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ThesisItem Open Access Adoption level of package of practices in kinnow orchards of Haryana(CCSHAU, 2011) Gora, Jagan Singh; Sultan SinghThe present investigation entitled Adoption level of package of practices of kinnow orchards of Haryana , was carried out in the blocks of Hisar, Sirsa and Fatehabad districts during the year 2010- 11. A total number of 20 farmers were selected for purpose of investigation. An interview schedule was developed on the basis of recommended package of practices for kinnow production. The adoption score of the farmers ranged from 11 to 32 out of maximum score of 40. The mean adoption score was moderate (21.65). The adoption level of time of planting, planting distance, land preparation and training and pruning practices was comparatively high. Important practices like drip irrigation (40%), plant protection measures (45%), weed control (45%) and intercropping (45%) had very low adoption level. The maximum adoption gap was observed in planting of wind break , post harvest treatment and fruit packaging. The fruit yield and quality were maximum with higher adoption levels . The nutrient status in soil had positive but non significant effect with adoption of package of practices whereas in plant, the nutrient status was significant with adoption level. With higher adoption level of package of practices, the farmers were able to get maximum gross income, benefit and benefit cost ratio. The most serious constraint hampering the kinnow production was citrus decline.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of micronutrients on biochemical constituents in clusterbean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.) seedlings infected with Rhizoctonia species(CCSHAU, 2011) Wadhwa, Neha; Joshi, U.N.The present investigation had been done to study the effect of micronutrients (Zn, Cu and Mn) on biochemical constituents in clusterbean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.) seedlings infected with Rhizoctonia species. The seedlings were grown under eleven different micronutrient treatments, in earthen pots, filled with inoculated soil. The inoculated soil was prepared by the pretreatment of soil with 250mg (wet weight) of Rhizoctonia inoculum. Similar set was maintained in uninoculated soil. Morphological parameters like fresh and dry weight of shoot and root, shoot and root length decreased with infection but increased with micronutrient treatments. Chlorophyll, non-structural carbohydrate and IVDMD content decreased in inoculated seedlings as compared to uninoculated one. Oxidative enzymatic activities (PPO, POX, PAL and TAL), crude protein content, phenolic content and structural carbohydrates (ADF, Cellulose, Lignin and Silica) increased in inoculated seedlings and this increase was further heightened by micronutrient treatments, to counteract the fungal invasion. On the basis of present study, it was concluded that Zn2+ 20ppmThesisItem Open Access Effect of micronutrients on biochemical constituents in clusterbean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.) seedlings infected with Rhizoctonia species(CCSHAU, 2011) Wadhwa, Neha; Joshi, U.N.The present investigation had been done to study the effect of micronutrients (Zn, Cu and Mn) on biochemical constituents in clusterbean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.) seedlings infected with Rhizoctonia species. The seedlings were grown under eleven different micronutrient treatments, in earthen pots, filled with inoculated soil. The inoculated soil was prepared by the pretreatment of soil with 250mg (wet weight) of Rhizoctonia inoculum. Similar set was maintained in uninoculated soil. Morphological parameters like fresh and dry weight of shoot and root, shoot and root length decreased with infection but increased with micronutrient treatments. Chlorophyll, non-structural carbohydrate and IVDMD content decreased in inoculated seedlings as compared to uninoculated one. Oxidative enzymatic activities (PPO, POX, PAL and TAL), crude protein content, phenolic content and structural carbohydrates (ADF, Cellulose, Lignin and Silica) increased in inoculated seedlings and this increase was further heightened by micronutrient treatments, to counteract the fungal invasion. On the basis of present study, it was concluded that Zn2+ 20ppm treatment may be used as soil-nutritive agent to provide resistance in plants against fungal diseases.ThesisItem Open Access Nutritional evaluation and shelf life of fresh and dehydrated oyster mushroom (pleurotus florida)(CCSHAU, 2011) Bora, Parul; Kawatra, AshaThe present investigation was conducted to study nutritional composition of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus florida) and post harvest storage of fresh mushroom in different packs and conditions. Dehydration was done using various methods i.e.oven drying at 40OC, 60OC and sun drying after giving pretreatments including blanching in water, blanching and steeping for 2 minutes in (NaCl + citric acid) solutions. Shelf life of dehydrated mushroom was studied for 90 days. Pleurotus florida was found to contain 91.80 per cent moisture, 27.92 per cent crude protein, 7.82 per cent total ash, 0.72 per cent fat, 11.87 per cent of crude fibre and 47.80 per cent carbohydrates. Total soluble sugars, reducing sugars and non-reducing sugars were 3.01, 0.38 and 2.63 per cent, respectively. ADF and NDF content were 17.82 and 43.22 g/100g, respectively and in vitro protein digestibility was 78.96 per cent. Oyster mushroom content of iron, zinc, manganese, calcium, copper and phosphorus were 11.60, 13.60, 5.46, 1280.33, 3.83 and 1254 mg/100g, respectively. Dehydrated mushrooms and dry vegetable prepared using fresh and dehydrated oyster mushrooms were found to be acceptable organoleptically. Dehydration was found to be an effective method in extending shelf-life of mushroom. Both oven and sun drying produced significant change in moisture, protein, total ash and crude fibre content of Pleurotus florida whereas ADF, NDF and fat content reduced non significantly with increase in storage period. Minerals content of dehydrated oyster mushroom reduced with storage period and difference was found to be significant. Non significant difference was observed in gain in weight with increase in storage period of dehydrated mushrooms while effect on rehydration ratio, rehydration time and brittleness was found to be significant. The stored dehydrated mushrooms dried by different drying methods were found to be organoleptically acceptable throughout the storage period. Oyster mushroom thus can be stored for use in off season without much change in nutrient content and can be utilized in preparation of nutritious recipes for improving the nutrition status of the population of country.ThesisItem Open Access Tissue culture studies in Alfalfa (Medicago sativa Linn.)