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M. Sc. Dissertations
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ThesisItem Open Access Studies on the interaction of carbosulfan as seed treatment and fertilizers against root-knot nematode (Meloidogye javanica) in chickpea.(CCSHAU, 2004) Raheja, Sandeep; Gupta, D.CStudies on the interaction of carbosulfan as seed treatment with both the methods i. e. seed dressing and seed dipping and fertilizers against root-knot nematode (M. javanica) in chickpea showed that the carbosulfan as seed treatment in the presence of NPK performed well. Among various doses of carbosulfan as seed treatment, carbosulfan 25 SD @ 3 per cent a. i. w/w as seed dressing significantly proved better as compared to carbosulfan 25 EC @ 0.1 per cent a. i. v/v as seed dipping. NPK at recommended dose significantly improved plant growth characteristics and reduced the number of galls as compared to check. Maximum plant growth characteristics and reduction in number of galls was observed in sandy loam soil as compared to sandy soil. Various interactions of fertilizers, chemicals and soil types were also found significant.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on the prevalence and management of rice root knot nematode, meloidogyne graminicola golden and birchfield, 1965(CCSHAU, 2008) Ram Sharan; Nandal, S.N.An abstract of thesis submitted to the Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of M. Sc. (Ag.) in Nematology). An extensive survey was conducted for the prevalence of Meloidogyne graminicola in the Karnal, Panipat and Sonepat districts of Haryana. The results revealed that all the rice nurseries of these districts were infected with M. graminicola. Maximum occurrence (71.4%) was found in Sonepat district, while in Panipat and Karnal districts 50% and 34.2% rice nurseries, respectively were found infected. An intensive survey was conducted in the rice nurseries of fourteen villages of Kharkhauda block of Sonepat district for the prevalence of M. graminicola. All the rice nurseries in these villages were found infected with this nematode. Frequency of occurrence was recorded to be 62.5% of this nematode in Kharkhauda block. The effect of rhizobacteria, namely Azotobacter chroococcum (103, MSX-9, HT-54 and BNR-6), Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus (CO 99-70, 35-47 and 760-50), Bacillus spp. (91 and 65), Pseudomonas fluorescens and P. maltophila was studied in rice in naturally infested soil with M. graminicola under green house conditions. The results showed that all the rhizobacterial strains except (A. chroococcum strain 103) significantly increased the plant height and weight and reduced the number of galls/plant and nematode over untreated check. Maximum plant height (6.75cm) was recorded in G. diazotrophicus strain 760-50 and Bacillus spp. 91. Similarly, maximum plant weight 0.83g and 0.93g was recorded in both treatments, respectively. However, maximum reduction of nematode population (0.5 and 0.6 times) was observed in G. diazotrophicus strain 760-50 and A. chroococcum strain BNR-6, respectively over untreated check (1.5). The effect of oil cakes of neem and mustard, and leaves of neem and calotropis each @ 1% and 2% w/w as soil application was studied on rice infected with M. graminicola in pots. The results showed that all treatments significantly increased the plant height, weight and reduced number of galls/plant and nematode population of M. graminicola over untreated check except neem cake @ 1% dose. Amongst various plant products, maximum height (9.75 cm) and weight (1.82g) was recorded in mustard cake @ 2%. Similarly, minimum gall numbers (3.25/plant) and maximum reduction (0.4 times) in nematode multiplication was recorded in mustard cake @ 2% dose.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on some ecological factors affecting the multiplication, virulence and survival of entomopathogenic nematodes, steinernema abbasi, elawad et al., 1997 and heterorhabditis indica, poinar et al., 1992(CCSHAU, 2008) Sunanda B.S.; Nandal, S.N.Present study was carried out with the objective to investigate the impact of some ecological factors affecting the multiplication, virulence and survival of entomopathogenic nematodes, Steinerema abbasi and Heterorhabditis indica. The studies on effect of temperature on life cycle of IJs the result revealed that of S. abbasi and H. indica were able to penetrate at temperatures ranging from 20-30ºC. Highest number of IJs penetrated was observed at 25ºC after 24-48 hrs and IJs of S. abbasi and H. indica emerged from Galleria mellonella larvae at 20-30ºC. The studies further revealed that the time (days) taken for emergence of both the nematode species was least at 20ºC and At 25ºC highest number of IJs of S. abbasi (138.89 IJs) and H. indica (137.16 IJs) were emerged. Duration of first and second generation of IJs of S. abbasi was 3-4 days and 7-8 days respectively and for H. indica 3- and 6-10 days respectively. Number of male and female of amphimictic generation was 10.9 : 123.9 and 12.5 : 132.5 observed at 25ºC, S. abbasi and H. indica respectively. Sex ratio (male : female) was 1 : 11.3 – 1 : 14.9 and 1 : 10.6 – 1 : 14.7 S. abbasi and H. indica observed. Observation on longevity were recorded at different temperatures viz. 10, 20, 30 and 40ºC and at different interval viz. 