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ThesisItem Open Access HEPATO - RENAL PATHOLOGY IN CANINES(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES Mannuthy - Thrissur, 2001) R. LAKSHMI.; Koshy VargheseThe present investigation was undertaken to assess the prevalence and pathology of the liver and kidney disorders in canines. The results of the present investigation and the evaluation of data from the records revealed a high incidence of liver (76 per cent) and kidney (85 per cent) disorders. A detailed systematic examination of one hundred cases of canine carcasses brought for autopsy during the period of investigation was conducted and the gross and histopathological lesions were studied in detail and were classified based on age, sex and breed.Vascular and degenerative changes were the predominant lesions in these organs. The other lesions recorded in the liver were necrosis (15 cases), hepatitis (19 cases), fibrosis (9 cases) and cirrhosis (2 cases). One case each of cholangiocarcinoma, hepatic cyst and adhesion of diaphragm and the liver was encountered in the present study. Among kidney disorders, glomerular lesions were predominant next to vascular and degenerative changes. A total of 59 cases had some lesions in the glomeruli of which, 32 had glomerulonephritis. PGN was the predominant type ofglomerulonephritis. Males had a higher predilection for ii PGN and it was coinmon in animals less than three years of age. MN and MPGN were common in animals more than three years of age. The high incidence of glomerular lesions and their possible causes were discussed. Tubulo-interstitial nephritis was observed in 16 cases. Interstitial nephritis was common in males while bothcases of pyelonephritis were seen in females. Acute interstitial nephritis was seen in animals less than five years of age while all cases of chronic interstitial nephritis was seen in animals more than five years of age. Bacterial isolations were obtained in the liver or kidney or both in only 14 cases. Viral etiology was suspected in two cases where intranuclear inclusionswere seen in the hepatocytes and the glomerular epithelium. The high incidence of vascular lesions without any evidence for infectious etiology in rest of the animals suggested the involvement of some toxic factors. The importance of identifying the specific etiology in these suspected cases of toxic conditions and the need and scope for further studies in these lines were highlighted.ThesisItem Open Access PATHOLOGY OF CARDIO-PULMONARY DISORDERS IN CANINES(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES Mannuthy - Thrissur, 2003) PRADEEP. M.; N VijayanThe present study was undertaken to assess the prevalence and pathology of various cardiac and pulmonary disorders in dogs. The data collected from the autopsy records maintained at the Centre of Excellence in Pathology, Mannuthy and seventy eight samples of heart and lungs from necropsy cases formed the basis of the study. Ninety nine per cent cases showed varying types of cardiac and pulmonary lesions. The highest incidence in the heart was dilated (75.32 per cent) and hypertrophic (15.58 per cent) cardiomyopathies. The other lesions found were hydropericardium, cardiac tamponade, haemorrhage, myocarditis, endocarditis, endocardial fibroelastosis, valvular blood cyst coronary arteriosclerosis and mural thrombus. Myocardial infarction was found to be confined to the left ventricles and interventricular septum in all the encountered cases (5.19 per cent). Pulmonary congestion (70.51 per cent), haemorrhage (32.47 per cent) and edema (31.17 per cent) were observed with higher incidence rate. The other lesions found in the lungs were bronchitis, emphysema, pneumonia, collapse, infarction, mineralization, ossification, anthracosis and endarteritis obliterans. Metastaticosteosarcoma'* in the lungs, metastatic lymphosarcoma in the heart and lungs were also observed. The incidence of cardio-pulmonary disorders encountered was relatively high, fhe need and scope for investigation into the pathological disorders,of the heart and lungs of canines were highlighted.ThesisItem Open Access EFFICACY OF ARGYROPHILIC NUCLEOLAR ORGANIZER REGION COUNT TEST FOR in vivo BIOMATERIAL EVALUATION(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 2001) UMASHANKAR, P. R.; DIVAKARAN NAIR, n.The efficacy of Argyrophilic Nucleolar Organizer Region (AgNOR) Count Test in the evaluation of biomaterial was assessed in this study utilising a reactive (medium chromic catgut) and a non-reactive (polypropylene) material. The materials were implanted into rat gluteus muscle for a duration of seven and 14 days and sham surgery done on a separate group of animals served as the control. The tissue responses such as inflammation, muscle degeneration and peri-implant scar thickness around the reactive and non-reactive implant and the controls at seven and 14 days were studied using H&E and special stains for collagen. Besides this the estimation of collagen of the reactive and non-reactive material implanted tissue was studied. The observations made in this were compared with the fibroblast proliferation response at the respective durations as assessed by the AgNOR count estimation. On histopathological evaluation, the reactive material showed an initial acute inflammatory response with mild fibrosis and collagen deposition which subsequently settled into a chronic form with severe fibrosis and more collagen deposition at the end of 14 days. Non-reactive