(CCSHAU, 2011) Rajesh Kumar; Kharb, PusphaIn the present investigation attempts were made to develop an efficient protocol for in vitro plant regeneration in Medicago sativa L. Initiation of callus formation from hypocotyl explants was observed within 13-15 days of culture. Initiation of callus formation from cotyledons explants was observed within 13-15 days of culture. Maximum callus formation was obtained in R3 medium containing MS basal + NAA (1.0 mg/l) + Kinetin (0.3 mg/l). Maximum number of shoots was obtained in R12 medium containing MS basal + NAA (1.0 mg/l) and Kinetin (0.5mg/l). MS basal medium was used for roots induction, roots were observed after 14 days with very good quality.In media R2 (MS basal + NAA 0.1mg/l + 2 IP 1.0 mg/l) and R8 (MS basal +NAA 2.0 mg/l), when shoots were left little longer rooting occurred. After transplantation, 73.3% plants survived and these plants looked normal with no morphological changes in leaf structure and plant type.Thus in the present study, regeneration protocol in Medicago sativa L variety T9 has been developed using hypocotyls and cotyledon explants.ThesisItem Open Access Genetic diversity and correlation analysis for morphological traits and grain yield in advanced lines of bread wheat(CCSHAU, 2011) Sharma, Preeti; Yadava, R.KThe study entitled “Genetic diversity and correlation analysis for morphological traits and grain yield in advanced lines of bread wheat” was conducted during rabi 2009 at CCSHAU, Hisar. The advanced homozygous lines (170 nos.) were undertaken for genetic divergence and for estimate of mutual correlations vis-a-vis path analysis for grain yield with 10 morphological traits namely days to 50 % heading, plant height (cm), peduncle length (cm), spike length (cm), spikelets per spike, number of effective tillers per plant, spike weight (g), weight of grains per spike (g), number of grains per spike, hundred grain weight (g). Coefficient of variation being in the range of 1.40- 8.34 indicated adequacy of material and the traits studied for further estimation of genetic variability parameters. Heritability (broad sense) estimates were quite high for grain yield per plant followed by hundred grain weight and number of effective tillers per plant. Improvement can be realized to an extent ranging from 66 to 30 per cent for grain yield per plant, tillers per plant, hundred grain weight, and grain weight per spike. Highly significant and positive association was observed between grain weight per spike and spike weight. The high direct effects in positive direction for the dependent variable i.e grain yield per plant was recorded for number of effective tillers per plant followed by number of grains per spike, and hundred grain weight. In general, the indirect effects of the characters towards grain yield per plant were low, but the main contributers are tillers per plant, number of grains per spike and hundred grain weight. Hierarchical Euclidean cluster analysis of 170 genotypes into 9 clusters with variable number of advanced lines which indicated the presence of considerable amount of genetic diversity in the material. The average intra- cluster distance between the advanced lines was recorded maximum for cluster IV thereby indicated the presence of more diversity among the genotypes included among these cluster. The inter-cluster distance has been maximum between clusters II vs. VII followed by cluster IV vs. VII and VI vs. VII and was least for cluster I vs. II. The maximum per cent contribution towards the total genetic divergence was indicated for grain weight per spike followed by grain yield per plant, hundred grain weight and plant height. Based on cluster mean, the genotypes that may be promising for the improvement programme in bread wheat are identified as RIL- 91from cluster IV for plant height and number of spikelets per spike. RIL- 31 from cluster VII was found better for number of grains per spike and grain yield per plant. RIL- 45 from cluster VIII could be explored for maximum hundred grain weight and minimum days to 50 per cent heading as well. It is suggested that grain yield can be improved through direct selection for effective tillers per plant, number of grains per spike and hundred grain weight.ThesisItem Open Access Development of educational package on protective clothing(CCSHAU, 2011) Toor, Poonam Preet; Punia, ParveenTextile industry plays a pivotal position in the economy of our country but its role in pollution and threats to its workers, can’t be denied. These work place hazards can be reduced with the use of protective clothing. Educational package may educate the workers and make them aware about health problems, diseases and use of clothing designed for protection against these during working. To achieve the objectives of the study i.e. to prepare an educational package on protective clothing for textile industrial workers and to assess the effectiveness of prepared educational package three mills i.e. namely Delhi Cloth Mill of Hisar, Radhika Mill of Hansi and Gargi Mill of Panipat were selected. The educational package was prepared in Hindi