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 days. At 30ºC highest survival of IJs (97.76%) and (88.09%) Steinernema abbasi and H. indica respectively. Longevity IJs at 10ºC and 40ºC was least in both species of nematodes. The studies on effect of aeration on survival IJs the revealed that survival of IJ in aerated condition and non aerated condition was 95.2 and 79.8% observed respectively, but highest survival of IJs in 5000 (IJs/ml) than the 10000 IJs/ml in both species of nematodes. Among nematodes, H. indica survival rate highest in aerated condition then S. abbasi but S. abbasi survival rate highest rate in non-aerated condition than H. indica. The studies on effect of antidesccants on survival of IJs revealed that the maximum survival of IJs was obtained in liquid paraffin in both the nematode species highest survival in (4%) concentration. Lower concentration (1%) of Liquid paraffin, Glycerol and Tween 80 had increased the survival of IJs of both the nematode species. Survival of IJs decreased as time of exposure increased from 7-30 days. The studies on effect of UV light and survival of IJs revealed that addition of optical brighteners, PABA and CRP enhanced the tolerance of both the nematode species to UV light. Among two UV light protectants, Para amino benzoic acid (PABA) provided excellent protection to IJs than Congored Powder (CRP). Among the different concentration of these optical brighteners 0.5% of both PABA and CRP observed highest survival upto 60 minutes exposure to UV light. Among nematodes H. indica was more tolerable to UV light then S. abassi.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on gnotobiology, and effect of sowing dates and varieties of wheat on reproduction of root lesion nematode (Pratylenchus thornei Sher and Allen)(CCSHAU, 2011) K Kranti K V V S; Kanwar, R. S.Investigations were carried out on in vitro culturing of Pratylenchus thornei, and effect of sowing dates and wheat varieties on reproduction of this nematode. In gnotobiology study, carrot discs on 1% water agar and alfalfa callus on MS medium with 4 mg 2, 4-D were compared for culturing P. thornei, by inoculating 40 surface sterilized nematodes per flask. For callus production, 5-day-old seedlings grown aseptically from alfalfa seed sterilized in conc. sulphuric acid for 15-20 min were used. Carrot disc proved better than alfalfa callus technique in having higher nematode multiplication rate (18.01 in carrot disc, 13.25 in alfalfa callus). In date of sowing experiment, December 5 sowing resulted in maximum final nematode population (394) with reproduction factor 1.9. Reproduction factor was 1.0 and 0.6 in November 15 and October 30 sowings, respectively. The nematode reproduction rate increased with the delay in sowing from October 30 to December 5. Of the 20 wheat varieties/lines evaluated for resistance and tolerance, nine varieties/ lines namely AUS 15854, PBW 343, PBW 550, Raj MR1, Raj 3765, Turkey line (CROC 1/AE. SQUARROSA (224)//OPATA), WH 542, WH 896 and WHD 943 were rated as resistant (Rf <1) whereas 11 varieties viz., C 306, DBW 16, DBW 17, PBW 373, UP 2425, WH 147, WH 711, WH 912, WH 1021,WH 1025 and WH 1080 were rated as susceptible (Rf ≥ 1). Varieties PBW 550, UP 2425, Raj 3765, WH 147, WH 912, WHD 943 and WH 1025 were found tolerant and remaining varieties (AUS 15854, C 306, DBW 16, DBW 17, PBW 343, PBW 373, Raj MR1, Turkey line, WH 542, WH 711, WH 896, WH 1021 and WH 1080) were found intolerant. Bread wheat varieties PBW 550 and Raj 3765 and durum variety WHD 943 proved resistant as well tolerant to this nematode.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of some biotic and abiotic factors on the endospore adherence and development of bacterial parasite, Pasteuria penetrans on meloidogyne javanica(CCSHAU, 2011) Jasbit Singh; Walia, R. K.Influence of plant root exudates, and culture filtrates (CFs) of rhizobacteria and fungi on the attachment of Pasteuria penetrans endospores to J2 of Meloidogyne javanica was studied in lab experiments. Soil leachate did not affect the endospore attachment. Endospore attachment increased significantly with time. Brinjal, tomato, chickpea and onion root exudates enhanced endospore attachment. Garden bean root exudates promoted the growth and multiplication of protozoans that decreased the number of leftover endospores drastically. CFs