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ThesisItem Open Access Studies on the ecofriendly management of Powdery mildew (erysiphe cruciferarum opiz ex. Junell) of mustard (brassica juncea (linn.) Czern & Coss)(CCSHAU, 2004) Karn Singh; Mehta, NareshPowdery mildew caused by Erysiphe cruciferarum Opiz ex. Junell is one of the important disease of mustard (B. juncea (L.) Czern & Coss) growing all over the India. Disease progression was maximum during mid of March (15-3-04) on all the four varieties in all the three staggering dates of sowing when T. Max. 32.5ºC, T. Min. 12.7ºC, RHM 94.5 per cent, RHE 38.5 per cent, Avp. M 12.30mm, Avp. E 14.30 mm, Wind Speed 2km/hr and Sunshine 8.80 hrs. Disease intensity and AUDPC increased from 48-74 per cent and 326-440 respectively with delay in date of sowing. The apparent infection rate also observed higher during mid of March on all the varieties during first two dates of sowing. In third date of sowing apparent infection rate was maximum after mid of March i.e. 3 days later. Amongst nine varieties evaluated for slow mildewing components, the speck size, no. of specks/leaf, no. of conidia/speck, disease progression and disease intensity were less in the slow mildewing variety GSL-1 as compared to fast mildewing cultivars/varieties such as RH-30, RH-9801, RH-9304 RH-8812, RH-9901, RC-781 and Purple Mutant. The disease did not appear in the variety HC-9603. Maximum yield loss was recorded in the variety RH-9304 (29.47%) followed by RH-9801(26.04%), RH-8113 (23.03%) and RH-30 (19.0%) whereas average yield loss was 24.55 per cent. Among the fifty four varieties/lines tested for resistance against powdery mildew under field conditions, eleven varieties/lines viz. YSPb-24, TH-68, GSL-1, Midas, MNS-9605, HC- 1, HC-2, HC-9605, HC-9603, B. alba and Sinapis alba were observed as resistant, five varieties/line viz. Domo-4, BSH-1, TMH-50, TMH-52 and T-27 as moderately resistant to powdery mildew. Similarly, six varieties/lines such as Vaibhav, Varuna, Kranti, RLM-1359, RL- 198 and B. chinensis were susceptible and all other varieties/lines were moderately susceptible to powdery mildew. Powdery mildew can be effectively controlled by foliar application of Karathane (0.1%), Sulfex (0.2%), Salicylic acid (0.05%) and Nimbicidin (0.15%). Sulfex (0.2%) was most economical in managing the powdery mildew and gave maximum B:C ratio 6.34:1, 8.24:1 in both the varieties RH-9801, RH-9304 respectively. It was followed by Salicyclic acid 2.53:1, 3.24:1 in both the varieties RH-9801 and RH-9304 respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of Cd toxicity and its possible alleviation by putrescine/spermidine and ascorbic acid in Pisum sativum L.(CCSHAU, 2004) Anita Kumari; Sheokand, SunitaThe present investigations were conducted on pea genotype hisar harit to study the accumulation of cd in different plant parts and to evaluate the causes of cd toxicity in relation to antioxidant defence mechanism and its possible amelioration by ascorbic acid and putrescine. in the first experiment plants were grown in dune sand treated with 0, 100, 200 and 400 m cdcl2. Cd caused significant but variable decline in dry weight of all the plant parts, though it accumulated mainly in the roots. in the second experiment the effect of cd on reactive oxygen species (ros) scavenging enzymes was studied. The plants were treated woth 0, 100, 400 and 800 m cdcl2 at the vegetative stage and sampled after 3 and 9 day. Cd induced a significant increase in lipid peroxidation in the leaves and nodules, but had no appreciable effect on total soluble protein and non-protein thiols. A concentration dependent increase in ros production was observed, which could be compensated to some extent by increased activity of sod, apx and cat isoforms in leaves. higher concentrations of cd resulted in a decrease in sod and apx activity could be compensated to some extent by increased catalase activity in the nodules. in the third experiment the effect of ascorbic acid and putrescine on cd induced toxicity in leaves and nodules was studied. Ascorbic acid was more effective in ameliorating the deleterious effects of cd on plant growth, lipid peroxidation and ros production. Among the antioxidant enzymes, asa had a positive effect on apx isozymes in cd treated plants. Among the two putrescine concentration used, the lower concentration of 0.5 mm. Was more effective in ameliorating the toxic effects of cd. Putrescine had a positive effect on catalase and sod isozymes. Key words: Pisum sativum L. , cadmium, antioxidative enzymes, reactive oxygen species(ROS).ThesisItem Open Access Management of mungbean yellow mosaic virus in mothbean [Vigna aconitifolia (Jacq) marechal](CCSHAU, 2007) Sunil Kumar; Gupta, P.P.Mothbean is a major commercial crop of hot arid regions of our country. It is affected by several fungal, bacterial and viral diseases. Among these mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) disease is the most important. Out of 62 genotypes screened against MYMV disease under field conditions and seventeen among them screened under green house conditions only 12 