY OF EXTRACTS OF SPHAERANTHUS INDICUS L. AND LEUCAS INDICA Spreng.(Kerala Veterinary and animal science university, Pookode, 41076) Divya, T M; Sanis JulietThe present study is envisaged to isolate the extract/fractions/subfractions based on their acaricidal activity to identify the bioactive components of the plants Leucas indica and Sphaeranthus indicus. The efficacy of crude ethanolic extract of L. indica and S. indicus against R. (B.) annulatus females were assessed by estimating the per cent adult mortality, inhibition of fecundity and hatching rate by adult immersion test. The ethanolic extract of L. indica was positive for alkaloid, glycosides, terpenoids and flavanoids whereas it was negative for sterols, saponins and phenolic compounds. On fractionation of the crude extract, triterpenes and glycosides were detected in the hexane fraction and alkaloid, flavanoids, glycosides and diterpenes in the chloroform fraction. The ethanolic extracts of L. indica produced a significant concentration dependent adult tick mortality and inhibition of fecundity and complete failure of eclosion of eggs from the treated ticks. The hexane fraction of the ethanolic extract of L.indica exhibited significant acaricidal activity whereas the chloroform fraction of L. indica retained the eclosion blocking property of the extract. The subfraction Fl1i was acaricidal among the twelve subfractions separated from hexane fraction and the subfraction Fl2e among the twelve subfractions separated from chloroform fraction demonstrated a significant eclosion blocking effect. Crude extract of S. indicus demonstrated a significant concentration dependent effect on adult tick mortality and inhibition of fecundity. But the extract was not effective in controlling hatching of eggs laid by the treated ticks. The hexane fraction of this extract retained the acaricidal properties of the extract. Qualitative phytochemical analysis of the ethanolic extract of S. indicus revealed the presence of steroids, diterpenes, triterpenes, phenolic compounds and glycosides whereas the hexane fraction showed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, triterpenes, glycosides and alkaloids. The subfraction Fs1d obtained from the hexane fraction of S. indicus showed significant acaricidal activity. The present work imply that the isolatedextracts/fractions/subfractions of L. indica and S. indicus could be new drug leads for development of promising acaricides for the control of ticks.ThesisItem Open Access ACTIVITY PATTERN OF SMALLER MAMMALS IN WINTER USING CAMERA TRAPS IN KHETOLAI, RAJASTHAN(KVASU CENTRE FOR WILDLIFE STUDIES KERALA VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY POOKODE, WAYANAD, 2023-03-14) BHUJBAL PRANJALI SATISH; Dr. Biju P. HabeebCamera Traps are a very reliable method to study Wildlife. They can be used for preparing species inventory, the study of activity patterns, and even population estimation. The present study took place in Khetolai village, Rajasthan, which formed a small part of the Thar desert. The main aim of the study was to know about the activity pattern of smaller mammal species inhabiting the area, especially during the winter season when the desert faced extreme cold temperatures. The camera trapping was done mainly at two sites; Khetolai and Chacha sites. The installed camera traps showed that both sites collectively had five species of smaller mammals. Desert Fox, Desert Cat, Desert Jird, and Indian Hare were the species that were comfortably active during the coldest temperature of the desert at night while Indian Grey Mongoose was strictly diurnal. Even though the Desert Fox and Desert Cat were mainly active during night hours, they also showed activity during the day times as the temperature of the desert was pleasant unlike the rest of the year when the extremely hot temperatures became unbearable for them. On the other hand, species like Desert Jird and Indian Hare always showed activity after the sunset and became inactive during the whole day time. The activity overlap between prey species Desert Jird and Indian Hare with the predator species Desert Fox and Desert Cat showed that prey species always showed an increase in activity in the absence of predator species.As the Khetolai site was prone to human disturbance and cattle grazing, it was a destructed habitat whereas the Chacha site was a fenced area with the practice of restoration of habitat. This distinction was affecting the biodiversity and the activity pattern of smaller mammals residing in it. Chacha site showed more frequency of encounters of smaller mammals than the Khetolai site. The species like Desert Fox and Desert Cat also showed more