to facilitate learning by the target group. These were evaluated by the experts. Individual pamphlets were prepared for male workers, female workers and male dyers in which occupational health problems and their solutions were described with illustrations. Video film was prepared in various steps like script writing, filming, editing and commentary. Ninety respondents from different sections of the textile industries were educated and knowledge acquisition was measured through pamphlets and video film. Evaluation of the pamphlets and video film on protective clothing for male and female workers was done by the experts. Out of parameters for the evaluation of the content of the pamphlets and video film on protective clothing for both male and female workers of all the sections of textile industry the clarity in the title of the content, usefulness in the body text parameters and in the illustration layout of illustration parameters were found to be highly appropriate and appropriate. The textile industrial workers gained knowledge after exposure to pamphlets and video film. The higher impact was observed through video as compared to pamphlets. Thus it was concluded that the prepared educational packages were effective in imparting knowledge to the target group.ThesisItem Open Access Long-term effect of organic manures and inorganic fertilizers on soil organic carbon and nitrogen fractions in rice-wheat system(CCSHAU, 2011) Kaur, Jasritu; J.P. SinghThirteen years of continuous cropping without any fertilization or with inadequate supply of nutrients in imbalanced manner led to loss of total organic carbon over its initial level in soil. The per cent increase in soil organic carbon was 49.0, 39.2, and 13.7 % over mineral fertilizer treatment (N150P75K75Zn25) in pressmud, farmyard manure and green manure amended treatments, respectively. The content of all four organic carbon fractions increased significantly over control by use of combined application of organic manures with inorganic fertilizers. The pressmud, farmyard manure and green manure amended treatments accumulated significantly higher organic carbon fractions than burnt rice husk and N150P75K75Zn25 treatments. On an average, the heavy fraction carbon constituted the major portion (about 80.7%) of the total soil organic carbon. Continuous rice-wheat cultivation for 13 years without any fertilization was unable to maintain total soil nitrogen level to its original level and resulted in decrease at 8 mg N kg-1 year-1. Likewise, all the N fractions recorded a significant decrease over their initial levels in the soil. The increase in total N content with the application of farmyard manure, pressmud and green manure plus inorganic fertilizer treatments over mineral fertilizer only treatment (N150P75K75Zn25) was 23.1, 34.4 and 7.0%, respectively. All the four hydrolysable N fractions and non-hydrolysable N registered significant increase due to inorganic fertilizers or organic amended treatments over their respective initial status. On an average, amino acid-N, amino sugar-N, ammonia-N and hydrolyzable unknown-N constituted about 27.4, 10.2, 28.2 and 34.2 per cent of the total hydrolysable-N after wheat harvest, respectively. Balanced application of nutrients (N150P75K75Zn25) increased the grain yield of rice significantly as compared to control or inadequate supply of nutrients to rice. Application of FYM along with fertilizers increased rice grain yield by 5.0 q ha-1 over that obtained with mineral fertilizer only treatment (N150P75K75Zn25). The grain yield of rice did not differ significantly among press mud, green manure, burnt rice husk and mineral fertilizer only treatments (N150P75K75Zn25). Application of N75P37.5K37.5Zn25 in green manured plot produced rice grain yield similar to that obtained with N150P75K75Zn25 treatment indicating a saving of approximately 50% of inorganic fertilizers with Sesbania green manuring. The residual effect of FYM, press mud and green manure on the grain yield of succeeding wheat crop was positive but significant effect was observed only for FYM treatment. Among the organic manures treatments, the highest uptake of macro-and micronutrients by rice crop was observed with FYM, followed by green manure and press mud treatments.ThesisItem Open Access An analytical study of agricultural credit advanced by primary cooperative agricultural and rural development bank of hisar(CCSHAU, 2011) Sheoran, Rahul; Mehta, V.P.The objectives of present study were to study the performance of loan advanced by the bank, to examine the loan utilization pattern of the loanee farmers, to study the impact of loan waiver scheme on recovery of credit. Results revealed that the number of membership, borrowings, working capital, loan outstanding, loan advanced, overdues and cost of management of the PCARBD has increased over the study period. The amount of share capital has decreased over the study period. The share of owned funds to total working capital was very small in proportion. The PCARDB is highly dependent on borrowed funds from higher financial institutions for undertaking various credit and service activities. The unit transaction cost increased over time due to increase in cost of management. The major proportions of loans were given to minor irrigation purpose which ranges from 19.34 to 56.09 percent. The amount of overdues and number of defaulters has increased because of the loan waiver scheme. Farmers preferred loan in the form of cash than in kind so as to spend it according to their own requirements. Poor financial position and urgent need compelled the farmers to divert some portion of their loan for some other unspecified purposes. The farmers do not intend to make repayment hoping to get interest or part of principal amount remitted on account of political promises. The irregular payment or no payment shall certainly lead to improper functioning of the bank as these may starve of finance and further lending to needy borrowers affected adversely.