Loading...
M. Sc. Dissertations
Browse
12 results
Search Results
ThesisItem Open Access Phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of leaves, bark and seeds of chinese rain tree (Koelreuteria elegans)(CCSHAU, 2016) Parveen Kumari; Khabiruddin, M.The present study was undertaken for phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of bark, leaves and seeds of Chinese rain tree (Koelreuteria elegans). The plant materials were collected from the university campus CCS, Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. After cleaning, these were dried in shade and ground to fine powdered form. Ash content, crude fibre, crude protein, carbohydrates, energy value and minerals (Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe), analysed in the seeds, were found to be 1.3±0.1 %, 10.3±0.6 %, 19.5±0.6 %, 36.8±1.5 %, 627.3±6.6 KJ/100g respectively and Zn content was found to be 55.0±1.4 ppm, Cu content was 175.0±3.5 ppm, Mn content was 606.0±28.3 ppm and Fe content was 519.0±16.5 ppm. Moisture content and oil content were 7.1±0.2 % and 25.0±0.2 % respectively. Peroxide value, iodine value, saponification value, unsaponifiable matter and free fatty acids in the seed oil, were found to be 1.8±0.1 meq/kg, 90.9±1.2 g of I2/100 g oil, 198.1±0.2 mg/g KOH, 4.3±0.1 % and 1.2±0.02 as % oleic acid. Total phenols, total carotenoids and total tocopherol in the oil were found to be 2.8±0.04 mg GAE/g, 15.1±0.3 mg/kg and 34.7±1.8 mg/100g respectively. Total flavonoids were in traces. The fatty acid composition of the oil was found as palmitic acid (4.9±0.2 %), oleic acid (22.8±0.1 %), linoleic acid (9.7±0.2 %), arachidic acid (54.8±0.2 %) and behanic acid (1.3±0.1 %). Total phenols in methanol extract of bark, leaves and seed cake were found to be 99.3±1.2 mg GAE/g, 109.1±2.5 mg GAE/g and 60.0±0.1 mg GAE/g respectively. Total flavonoids in the methanol extract of bark, leaves and cake were found to be 26.9±0.4 mg CAE/g, 36.3±0.2 mg CAE/g and 10.0±0.06 mg CAE/g respectively. Antioxidant activity of the extracts were determined by DPPH free radical scavenging method and was found to be 96 % at conc. of 0.06 mg/ml in the bark extract and 95 % at conc. of 0.07 mg/ml in the leaf extract and 93 % at conc. of 0.07 mg/ml in the seed cake extract respectively. EC50 was 0.023±0.002 mg/ml for bark extract, 0.022±0.002 mg/ml for leaf extract and 0.025±0.01 mg/ml for the seed cake extract respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Antioxidant activity of phenolics and flavonoids fractions of bark of babul (Acacia nilotica) and arjun (Terminalia arjuna)(CCSHAU, 2016) Pravesh; Madan, V.K.The present study was undertaken to study the effect of extraction techniques on total phenolics, flavonoids and antioxidant activity of bark of babul (Acacia nilotica) and arjun (Terminalia arjuna). Methanolic extracts were obtained by cold and hot extraction techniques followed by liquidliquid partitioning of methanolic extracts with various solvents (hexane, dichloromethane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and butanol). Extract yield of methanolic extracts of bark of babul and arjun obtained by hot extraction technique (10.889 to 12.623 g/100g) was higher in comparison to cold extraction technique (6.528 to 7.396 g/100g). Similarly, extract yield of various solvent fractions of aqueous layers of methanolic extracts of bark of babul and arjun obtained by hot extraction technique (0.027 to 2.177 g/100g) was higher in comparison to cold extraction technique (0.011 to 2.523 g/100g). Total phenolics content in methanolic extracts of bark of arjun and babul obtained by hot extraction technique (45.377 to 49.380 mg GAE/g) were higher in comparison to cold extraction technique (13.251 to 32.926 mg GAE/g). Similarly, total flavonoids content in methanolic extracts of bark of arjun and babul obtained by hot extraction technique (15.071 to 18.895 mg CE/g) were higher in comparison to cold extraction technique (4.353 to 10.752 mg CE/g). In various solvent fractions of aqueous layers of methanolic extracts of bark of babul obtained by both extraction techniques, total phenolics and total flavonoids contents were highest in ethyl acetate fraction followed by butanol, residual aqueous, dichloromethane, chloroform and hexane fractions. In various solvent fractions of aqueous layers of methanolic extracts of bark of arjun obtained by both extraction techniques, total phenolics and total flavonoids contents were highest in residual aqueous fraction followed