activity during daytime, at Chacha site. Hence, this site proved to be playing a good role as a restored habitat.ThesisItem Open Access ACUTE AND SUB-ACUTE ORAL TOXICITY STUDIES OF AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF LEAVES OF Wedelia trilobata (MANJA KANJUNNI) IN RATS(College of Veterinary and animal Science,Mannuthy, 2017) Shilpashree, C S; Mammen. J., AbrahamThe present study was designed to evaluate the haematobiochemical and pathomorphological alterations in acute and sub-acute toxicosis of lyophilized aqueous extract of leaves of Wedelia trilobata in rats. The body weight, signs of toxicity, haematological and biochemical parameters were evaluated during the course of experiment. The animals of acute oral toxicity study was sacrificed on day 14 succeeded by gross and histopathological examination of various organs. All the animals of sub-acute oral toxicity were sacrificed on day 28 followed by gross and histopathological examination of various organs. The phytochemical evaluation of the aqueous extract of Wedelia trilobata indicated the presence of diterpenes, flavonoids, saponins, tannins and triterpenes. None of the animals of acute and sub-acute oral toxicity studies exhibited any signs of toxicity except for slight reduction in locomotor activity. The weekly body weight gain of treatment groups was comparable with that of the control group of acute and sub-acute toxicity studies and no changes associated with treatment were noticed. The levels of haemato-biochemical parameters such as VPRC, haemoglobin, TLC, DLC, creatinine, BUN, ALT, AST, ALP, TP and LDH of both acute and sub-acute toxicity studies showed no significant difference between treatment and control groups. The parameters did not differ significantly between day 0 and day 14 of acute toxicity study and day 0 and day 28 of sub-acute toxicity study. Gross lesions in acute toxicity study were prominent in stomach, intestines and liver whereas the gross lesions in sub-acute toxicity study was prominent in liver, kidneys, stomach and intestines as compared with the control. Microscopically, acute toxicity study revealed hepatocytes with granular and foamy cytoplasm, sinusoidal dilatation and congestion, glandular hyperplasia of stomach, goblet cell hyperplasia, desquamation of epithelium and denudation of villi tips of intestines were the histopathological changes in acute toxicity study. Sub-acute toxicity studies revealed cytoplasmic vacuolation of hepatocytes, congestion of the central vein and sinusoids in the treatment groups. Whereas stomach showed glandular hyperplasia, intestine showed goblet cell hyperplasia, desquamation of epithelium, denudation of tips of villi as compared with the control. From this study, it was concluded that the lyophilised aqueous extract of leaves of Wedelia trilobata had no significant effect on rats except for mild histopathological changes in liver, kidney, stomach and intestine which were not seen with serum biochemistry evaluation. Since the expected neurotoxicity seen in calves did not develop in rats, it is further concluded that rats did not appear to be a suitable animal model for oral toxicity studies of LaqWTL.ThesisItem Open Access Acute and sub-acute oral toxicity studies of ethanol extract of aerial parts of Blumea laevis in rats(Kerala Veterinary and animal science university, Pookode, 2017-12-20) Kumar, Yashas R; Nair, DivakaranThesisItem Open Access ACUTE PHASE PROTEINS IN SERUM AND MILK AS DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS IN BOVINE SUBCLINICAL MASTITIS(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 2017) AARSHA, RAJ; .Vinodkumar, .KThis study aimed to evaluate the utility of acute phase proteins (APP) levels in the serum and milk as diagnostic markers for subclinical mastitis in dairy cattle. The concentrations of various acute phase proteins (APP) like Haptoglobin (Hp), C- reactive protein (CRP), α- 1 acid glycoprotein (AGP) and albumin in milk as well as Hp,serum amyloid A (SAA), CRP and albumin in serum of 40 normal cows as well as 40 subclinically infected cows were compared in the study. The milking animals were screened by California mastitis test (CMT), electrical conductivity, somatic cell count (SCC) and bacterial culture and isolation. Comparison was also made between the variations of APP levels based on the CMT, EC and SCC scores as well as the correlation with lactoferrin (Lf) levels in milk. The pathogen specific variations in the APP values were also investigated. The values of Hp, SAA and AGP showed significant difference between the groups of normal and subclinically affected cows. On comparing the means based on CMT scores, Hp and