genotypes including one promising resistant check viz., RMM-47-2, RMM-44, GMO-4, RMO-257, RMB-54, CZM-90, HM-61, CZM-12, RMO-435, GMO-13, GMO-9915, CAZRI Moth-1 were found moderately resistant. Second week of June for sowing and spacing 45 cm were optimum in reducing the incidence of MYMV disease and whitefly population. The yield was also maximum (10.33 q/ha) at this conditions. There was positive correlation between disease incidence and whitefly population and yield was negatively correlated with disease incidence and whitefly population. The correlation of disease incidence with weather parameters were found non-significant. Application of phosphorus and potassium (40 kg/ha each) alone reduces the disease incidence from 47.8% (in control, no application of NPK) to 17.8% and 18.3% respectively. Highest reduction in MYMV disease incidence (70.61%), minimum whitefly population and maximum grain yield with respect to 20 kg/ha nitrogen application alone was recorded when N20P40K40 kg/ha were used. The botanical Azadirachtin (Fortune Aza, 5%) was most effective than other botanicals in reducing the MYMV disease incidence (69.43%) and increasing the grain yield (84.56%). This treatment was statistically at par with the application of Endosulfan (0.07% a.i.). Neem oil (5%) was found better next to the Azadiractin in reducing the disease incidence.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on loose smut of barley caused by ustilago nuda (Jens) rostr.(CCSHAU, 2007) Manender Singh; Karwasra, S.S.Investigations were carried out on the management of loose smut disease of barley through chemicals, biological means, plant extracts, sowing dates, and host resistance. The effect of loose smut on barley crop revealed that there was maximum reduction in ear head length up to 60 per cent followed by flag leaf area 45.47 per cent. Among 45 barley varieties/entries screened under artificially inoculated conditions, none was found resistant, while 18 entries were moderately resistant, 6 moderately susceptible, 5 susceptible and 16 highly susceptible against loose smut disease. Out of six fungitoxicants tested as seed treatment Raxil and Vitavax @0.2% were found very effective and provided 100 per cent disease control and superior than Bavistin, Pulsor and Thiram. Four antagonistic micro-organisms namely T. viride, T. harzianum, A. chroococcum and B. subtilis were also tested for biocontrol of this disease. Seed treatment with B. subtilis and T. viride provided maximum disease control i.e. 42.48, 41.29 and 40.69, 38.06 per cent on plant as well as tiller basis, respectively. Among six plant leaf extracts tried against the disease, seed treatment with neem leaf extract was found to be most effective and gave maximum control i.e. 60.69 and 83.51 per cent on both plant and tiller basis. There was minimum disease i.e. 29.16 and 16.33 per cent on plant as well as tiller basis in late sowing as compared to early sown crop i.e. 42.40 and 28.13 per cent.ThesisItem Open Access Integrated management of sclerotinia rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de bary) of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L. czern & coss)(CCSHAU, 2007) Hieu, Nguyen Thanh; Mehta, NareshSclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary is one of the most devastating and cosmopolitan plant pathogen. The pathogen causing stem rot of Indian mustard has been identified as Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. The extracts of Bougainvillea spectabilis (Bougainvillea), Azadirachta indica (Neem) and Allium sativum (Garlic) were significantly effective in checking mycelial growth and sclerotia formation at 50 per cent concentration. Bougainvillea and Garlic extracts were also quite effective in reducing the mycelial growth and sclerotia formation even at 37.5 and 25.0 per cent concentration as compared to control. Optimum irrigation on every 7th day and flooding once in week were significantly better as these treatment produce 4.17 and 4.33 per cent pre and post-emergence damping-off as compared to controls (no irrigation and covered/ no irrigation and un-covered). Optimum irrigation on every 3rd day was best in reducing post-emergence damping-off (15 per cent). Flooding for two consecutive days in a week and optimum irrigation on every 7th day were most effective produce apothecia 18.50 and 19.67/pot, respectively. Minimum lesion length (2.27 cm), disease intensity (41.39 per cent), and disease incidence (48.03 per cent) have been recorded in the treatment where flooding once in a week was provided. Out of three soil types, sandy soil recorded least pre-emergence, post-emergence damping-off, number of apothecia/pot, disease intensity and disease incidence as compared to clay and sandy loam soil. Soil amendment with Bougainvillea and Mehndi leaf were able to reduce the number of apothecia appearance, lesion length and disease intensity. Bougainvillea, Eucalyptus and Jamun leaf amendments were better treatments and contracted disease incidence 36.67, 36.67, and 40.0 per cent, respectively, as compared to control. All cakes/organic manures were significantly