material elicited an acute inflammation initially (seven days post implantation) which settled into a mild chronic response at 14 days post implantation. Mild fibrosis and less collagen deposition were noticed in the peri-implant area at both the duration. Observations on fibroblast proliferation as assessed by AgNOR count test well correlated to the above findings. The AgNOR counts observed with reactive material at seven days and 14 days were 1.97 ± 0.03 and 2.23 ± 0.02 respectively. The counts for non-reactive material were 1.81 ± 0.01 and 1.67 ± 0.02 at seven and 14 days post implantation respectively. The collagen content of the reactive and non-reactive implanted tissue did not reveal any statistically significant difference as compared with the respective control. From this investigation it was proved that AgNOR count test could be reliably applied for biomaterial evaluation even at seven days duration and it formed a valuable adjunct to the routine method employed in the in vivo evaluation of biomaterials.ThesisItem Open Access IMMUNOPATHOLOGIC AND TOXIC EFFECTS OF ENDOSULFAN IN CHICK EMBRYO(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 2004) KALAI SELVAN., P.; . Divakaran Nair, NThe present study was undertaken to investigate the immunopathologic and toxn. effect of endosulfan in chick embryo. The embryos were exposed to endosulfan ai various dose levels through different routes. The weight of the embryo, bursa, thymus and spleen, histopathology of the lymphoid organs, liver, kidney and brain and quantification of the preformed maternal IgY level in the egg yolk were the parameters analysed to study the effects. CEndosulfan was found to be teratogenic at the given dose levels. Th abnormalities observed were agenesis of beak, crossed beak, short lower beak, eventration of viscera and curled toe. Endosulfan did not cause any significant gross changes in the developing embryos except mild haemorrhages. Endosulfan treatment did not produce any significant reduction in the weight of the embryos as well as the weight of the lymphoid organs. On histopathological examinations endosulfan was found to be nephrotoxic and hepatotoxic to the embryos. Varying degrees of degeneration and necrosis was evident in kidney and liver. Effect on the bursa. thymus and spleen were mild to moderate where in the degenerative changes predominated. Dose dependent increase in the involution process of the thymus as evidenced by increase in the Hassal's zone was observed. The lesions in the developing lymphoid organs reflected that endosulfan is toxic to the systetn and going to affect the immunocompetency by way of immunosuppression and therebx rendering the chicks susceptible to various diseases. The study indicated that the endosulfan treatment did not have any effect on the preformed maternal immunoglobulin level in the egg yolk.ThesisItem Open Access PATHOLOGY OF THE PROSTATE GLAND IN DOGS(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 2004) DHANYA MENON; Vijayan, NThe present investigation was undertaken to evaluate the prevalence and nature of pathological conditions of the canine prostate. A detailed systematic examination of 100 carcasses brought for autopsy during the period of investigation was conducted and the gross and histopathological lesions were studied in detail. The study confirmed prostatic disorders as an age related problem and also warned that involvement of the prostate in concurrent pathological affections of the urogenital system should not be overlooked. Heavy breeds like the German shepherds were found to be the most susceptible to prostatic diseases. An age related increase was also seen in the prostatic weight, circumference and length. Prostatic lesions could be encountered in 49 per cent of the cases. The most common prostatic disease encountered in this study was benign prostatic hyperplasia followed by prostatilis, prostatic atrophy, prostatic adenocarcinoma and squamous metaplasia. Glandular, cystic and complex types of hyperplasia could be observed. The identification of prostatic adenocarcinoma in a castrated dog pointed to the necessity to study the role of extra gonadal sex hormones in prostate carcinogenesis. Escherichia coli and Klebsiella sp. were isolated from cases of prostatitis. Acid phosphatase activity was more for hyperplastic and neoplastic prostates when compared to the normal prostate. This indicated that prostatic acid phosphatase could be used as a marker for the diagnosis of canine prostate cancer both by impression smears and cryostat sections.ThesisItem Open Access PATHOLOGY OF CARDIAC DISORDERS IN CATTLE(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 2002) BISI., T. V.; Sreekumaran, T.The present study was undertaken to assess the preval and pathology of various cardiac disorders in cattle. The dat collected from the autopsy records maintained at the Centre of Excellence in Pathology, Mannuthy and hundred and one stimples of heart obtained from both the slaughtered cattle and necropsy cases formed the basis of the study. Fifty five per cent hearts showed lesions of varying type. The highest incidence was for sarcocystosis (45 per cent). Vascular lesions were present ir 33.8 per cent cases. Other myocardial lesions encountered were myocardial degeneration, myocarditis and other cardiomyopathies of unknown etiology. Endocardia] fibroelastosis and valvular sclerosis were observed in four cases. Valvular and coronary vessel lesions showed correlation