by butanol, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, chloroform and hexane fractions. The lower values of IC50 represent higher DPPH free radical scavenging activity. Amongst extraction techniques, methanolic extracts of bark of babul and arjun obtained by hot extraction technique exhibited higher antioxidant activity (IC50 67.7 and 134.8 μg/mL) in comparison to cold extraction technique (IC50 71.7 and 180.5 μg/mL). In various solvent fractions of aqueous layers of methanolic extracts of bark of babul obtained by both extraction techniques, ethyl acetate fraction exhibited the highest antioxidant activity (IC50 24.9 and 35.2 μg/mL) followed by butanol, residual aqueous/dichloromethane, chloroform and hexane fractions. In various solvent fractions of aqueous layers of methanolic extracts of bark of arjun obtained by both extraction techniques, ethyl acetate fraction exhibited the highest antioxidant activity (IC50 27.7 and 38.1 μg/mL) followed by butanol, residual aqueous, chloroform, dichloromethane and hexane fractions.ThesisItem Open Access Synthesis and studies on some carbamates as potential nematicidal agents(CCSHAU, 2011) Sumona Kumari; Rajvir SinghThe extensive use of pesticides together with synthetic fertilizers has caused a very rapid increase in agriculture productivity since last many years. But threat is still persist from several diseases caused by different insects/pests because one third of crops are lost due to these pests and diseases. Among different pests, the plant parasitic nematodes cause significant losses in major crops in India. So the reduction of losses caused by these pests is obvious strategy to increase food supply. The nematodes, a tiny worm like creature mainly feed on roots and take their nutrition from plant cell cytoplasm. Among nematodes, Meloidogyne javanica is most common species of root-knot nematode worldwide. Except insecticides, there is no specific, effective and cheap nematicide available on which one can depend to control nematodes. Also the use of these chemicals creating environmental problems and hazards to non-target organisms.The biological activities shown by carbamates, their importance as agrochemicals and as a part of our ongoing new nematicide development programme, a series of 3- (substitutedphenyl)-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-propen-1-one(14-25), substituted 2H-1-benzopyran-2-one (42-45) and their derivatives carbamates (47-51) were synthesized. The chemical structures of newly synthesized compounds were elucidated by IR, 1HNMR, and other physical and analytical data. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for their nematicidal activity against root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne javanica). The bioactive assay showed that compound 45 among 42-45 and compound 47-51 were most toxic to nematodes and showed 100 % mortality at all concentrations (upto 7.5 ppm). The compounds showed spectacular prospects for further research and use in the field. The findings suggested that the chalcone and coumarin framework is an attractive template for synthesis of nematicides. These compounds needs further exploration for their possible use as nematicides and deserve further investigation.ThesisItem Open Access Chemical composition and antioxidant activities of flax (Linum usitatissimumL.) and chandrasur (Lepidium sativumL.) seed(CCSHAU, 2012) Punia, Jyoti; Khabiruddin, M.The approach of phytochemicals in medicinal plants is mainly concentrated on their role in preventing diseases, caused as a result of oxidative stress. Oxidative stress releases free oxygen radicals in the body which has been implicated in a number of degenerative diseases. The high content of polyphenolic compounds and flavonoids in various medicinal plants act as antioxidant against oxidative stress and scavenge free radicals. The seeds of both Linum usitatissimum (Flax) and Lepidium sativum (Chandrasur) have been found to possess antioxidant activity. So the aim of this study was to evaluate the total phenols, flavonoids and mineral content in the seed extracts and to evaluate the contribution of these compounds for antioxidant activity by three methods: 2, 2’-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method, Ferric Thiocyanate method (FTC) and β-carotene bleaching test (BCBT). The seeds of Flax and Chandrasur were first extracted with hexane and then with acetone, ethyl alcohol and water separately. The total phenolics and flavonoids content of