reduced number of apothecia production in pots. Poultry manure was most effective and significantly better in reducing lesion length and disease intensity. Isolates of Trichoderma harzianum-3, T. harzianum-4 and Bacillus subtillis were most potent in decreasing the linear growth and number of apothecia production in in vitro conditions. T. harzianum was quite effective in reducing lesion length and disease intensity when applied simultaneously and seven days prior to the pathogen. Antagonist @ 15 g wheat bran/kg soil was better in reducing damping-off, lesion length and disease intensity as compared to 5 g and 10 g. The interaction i.e. attachment, coiling, penetrated and degradation of host wall of the pathogen between antagonists and pathogen was observed under microscope. INA, SA seed treatment or spray @ 100 ppm could reduce seedling mortality, lesion length, disease intensity and disease incidence.ThesisItem Open Access Epidemiology and management of anthracnose of bottlegourd caused by colletotrichum lagenarium (Pass.) ellis and halsted(CCSHAU, 2006) Bal Mukund; Gupta, AnilIn epidemiological studies on the development of anthracnose of bottlegourd caused by Colletotrichum lagenarium emphasis was on the initiation and progression of the disease in relation to the weather variables and spore load in the field. The present study revealed that the severity of the disease increased with the increase in inoculum load and it was observed that spore concentration of 105 spore/ml produced maximum disease severity (31.05%). Age of the leaves also played an important role in the development of the disease as disease severity increased in leaves upto the age of 35 days thereafter it declined. Leaf wetness for 24 hours provided maximum disease severity (62.92%), whereas leaf wetness beyond 24 h had further no effect on severity. Relationship has also been worked out on spore population, weather parameters and disease development. Disease development was directly proportional to the spore production in the field. Further, temperature (maximum) in the range of 34-34.60C, temperature (minimum) 17.5-18.80C, relative humidity (morning) 82-92 per cent and relative humidity (evening) 29.6-47.7 per cent were congenial for both spore production and disease development. The regression coefficient of the disease severity and spore population with weather parameters revealed that temperature (minimum) and relative humidity (evening) are major contributing factors which could predict 88 of disease and 58 per cent of the spore population respectively. It was also seen that the observed values of disease intensity and spore population were close to the predicted value. The effect of bioagents on mycelial growth of Colletotrichum lagenarium by dual culture technique revealed that Trichoderma viride gave maximum inhibition of 59 per cent. Among various plant extracts evaluated for spore germination inhibition, neem leaf extract gave maximum 58.43 per cent inhibition. Similarly by poison food technique, neem extract gave maximum inhibitory effect on the mycelial growth (79.43%) of the fungus, which was at par with mancozeb at 0.1 per cent concentration. Under field condition foliar spray with neem leaf extract at 50% concentration gave significantly higher disease control (79.2%) as compare to control and it was at par with mancozeb (0.1%).ThesisItem Open Access Bioefficacy of Trichoderma spp. in controlling root rot of cotton caused by rhizoctonia solani kühn(CCSHAU, 2007) Mahalaxmi Kumari; Hooda, IndraRoot rot of cotton (Gossypium spp.) caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kühn is one of the most serious disease in irrigated areas of Punjab and Haryana. In the present investigations an effort was made to screen local isolates of Trichoderma spp. against R. solani and their integration with fungicides Bavistin and Emisan and herbicides Trifluralin and Stomp in controlling root rot of cotton under screen house conditions. Seven isolates of Trichoderma spp. were evaluated against R. solani in vitro. In dual culture, T. harzianum-I was most effective as it caused maximum growth inhibition (75.37%) of the pathogen. In culture, T.viride-IV produced maximum amount of volatile metabolites whereas T.viride-III produced maximum amount of non- volatile metabolites. Mycelial growth rate of Trichoderma spp. was not correlated with the amount of metabolite produced. During interaction studies the intensecoiling of T. harzianum and sparse coiling of T. viride around R. solani hyphae were observed. Dissolution of protoplasmic content of R. solani hyphae by all the Trichoderma spp. was also observed. Complete lysis and distortion of R. solani hyphae was shown by T. virens. All the seven isolates and pathogen were screened for their compatibility with three fungicides Bavistin, Emisan and Copper oxychloride and two herbicides Trifluralin and Stomp under in vitro conditions. Among the three fungicides Bavistin had more toxic effect on Trichoderma spp. than pathogen R.solani. While Emisan and Copper oxychloride caused more inhibition to pathogen than antagonists. At higher concentration (500 