AGP values in milk were significantly different between groups. Hp, CRP and AGP in milk showed significant difference between groups when compared based on EC values. The cows with different SCC ranges showed significant changes in case of Hp and AGP in milk. Hp in milk and SAA showed positive correlation with Lf. There was no significant difference noticed in the APP values of cows with single and mixed infections. The study showed that the use of APP like Hp and AGP in milk very effective for the early diagnosis of subclinical mastitis in bovines. The APP in serum can be altered by any other factors making it non specific whereas in milk the APP values will increase only in case of mammary gland inflammation and hence is of high diagnostic significance.ThesisItem Open Access ADAPTABILITY OF CROSSBRED PIGS UNDER DIFFERENT HOUSING AND FEEDING SYSTEMS(College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy., 2005) J. ANTON ROSELINE; Dr. JOSEPH MATHEWA study was conducted to find out the adaptability of two crossbred pigs, viz., CBi (Duroc 50% and Large White Yorkshire 50 %) and CB2 (Desi 50% and Large White Yorkshire 50%) under different housing and feeding systems. Twenty-four weaned piglets from each genetic group were randomly divided into four groups of six animals each and were subjected to four treatments, i.e., group housing with wallowing facility, fed with conventional feed (Ti), group housing with wallowing facility, fed with unconventional feed (T2), individual housing without wallowing facility, fed with conventional feed (T3) and individual housing without wallowing facility, fed with unconventional feed (T4). The climatological data, rectal temperature, pulse and respiratory rate at weekly intervals, daily feed intake, fortnightly body weight and behavioural scores of the animals were recorded. The average daily gain (ADG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), total cost of production per kg of live body weight, proximate principles of the feeds and faecal cortisol level were estimated. On attaining the slaughter weight two animals from each group were slaughtered for studying the carcass characteristics. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) in microclimatic variables, viz., maximum and minimum temperature and relative humidity between the treatments. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) in rectal temperature between the treatments but the pulse and respiratory rates were significantly higher (P<0.05) in group housed pigs than the individually housed pigs in both the genetic groups. Significantly higher (P<0.05) growth rate in T3 and T4 groups (individually housed) of CBi and a trend for higher growth ratefin T3 and T4 groups (individually housed) of CB2 were observed. The ADG was highest in T4 followed by T3, T2 and Ti and the FCR on dry matter basis was highest in T2 followed by T4^ Ti and T3 in both the genetic groups. Though there were no significant differences (P>0.05) in the behavioural scores, the feeding behavioural score was better was higher in pigs fed with unconventional feed. The quantity of dung voided was highest in pigs fed with conventional feed. The slaughter weight and hot carcass weight (kg) were significantly higher (P<0.05) in the T3 and T4 of CBi pigs but these traits were numerically higher in T4 followed by T3, T2 and Ti of CB2 pigs. Back fat thickness (mm) was lesser in CB| than CB2, Individually housed pigs had relatively higher back fat thickness in both the breeds. The loin eye area (cm^) was numerically higher in CBi than CB2 pigs. The dressing percentage was lower in groups fed with unconventional feed (T2 and T4) and meat yield (percentage) was higher in T3 and T4 in both the breeds. The meat bone ratio was numerically higher in CB2 when compared to CBi pigs. The moisture level was more in swill (72.03%) followed by chicken waste (71.88%) and infertile egg (59.87)%. The crude protein and ether extract were highest in chicken waste followed in infertile egg and swill. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) in the faecal cortisol level between the treatments of both the breeds. From this study it is concluded that both genetic combination had better performance when they were maintained on unconventional feed irrespective of their housing and feeding systems. Among these two breeds Desi 50% and Large White Yorkshire 50%(CB2) seemed to be economical under unconventional feeding in both the housing systems, considering the cost of production per kg live body weight.ThesisItem Open Access ADAPTABILITY PROFILE OF MALE CATTLE AND BUFFALO CALVES TO VARYING TEMPERATURE HUMIDITY INDEX (THI) IN KERALA(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, 2016-12-30) AZIZ ZARINA; G. Girish VarmaThe present study was conducted to assess the adaptation capacity of castrated buffalo and crossbred male calves to the varying temperature humidity prevalent in central midlands of Kerala using physiological, haematological, growth, endocrine and genetic parameters. Ambient temperature, humidity, rectal temperature, pulse rate and respiratory rate were recorded daily. Relative growth rate and plasma volume were recorded at fortnightly interval. Haematological parameters and endocrine parameters were determined at biweekly interval. The temperature humidity index recorded throughout the year varied from 76.5 to 82.0. Rectal temperature remained invariable throughout the experimental period but respiratory rate and pulse rate exhibited a significant positive correlation (P<0.01) with temperature humidity index. A negative correlation was observed between temperature humidity index and relative growth rate, total erythrocyte count, haemoglobin concentration, volume of packed red blood cells and thyroid hormones of the experimental animals at P<0.01 level. While a positive correlation was observed between plasma volume and temperature humidity index in all the experimental animals. Cortisol levels remained consistent throughout the study period in buffalo and crossbred cattle calves. The rate of increase of plasma volume, respiratory rate and pulse rate were higher in buffalo calves compared to crossbred cattle calves. HSP90 expression showed significant (P<0.05) up regulation at a THI of 82.0 in all the experimental animals, however buffaloes showed a higher fold expression of HSP90 compared to that of crossbred cattle calves.ThesisItem Open Access AETIO-PATHOLOGIC AND CLINICO-THERAPEUTIC STUDIES ON DOWNER COW SYNDROME(Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode, 2021-09-01) SUBHAM DAS; Biju P. HabeebThe study documented the aetiology and clinico-pathological changes in downer cow syndrome, evaluated the efficacy of selected therapeutic practices and formulated an effective management protocol. The cows unable to get up on its own were subjected to detailed physical examination and laboratory evaluation of haemato-biochemical parameters. The chief complaint in all cases was unable to raise hind quarters. Fluid and electrolyte therapy, inj. Flunixin meglumine @ 1.1 mg/ kg i/v for three days, sodium acid phosphate @ 60 g, orally once daily, potassium chloride @ 120 g, orally and supportive therapy using vitamin ADE , Selenium, Biotin liquid @ 10 ml orally, once daily for seven days were given and ini. Vitamin B1, B6, B12 was given i/v for seven days. Soft bedding was provided using sand, cows were lifted using cow sling once daily and the lying posture of the animal was changed six times in a day. Fifty eight per cent of downer cows were presented in transition period. Haemogram revealed highly significant (P<0.01) increase in total leukocyte count and granulocyte count. There were highly significant reduction in total erythrocyte count, lymphocyte count, Hb and VPRC. Serum biochemical examination showed highly significant decrease in serum Ca, P, Vitamin D and Selenium and increase in serum AST and CK levels. Hypokalemia was a predominant cause of recumbency in the present study and documented in all twelve cases. Therapeutic response post treatment was evaluated considering clinical improvement, nursing care provided, time of presentation and laboratory findings of haemogram and serum biochemical parameters. Four cows presented within 24 hours of recumbency and nursed under nursing score one got recovered and those presented between 48 hours (two days) to 168 hours (seven days) and nursed under nursing score 2 and 3 were euthanized. Clinically important secondary damages were noticed in all the non-recovered downer cows. Serum AST was found to be a good prognostic indicator. Significant increase in RBC, Hb and VPRC were found in recovered downer cows compared to non-recovered downer cows and highly significant reduction in serum AST and CK were observed in recovered downer cows.ThesisItem Open Access AETIO-PATHOLOGY OF CANINE DIARRHOEA CAUSED BY ENTEROPATHOGENS(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, 2021-09-30) NAVYA E.; K. VinodkumarCanine diarrhoea is a challenging condition for small animal practitioners, with numerous aetiologies like canine parvovirus (CPV), canine coronavirus (CCoV), Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens, Giardia spp., Cryptosporidium spp. and Isospora spp. Detection of the actual aetiology and evaluation of the systemic changes are essential for effective therapeutic