acetone extract of Chandrasur was found to be maximum with the values of 414 mg GAE/g total phenols and 400 mg CAE/g flavonoids content. In case of Flaxseed (Hisar), according to DPPH method, antioxidant activity of acetone extract was found to be maximum that is 67.15% while by FTC method, it was maximum for ethanol extract that is 62.49% and by β-carotene method, it was maximum for water extract that is 81.25% at a concentration of 0.5 mg/ml of the extract. In case of Flaxseed (Rajmahal hills), according to DPPH method, antioxidant activity of acetone extract was found to be maximum that is 79.29% while by FTC method, it was maximum for ethanol extract that is 71.42% and by β-carotene method, it was maximum for water extract that is 83.06% at a concentration of 0.5 mg/ml of the extract. In case of Chandrasur, according to DPPH method, antioxidant activity of acetone extract was found to be maximum that is 92.36% while by FTC method, it was maximum for water extract that is 71.43% and according to β-carotene method, antioxidant activity of acetone extract was found to be maximum that is 82.00% at a concentration of 0.2 mg/ml of the extract. In the case of seeds of Flax (Hisar), (Rajmahal hills) and Chandrasur, out of the three extracts with acetone, ethanol and water, acetone extracts in general show maximum antioxidant activity and can be used as antioxidant in foods and medicines.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on chemical composition and antioxidant activity of amla (phyllanthus emblica L.) and jamun [syzygium cumini (L.) skeels] fruits(CCSHAU, 2012) Gunjan; Madan, V.K.Oxidants and antioxidants in humans beings are maintained properly in a normal physiological state, and overproduction of oxidants in certain conditions such as smoking, hazardous environmental exposure or infectious diseases can cause oxidative stress leading to oxidative damage to biomolecules and cells. The indigenous tropical fruits of India like Amla (Phyllanthus emblica L). and Jamun [Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels] are rich in nutritional and medicinal properties which play an essential role in prevention of diseases. In our present studies, total phenols, flavonoids and ascorbic acid in amla and jamun fruits were estimated using acetone, ethanol and distilled water as solvents. Total phenols were estimated by Folin Cio-calteu method, flavonoids by aluminium chloride colorimetric method and ascorbic acid by titrimetric method which is based on the reduction of 2,6-dichlorophenol indophenol (2,6-DCPIP). The antioxidant activity of different extracts of these fruits was evaluated by two different methods viz; 2, 2’-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging method and β-carotene bleaching method (BCBT). Highest amount of phenols on fresh weight basis (f.w.b) was found in acetone extracts (39.05 mg GAE/g f.w.b.) followed by ethanol extracts (24.39 mg GAE/g f.w.b.) and water extracts (18.54 mg GAE/g f.w.b.). Flavonoids content was highest in water extracts (1.24 mg CE/g f.w.b.) followed by ethanol extracts (0.92 mg CE/g f.w.b.) and acetone extracts (0.83 mg CE/g f.w.b.). Like flavonoids, ascorbic acid content was also highest in water extracts (69.87 mg/100g f.w.b.) followed by ethanol extracts (65.60 mg/100g f.w.b.) and acetone extracts (39.56 mg/100g f.w.b.). Similar trends were observed for total phenols, flavonoids and ascorbic acid on dry weight basis (d.w.b.). Free radical scavenging activity by DPPH method was observed to be highest in ethanol extracts i.e. 88.27 % followed by 81.60 % in acetone extracts and 62.97 % in water extracts. Similarly, antioxidant activity shown by β-carotene bleaching method was highest in ethanol extracts i.e. 76.71 % followed by 67.45 % in acetone extracts and 55.00 % in water extracts. Amongst two methods used for evaluating antioxidant activity, it was observed that DPPH free radical scavenging activity of various extracts of amla and jamun fruits ranged from 74.43 – 80.90 % and antioxidant activity by β-carotene bleaching method was lower in comparison to DPPH free radical scavenging activity and it ranged from 61.06 – 71.01 %. From the present studies, it was found that DPPH free radical scavenging method is more efficient in comparison to β-carotene bleaching method for evaluating antioxidant activity. Amongst amla and jamun, amla contained higher amounts of total phenols, flavonoids and ascorbic acid and also showed higher antioxidant activity. Hence, amla can be used as a better source of antioxidants.ThesisItem Open Access Phytochemical studies and antioxidant activity of ashwagandha (Withania somnifera L.)