of Azotobacter chroococcum, Gluconoacetobacter diazotrophicus and Providentia rettgeri promoted, while that of Enterobacter cloacae reduced the endospore attachment to J2 of M. javanica. The CFs (autoclaved or not) of soil fungi adversely affected the endospore attachment to nematode juveniles. Studies on attempted in vitro culture of P. penetrans in CFs of rhizobacteria revealed the growth of P. penetrans-like stages (tetrads, diads etc.) only in case of A. chroococcum, E. cloacae and G. diazotrophicus. In a screen-house experiment to study the development of P. penetrans during rabi season, it was observed that the life cycle of host nematode M. javanica was prolonged; although eggs were formed in the genital tracts of females but no egg masses were formed till the end of March. The sporogenesis phase of P. penetrans did not occur in any of the five sets inoculated on different dates. P. penetrans development was restricted to vegetative phase only (microcolonies and thallus stages). The nematode development continued albeit slowly; while that of bacterium failed to synchronize with that of nematode.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on bacterial parasite, pasteuria penetrans (Ex thorne) sayre & starr on root-knot nematode, meloidogyne javanica (Treub) chitwood(CCSHAU, 2012) Matcha, Udaya Kumar; Walia, R.K.Influence of root exudates (REs) and cell free plant root extracts (CFPREs) of brinjal, cowpea, cluster bean, garden bean, okra and tomato was tested on the germination of Pasteuria penetrans endospores. REs and CFPRE of all the plant species did not induce the germination of P. penetrans endospore. In garden bean CFPRE, cauliflower-like colonies similar to P. penetrans were observed in endospore suspension treated with alcohol. In all the treatments rod-shaped lumps of bacteria were evident; they may be contaminants because intact endospores of P. penetrans were also present. Based on a laboratory bioassay, a statistical model was developed for the estimation of P. penetrans endospores in field soils. The regression equation y= 0.045x + 3.779 with R2 = 0.89 was calculated for M. javanica. In a green-house experiment, the role of P. penetrans in the suppression of M. javanica was estimated in naturally infested field soil. Field soil was steam sterilised or treated with formalin/fungicides. Formalin and Bavistin proved to be phytotoxic. P. penetrans alone infected 87.5% nematode females and reduced egg production by ca. ten times. Native fungal and bacteria promoted attachment of P. penetrans endospores but inhibited parasitisation of nematode females by P. penetrans in untreated soil. The development of P. penetrans under open-field and poly-house (ordinary and hi-tech) conditions was studied in winter season. Poly-houses (both ordinary and hi-tech) enabled raising the maximum temperature by 10-12 °C during day time, but there were negligible differences in the minimum temperatures. M. javanica completed it life cycle (females with egg sacs) in 60 days in hi-tech, 70 days in ordinary poly-house and 80 days in open-field conditions. P. penetrans development could not keep pace with that of nematode and it stopped at thallus stage. No mature endospores were found. P. penetrans failed to curtail the reproduction of M. javanica even in hi-tech poly-house, although infection did take place.ThesisItem Open Access Bio-efficacy of bacterial parasite, pasteuria penetrans (ex thorne) sayre & starr application as seed coating and nursery soil treatment against root-knot nematodes, meloidogyne spp(CCSHAU, 2013) Vikaram; Walia, R. K.Four species of Meloidogyne i.e., M. arenaria, M. graminicola, M. incognita and M. javanica were tested for Pasteuria penetrans endospore adherence and development. After 48 hrs, endospore adherance was least in case of M. graminicola and M. arenaria but significantly more in M. javanica and M. incognita. This strain of P. penetrans did not infect M. graminicola, however, development on the other three species was very efficient, and the infection varied from 70-90%. Three experiments were conducted in summer, kharif and winter seasons using cotton, okra and chickpea to test the efficacy of P. penetrans as seed treatment against M. javanica. The results on cotton and chickpea were not significant. However, only during kharif season (mean maximum and minimum temperatures of 34.5° and 26.4° C, respectively) on okra, P. penetrans used @ 4 and 5% as seed coat resulted in significant reduction in root galling, egg production and infection of females. Efficacy of P. penetrans application as nursery soil treatment was tested in two seasons. In kharif season (mean maximum temperature of 34.5° C and the minimum temperature of 26.4° C) higher doses of P. penetrans (8 x 104 and 10 x 104 endospores per g soil) resulted in better seedling germination and improved fresh weight