management of the disease. Forty dogs with clinical diarrhoea and 10 healthy dogs were selected for the present study. Clinical parameters including temperature, colour of mucous membrane, respiration rate, pulse rate, heart rate, hydration status and body condition score, nature of diarrhoeic faeces and presence of vomiting were collected from all the dogs. Complete blood count, analysis of blood electrolytes, and evaluation of biochemical parameters were done for each of the fifty dogs. The variations in the levels of Na+ , HCO3 - , K+ and Cl- were noticed in dogs with diarrhea, but it was statistically significant only for Na+ and Cl at one per cent level. Likewise, the volume of packed red cells (VPRC), haemoglobin count (Hb) and total erythrocyte count (TEC) also significantly decreased in dogs with diarrhea, but not the total leucocyte count (TLC) and thrombocyte count (PLT). The reduction in total protein and albumin concentrations in dogs with diarrhea was significant at five per cent level, while blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels did not altered significantly.Faecal samples from all dogs with diarrhoea were subjected to direct microscopic examination and faecal smear examination using Gram’s stain and modified acid-fast stain, respectively. Six cases of isospora infections (15 per cent) were detected, in which cryptosporidium oocyst and giardia organisms were absent. Faecal samples collected in sterile screw cap vials and stored at -20ºC were used for deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) extraction using QIAamp® DNA stool mini kit (Qiagen, Germany). The VP2 gene of CPV (amplicon size - 583 bp), HSP70 protein gene of Cryptosporidium spp. (amplicon size - 150 bp), 16S rRNA gene of Giardia spp, (amplicon size - 292 bp), cpa toxin gene of C. perfringens (amplicon size - 324 bp) and eae gene of E. coli (amplicon size - 815 bp) were targeted in polymerase chain reaction. CPV was detected in 14 cases (35 per cent), C. perfringens in seven (17.5 per cent) and E. coli in one (2.5 per cent). No amplicons corresponding to cryptosporidium and giardia were detected. Transmembrane M protein of CCoV was amplified in 16 samples (40 per cent) under RT-PCR after extraction of RNA using RNAiso Plus reagent. Twenty-six out of the 40 dogs with diarrhoea (65 per cent) recovered under therapeutic management involving antibiotics and supportive therapy based on the findings.Results of this study suggest inclusion of steps to correct haemato biochemical and electrolyte variations in the therapeutic management for improving the therapeutic efficacy in canine diarrheaThesisItem Open Access AETIOLOGY AND THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT OF THEILERIOSIS IN GOATS(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, 2021-12-30) MEENU MANOHAR; Justin Davis K.Goat farming is a major source of income to the marginal farmers in Kerala. Theileriosis is an important haemoparasitic disease of goats which causes serious economic losses to farmers. There is a paucity of information on caprine theileriosis and its clinico-therapeutic aspects in Kerala. The present study envisages the identification of aetiological agent, clinical, haemato-biochemical alterations associated with the disease and assessment of the efficacy of the therapeutic protocols adopted. A total of one hundred goats presented to Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University Hospitals at Mannuthy and Kokkalai and also those belonging to organized farms and house-holds in and around Thrissur district, with clinical signs suggestive of theileriosis like anaemia, fever, lymphadenopathy, cough and nasal discharge were screened by blood smear examination using field stain and acridine orange stain. Out of these one hundred goats 62 per cent were positive for theileriosis, 15 per cent for anaplasmosis and three percent with combined infection of theileria and anaplsama. Twenty five goats were selected from theileria positive goats for the further study. Deoxyribonucleic acid were extracted from blood samples and genus specific amplicon of size 1089 bp were given by all smear positive samples in PCR. Further species specific PCR revealed 12 (48 per cent) goats were positive for T. luwenshuni among the 25 goats. The amplified product with T. ovis/lestoquardi primer were analysed by Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism and identified T. ovis in nine goats (36 per cent) out of 25 goats. Mixed infection of T. ovis and T. luwenshuni could be detected in four goats (16 per cent) among the 25 goats. Major clinical signs observed were anaemia, fever, lymph node enlargement, anorexia and respiratory