(CCSHAU, 2015) Gulati, Susheel; Madan, V. K.The present study was undertaken for phytochemical studies and antioxidant activity of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera L.) roots of promising genotypes viz. HWS-08-14, HWS-08-18, HWS-1228, HWS-1229 and Selection-2B & varieties JA-20 and RVA-100 grown at Research Farm of Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. Chemical parameters viz. crude fibre, minerals (Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn), starch, total sugars, reducing sugars, non-reducing sugars were analysed in ashwagandha roots. Crude fibre ranged from 17.4 to 37.3%, Fe content range d from 595.83 to 983.33 ppm, Cu content ranged from 8.40 to 13.72 ppm, Zn content ranged from 16.33 to 41.00 ppm and Mn content ranged from 16.80 to 33.46 ppm. Starch, total sugars, reducing sugars and non-reducing sugars content ranged from 7.61 to 8.22 mg/g, 5.33 to 6.89 mg/g, 0.40 to 0.64 mg/g and 4.87 to 6.33 mg/g, respectively. Phytochemical parameters viz. total alkaloids, tannins, total phenolics and total flavonoids were also analysed. Total alkaloids and tannins content ranged from 0.26 to 0.31% an d 0.66 to 0.84 mg/g, respectively. Total phenolics and flavonoids were extracted with two solvents namely aqueous and ethanol. Extract yield of aqueous extracts of ashwagandha roots ranged from 7.32 to 13.65 g/100g in comparison to ethanol extracts ranging from 2.66 to 4.84 g/100g showing that aqueous extracts had higher extract yield than ethanol extracts. Total phenolics content (mg GAE/g) in aqueous extracts of ashwagandha roots ranged from 2.41 to 5.37 mg GAE/g d.w.b. and in ethanol extracts ranged from 1.70 to 3.36 mg GAE/g d.w.b. Total flavonoids content (mg CE/g) in aqueous extracts of ashwagandha roots ranged from 0.64 to 1.10 and in ethanol extracts ranged from 0.96 to 1.59 mg CE/g d.w.b. DPPH free radical scavenging activity (%) increased with increase of concentration levels. In aqueous extracts, DPPH free radical scavenging activity of genotype HWS-08-14 was highest ranging from 10.40 to 90.34 (IC 50 1140.5 µg/mL) followed by genotype HWS-08-18 ranging from 6.72 to 87.39 (IC 50 1385.7 µg/mL), genotype HWS-1229 ranging from 7.40 to 76.30 (IC50 1497.8 µg/mL), genotype Selection-2B ranging from 7.23 to 75.49 (IC 50 1856.5 µg/mL), genotype HWS-1228 ranging from 2.09 to 77.64 (IC 50 2463.2 µg/mL) in comparison to varieties JA-20 ranging from 2.82 to 87.32 (IC 50 1578.6 µg/mL) and RVA-100 ranging from 4.47 to 77.27 (IC 50 2615.9 µg/mL) at concentrations levels 100 to 5000 µg/mL. In ethanol extracts, DPPH free radical scavenging activity of genotype HWS-1229 was highest ranging from 5.98 to 72.84 (IC 50 1507.1 µg/mL), genotype HWS-08-14 ranging from 1.98 to 85.11 (IC 50 1533.9 µg/mL), genotype HWS-08-18 ranging from 2.73 to 76.59 (IC 50 1627.9 µg/mL), genotype Selection-2B ranging from 1.54 to 72.80 (IC 50 2632.3 µg/mL) genotype HWS-1228 ranging from 1.40 to 68.01 (IC 50 2648.1 µg/mL) in comparison to varieties JA-20 ranging from 2.48 to 82.27 (IC 50 2384.1 µg/mL) and RVA-100 ranging from 1.42 to 72.22 (IC 50 3307.9 µg/mL) at concentrations levels 100 to 5000 µg/mL. Among aqueous and ethanol extracts, aqueous extracts contained higher amounts of total phenolics and also exhibited higher antioxidant activity. Hence, aqueous extracts of ashwagandha roots are better source of antioxidants in comparison to ethanol extracts.ThesisItem Open Access Persistence and Leaching Behaviour of Premix Formulation of Imazethapyr and Imazamox in Soil(CCSHAU, 2015) Dimple Rani; Duhan, AnilA laboratory experiment was conducted in Agrochemicals Residues Testing Laboratory, Department of Agronomy, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University to study the persistence behavior and leaching potential of imazethapyr and imazamox residues in loamy sand and clay loam soil. Imazethapyr and imazamox (Odyssey 70 WG) herbicides at single and double dose, i.e., 70 and 140 g a.i./ha, was applied in soil taken in plastic pots. Soil samples were collected periodically on 0 (1h), 1, 3, 7, 10, 15, 30, 45, 60 and 90 days after treatments. In leaching experiment, imazethapyr and imazamox were applied as 50 (single dose) and 100 (double dose) μg in both soils packed in plexi glass columns. Residues were estimated by GC-MS-tandem mass spectrometry equipped with capillary column. Per