g a.i/ml) all the three fungicides completely inhibited the growth of pathogen as well as antagonists. The herbicides Trifluralin and Stomp had greater impact on growth of R.solani than Trichoderma spp. Seven isolates of Trichoderma spp. were evaluated as seed and soil treatment in controlling root rot of cotton caused by R. solani under green house conditions during summer and rainy season. Soil treatment with antagonists was better than seed treatment. T.viride-II was most effective among all the isolates in controlling the disease. Therefore, it was used in integrated disease management studies. Three different talc based formulations of T.viride-II were prepared, tested and compared with their respective fresh cultures in controlling the disease. Pellets formulation gave maximum disease control than others. However, fresh cultures were more effective than formulated products. Integration of T.viride-II with half the recommended dose of Bavistin and Emisan gave maximum disease control i.e 78.59 and 71.53 per cent respectively. In integration, Trifluralin reduced the disease controlling efficacy of Trichoderma and also reduced the seedling length of cotton. Stomp had no adverse effect on Trichoderma and cotton plants.ThesisItem Open Access Epidemiology and management of soybean root rot caused by rhizoctonia solani kuhn(CCSHAU, 2007) Kakhandaki, Annasab; Hari ChandThe studies on “Epidemiology and management of soyabean Root rot caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn.” was carried out under in vitro conditions during 2005-06. Inoculum amount @ 3 g/lit. of water induced maximum disease severity (35.23%). Seven days old inoculum was found more virulent (48.23% disease severity) among the others (3, 5, 10 and 12 days old). Plants younger in age (7 days) were found more susceptible to the pathogen (54.38% disease severity). Minimum disease severity was recorded in treatment N15P24. It reduced the disease from 26.43% in control to 17.66%. FYM gave 5.39% reduction in disease severity as compared to control. None of the genotypes screened against the pathogen in screen house and in laboratory by tissue culture method, was found resistant to the disease. Minimum disease severity (20.33%) was observed in the genotype SH40. Among the four bio-agents tested for the control of disease under screen house conditions Trichoderma viride was found to be the most effective which reduced disease severity from 52.56% in control to 17.89%. In dual culture method of testing bioagents also T. viride gave highest reduction in radial growth (79.33 percent inhibition and percent overlapping was 67.22). Among the five organic amendments tested for the control of root rot Neem was found to be most effective. It reduced the disease from 52.48% in control to 25.44%.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on stem rot (Sclerotinia trifoliorum erikss.) of Egyptian clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.)(CCSHAU, 2008) Pande, Punya Prasad; Rathi, A.S.An abstract of the thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of M.Sc. (Ag.) in Plant Pathology of the CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar). Present investigations were undertaken to find out the viability of sclerotia of Sclerotinia trifoliorum Erikss. and management of stem rot through cultural practices, varietal resistance, bio-agents and organic amendments. Viability of sclerotia (germination percentage) was found reduced with the increase in soil depth and duration of burial both under screen house and field conditions. None of the sclerotia germinated when placed below 5 cm for six months in comparison to 82.5 per cent germination at 7.5 cm depth after one month of burial in soil under field condition. Early sowing of Egyptian clover i.e. in the first week of Oct resulted in the higher disease incidence (62.5 %) lowest green fodder (278.7 q/ha) and seed yield (0.96 q/ha) as compared to the normal and late sown crop. Growing maize as preceding Kharif crop significantly reduced stem rot incidence by 46.7 per cent and increased green fodder and seed yield by 52.2 and 47.5 per cent respectively as compared to fallow treatment. Planting sorghum and pearl millet as preceding kharif crops also significantly reduced stem rot incidence and increased the yield parameters in Egyptian clover. Two indigenous Egyptian clover genotypes viz., HFB 700 and IB-1 showed resistant reaction (<5 % disease incidence) while five indigenous viz., HFB 119, HFB 100-1, HFB 33, HFB 4-9 and HB-1 and two exotic genotypes viz. EC 253482 and EC 253484 showed moderately resistant reaction (<10% disease incidence). Soil application of Trichoderma viride (4 kg) mixed along with FYM (60 kg/ha) before sowing significantly reduced the stem rot incidence by 46.3 per cent and increased the green fodder and seed yield by 43.6 and 53.6 per cent respectively as compared to control. Seed treatment with carbendazim (2 gm/kg) and salicylic acid solution (0.02%) both for seed soaking and spray significantly reduced the stem rot incidence and increased the green fodder and seed yield over control respectively.