distress. Haemato-biochemical analysis revealed macrocytic hypochromic anaemia with low Hb, Volume of Packed Red Cells (VPRC), platelet, Total Erythrocyte Count (TEC) and hyperproteinaemia with hyperglobulinaemia in the affected goats. Eighteen goats which were positive for theileria were divided into three groups at random, and each group was assigned with specific therapeutic protocol. Group I was treated with a combination of buparvaquone @ 2.5 mg per kg I/M and oxytetracycline dihydrate @ 20 mg per kg I/M, Group II with combination of buparvaquone @ 2.5 mg per kg I/M and marbofloxacin @ 2 mg per kg I/M and Group III with buparvaquone @ 1.25 mg per kg I/M and imidocarb @ 0.6 mg per kg I/M. Efficacy of the treatment was assessed by examination of blood smear after 48 h and 7 days post therapy. Resolution of clinical signs was also considered as an indicator of recovery and efficacy of the protocol. Statistical analysis revealed that there is no significant difference between the efficacy of three treatment. However all the animals in Group I had recovered by day seven, whereas recovery rate was 50 per cent for Group II goats and 66.6 per cent for Group III goats. Hence this study suggests that treatment protocol used in the Group I could be used as a treatment of choice for caprine theileriosis.ThesisItem Open Access AFLATOXIN INDUCED CYTOLOGiCAL ALTERATIONS IN DUCKS(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES Mannuthy - Thrissur, 1996) VIGIL ANBIAH, S.; MANOMOHAN, C.B.; VIGIL ANBIAH, S.An experimental study was conducted in desi ducks to assess the cytological alteiations induced by aflatoxin B1 (AFBl) and 4 dimethyl ainino axo benzene (4 DAB). One hundred and eight desi ducks of one month age were selected for tlu: study flu- birds were divided into two treatment groups which were given AFBl ( l(bg/kg. body weight and I5^g/ kg body weight) and 4 DAlt (5 mg and 10 mg/kg. body werght) and a control group 1 ,ach group consisted of thirty six birds Body weigirt, haemognun, clotting time, total serum protein, serum albumin, serum globulin, albumin-globulin ratio, serum aspartate amino transterase, serum alanine amino transferase, serum bilirubin and cytogenetic assay were estimated at periodic intervals T he ducks were subjected to detailed autopsy and histopathology. C, linically, the experimental birds were healthy. Anaemia, leucocytosis and increased blood clotting time were noticed in birds which received I ^g/kg body weight of AFBl and both the dose levels of 4 DAB Total serum protein was reduced in all the treated birds In the aflatoxin group, serum albumin and globulin levels weie decreased Albumin-globulin ratio was increased in ^ tieated buds Serum cuspartate amino transferase level was elevated in birds which received lO^g/kg. body weight of Al Bl and 10 mg/kg body weigl.t olM I/tAB Birds which received AF B1 as wellThesisItem Open Access ANALYSIS OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY INFORMATION IN THE FARM FEATURE PAGES OF LEADING MALAYALAM DAILIES(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES Mannuthy - Thrissur, 2000-08-26) SETHUMADHAVAN., T. P.; . Subhadhra, M.RStudy was a content analysis of animal husbandry information in farm feature pages of four Malayalam dailies, namely Malayala Manorama, Mathrubhoomi, Desabhimani and Deepika, for the period January to December 1999. Variables studied were space provided to different categories of animal husbandry news, modes of presentation, frequency of occurrence of news, seasonality, readability, relevancy and accuracy. Research findings revealed that the studied dailies provided less than one fourth space of farm feature pages for publishing animal husbandry information. Large animal category got more than 50 per cent coverage with three-fourth space occupied by articles on cows. Poultry articles occupied one-fourth space of animal husbandry information of farm feature pages. Where as small animals and pet animals occupied 17 per cent and seven per cent space respectively. News articles occupied maximum column length in all dailies studied. Frequency of occurrence of news articles, illustrations and question answers were found to be more when compared to other modes of presentation. Seasonality studies revealed that more than half the number of dairy articles and one eighth of poultry articles were seasonal. Average readability of dairy articles according to Fog index was 5.45 with more reading easiness. More than 50 per cent of dairy articles were found to be relevant. Just above two-third of scientific messages of dairy articles were accurate, whereas accuracy of general articles were found to be nearly 50 per cent.