of seedlings. All the doses of P. penetrans caused significant reduction in galling and were also equally effective in suppressing nematode egg production. The two highest doses of 8 x 104 and 10 x 104 caused up to 70% nematode infection. Similar experiment during winter season did not produce any tangible results.ThesisItem Open Access Survey, pathogenicity and management of rice rootknot nematode, meloidogyne graminicola golden and birchfield on rice(CCSHAU, 2016) Puja Devi; Kanwar, R.S.Survey of rice nurseries in four districts viz; Sirsa, Fatehabad, hisar and Jind districts revealed 80.1% infestation of rice root-knot nematode. Light textured soil was more prominent for the rice root-knot nematode M.graminicola. Studies on the pathogenicity of different type soil i.e clay loam, loam and sandy loam soil revealed that clay loam soil resulted maximum plant growth and nematode reproduction and multiplication followed by loam and sandy loam soil, irrespective of the inoculum level. As the inoculum level increased from 1-4 J2/g soil. Plant growth decreased significanty and nematode reproduction and multiplication increased in all the soil types. Pathogenic level of rice root-knot nematode was found 1J2/g soil in all soil types. In host range studies all the varieties of rice, pearl millet, sorghum, weeds and brinjal were susceptible to different populations of M.graminicola, to varying degree on the basis of galling. However, tomato proved to be a non-host for all the populations. More galling and reproduction of Fatehabad and Jorhat populations were reportedon all susceptiblehosts as compared to other three populations. Studies on management of rice root-knot nematode revealed that maximum plant growth was found in sterilized soil as compared infested soil, irrespective of organic amendments. Castor cake @ 10g/kg soil was found to be best in increasing plant growth parameters and decreasing nematode reproduction which was followed by mustard cake @ 10g/kg soil and castor cake @ 5g/kg soil.ThesisItem Open Access Integrated management of root-knot nematode, meloidogyne javanica in hybrid tomato(CCSHAU, 2016) Gurpreet Singh; Verma, K.K.Studies were carried out on integrated management of root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne javanica in hybrid tomato under field conditions. This research endeavor consisted of three pronged strategies in which experimentation was done at nursery stage and under main field conditions at two stages of plant growth and nematode multiplication period. Individual practices of nematode management such as biocontrol agents (Trichoderma viride @ 50 g/m2, Paecilomyces lilacinus @ 50 g/m2, chemicals (carbofuran @ 7 g/m2, cartap hydrochloride @7.5 g/m2) and organic amendments (neem and mustard cake each @ 750 g/m2) were first evaluated in nursery beds and then treated nursery was transplanted in the main field to have integration of these components for better plant growth, yield and minimum nematode reproduction and multiplication. At nursery stage, there were 7 treatments of which the best two treatments, i.e., neem cake and T. viride along with untreated check were combined with three treatments in the main field.(T. viride @ 2.5 kg/ha, carbofuran @ 1 kg a.i./ha along with untreated check) making a total of nine treatments. Observations recorded at the time of transplanting revealed maximum plant growth of seedlings and minimum number of galls in neem cake followed by T. viride. When these treated seedlings were transplanted in M. javanica infested main field, the observations taken at 50 days after transplanting (mid season evaluation experiment) revealed that highest plant growth parameters were observed in neem cake treated nursery when transplanted in T. viride (main field application). Minimum nematode reproduction and multiplication was observed in neem cake (nursery) integrated with T. viride (field) followed by T. viride (nursery) + T.viride (main field). Similarly, when treated seedlings were transplanted in another field which was terminated at harvesting of tomato, it was observed that highest tomato yield was recorded in neem cake at nursery stage integrated with T. viride at main field followed by nursery application of T. viride combined with T. viride (field). Minimum nematode reproduction and multiplication in terms of number of galls, number of egg masses per plant, number of eggs per egg mass and final nematode population in the soil was observed in neem cake (nursery) + T. viride (field) followed by T.viride at nursery integrated with T. viride as main field application. Such studies will lead us to a scenario where management of M. javanica would be possible by integration of ecofriendly, economic and effective components starting from nursery upto main field application in hybrid tomato since the varieties have been replaced by hybrids.