with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The incidence of pathological disorders encountered were relatively high. The need and scope for investigation into the pathological disorders of bovine heart were highlightened.ThesisItem Open Access PREVALENCE AND PATHOLOGY OF BRAIN DISORDERS IN CATTLE(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 2003) BALASLBRAMANIAN., M.; DivakaraiTNair, N.The present study was undertaken to assess the prevalence and pathology of various brain disorders in cattle. The data collected from the autopsy records maintained at the Centre of Excellence in Pathology, Mannuthy and fifty-two samples of brain obtained from both the slaughtered cattle and autopsy cases formed the basis of the study. Gross lesions were not so evident except for the meningeal congestion, which accounted to 70 per cent of the cases. Congestion and haemorrhages were found consistently in the slaughtered cattle, which could be attributed to stunning effect. The other major lesions were well appreciated by detailed histopathological examination of ten different areas of the brain in each of the cases. These included vascular changes, neuronal degeneration, inflammatory changes, gliosis, pigmentation and 'neoplasia. Two cases revealed intra neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions of which one was due to rabies and the other was attributedto viral etiology. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy was not found to be present in any of the cases in the present study. Based on the observations made here, it was suggested that diagnosis of rabies by impression smear examination alone is not sufficient and needs examination by FAT or Immunoperoxidase techniques. The incidence of pathological disorders encountered was relatively high. Thus, the need and scope for investigation into the pathological disorders of bovine brain were highlighted.ThesisItem Open Access PATHOLOGY OF DELTAMETHRIN TOXICITY IN CHICK EMBRYO(College of Veterinary and Animal sciences, mannuthy, 2007) ABHIJITH THAMPAN; Dr. N. Divakaran NairThe present study was taken up to investigate the cmbryotoxic and tcratogenic effects of deltamethrin along with the effects on antioxidant mechanisms and on haematological parameters. The weight of the embryo, bursa and spleen, histopathology of liver. kidne_\. brain, heart, spleen, bursa and thymus. antioxidant assax which includes estimation of super oxide dismutase. lipid peroxidation . reduced glulathionc. and haematological parameters such as total ervthrocyte count, total leukocyte count, haemoglobin concentration. . heterophil percentage, lymphocxte percentage and heterophil Ixmphocyte ratio along with blood glucose level were the parameters analysed to stud} the effects. fhc study revealed a dose related increase in the embryo mortality in the treatment groups with a maximum of 18 percent in group VI inoculated with IbOOppm of deltamethrin. Deltamethrin was found to be teratogenic at the given dose levels, fhe anomalies observed were shorter lower beak (prognathism). curled toe. stumpy toes, syndactylism, shortened left limb, edema of the head and crossed beak and live sticky chicks. Deltamethrin did not cause any signil'icant gross lesions in the developing embixos except mild haemorrhages. Deltamethrin did not result in any significanl reduction in the weight of the embiw os or the weight of lymphoid organs. On histopathological examination deltamethrin was found to be hepaioloxic and nephrotoxic which was evident b} varx ing degrees of degeneration and necrosis in lixer and kidnex. Tffect on lymphoid organs like spleen, thymus and bursa xvere mild to moderate xvith predominance of degenerative changes. Dose related changes xvere also observed in the heart xvhich included vacuolar degeneration, thinning of fibres . myolysis and inter muscular haemorrhage. Al the highest dose levels, dellamelhrin caused significant brain lesions like gliosis, dark neurons, spongiform changes, neovascularisalion and ncuronal necrosis. Antio.xidanl assa\ on liver tissue at 200 and 40()ppm dose levels revealed the potent hepatoto.xic effects of deltamethrin mediated through free radicals as indicated b_\ an increase in the lipid peroxidase and decrease in reduced glutathione and super oxide dismutase. Deltamethrin also resulted in significant increase in blood glucose level and reduction in haemoglobin concentration of exposed chicks maintatined for four w eeks.ThesisItem Open Access SYNERGISTIC EFFECT OF ALFATOXIN B1 AND OCHRATOXIN A IN CHICK EMBRYOS(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES Mannuthy - Thrissur, 2001-04-05) JOHN, RONY RAY; Lalithakunjamma, C.R.The present study was taken up to investigate the synergistic effects of the mycotoxins AFBl and OA on chick embryos, the variations in the susceptibility to the toxins both individually and in combination. Embryomortality, teratogenicity and reduced embryonic weight were some of the deleterious effects observed in the inoculated chick embryos. The abnormalities seen were more in the combined toxin treated group and they included stunted embryos, evisceration, herniation of yolk sac, beak abnormalities, cranioschisis and oedema of head and neck. Both the liver and kidney were equally damaged and extensive haemorrhage into the parenchyma of all the organs was the main histological lesion observed in addition to degenerative and necrotic changes. This study showed that mycotoxins deleteriously affect a number of parameters associated with embryonic growth