cent recoveries at fortification level 0.003 and 0.006 μg/g in both soils were more than 80 per cent depicting validity of methods used for present studies. Limit of detection and quantification were 0.001 and 0.003 μg/g, respectively for both soils. Dissipation followed a first order kinetics with a half-life of 28.97 and 39.84 days for imazethapyr and 19.56 and 29.54 days for imazamox in loamy sand soil and in case of clay loam, 34.97 and 43.26 days for imazethapyr and 23.52 and 34.31 days for imazamox at both the doses, respectively. Up to 90th DAT, complete degradation of residues was not observed in any of the treatment. Leaching experiment was carried out in laboratory under both continuous and discontinuous flow conditions. The residues of imazethapyr were retained up to soil depth of 15-20 and 20-25 cm and of imazamox up to soil depth of 15-20 cm in loamy sand soil and in case of clay loam, retention of imazethapyr residues were up to soil depth of 10-15 and for imazamox up to soil depth of 10-15 and 15-20 cm under continuous flow conditions at both doses, respectively. Under discontinuous flow, movement of residues was quite slow and most of residues were retained up to soil depth of 10-15 and 15-20 cm in both types of soil under both doses, respectively. The residues of imazethapyr and imazamox were not detected in any of the leachate fractions of soil and doses, hence considered safe for ground water.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on quality characteristics of sesame and sunflower oil and their seed cake(CCSHAU, 2014) Gagan Rani; Khabiruddin, M.Antioxidant compounds in food play an important role as a health protecting factor. Scientific evidence suggests that antioxidants reduce the risk for chronic diseases including cancer and heart disease. The main characteristic of an antioxidant is its ability to trap free radicals. These free radicals may oxidize nucleic acids, proteins, lipids or DNA and can initiate degenerative disease. In the present studies, two varieties HT-1 HT-2 of Sesame and hybrid HSFH-848 of Sunflower were studies for oil content and their physical and chemical characteristics, phenolic extracts of the oil and methanolic extract of the defatted seed cake and antioxidant activity of their extracts by DPPH method. It was found that phenolic extract of the oils as well as the methanolic extract of the defatted seed cake showed high antioxidant activity. The methanolic extract of the seed cake of hybrid HSFH-848 showed highest antioxidant activity and may be used as antioxidant in food, feed as well as in functional foods.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of solvents on extraction of various phytochemicals in carrot (Daucus carota L.) and coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) and their antioxidant activity(CCSHAU, 2014) Jangra, Satya Shree; Madan, V.K.Extraction of phytochemicals from a plant material can be carried out using different solvents. The present study was undertaken to study the effect of solvents on extraction of various phytochemicals and their antioxidant activity in carrot (Daucus carota L.) variety Hisar-Gairic and coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) varieties viz. DH-5 and DH-36 developed by CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. Total phenolics, flavonoids, carotenoids and ascorbic acid in carrot and total phenolics, flavonoids, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b in coriander were extracted with three solvents namely acetone, ethanol and water. In carrot, extract yield (g/100g) was highest in ethanol extract (6.23) followed by acetone (4.03) and water (1.89) extracts. In coriander also, extract yield (g/100g) was highest in ethanol extracts (2.59-3.35) followed by acetone (2.22-2.45) and water (1.99- 2.43) extracts. Total phenolics content (mg GAE/g f.w.b.) in carrot was highest in water extract (0.30) followed by ethanol (0.12) and acetone (0.06) extracts. In coriander also, total phenolics content (mg GAE/g f.w.b.) was highest in water extracts (0.86-1.09) followed by ethanol (0.76-0.89) and acetone (0.62-0.75) extracts. Flavonoids content (mg CE/g f.w.b.) in carrot was highest in acetone extract (0.31) followed by ethanol (0.21) and water (0.10) extracts. In coriander also, flavonoids content (mg CE/g f.w.b.) was highest in acetone extracts (1.17-1.27) followed by ethanol (1.03-1.15) and water (0.36-0.47) extracts. Carotenoids content (mg/100g f.w.b.) in carrot was highest in acetone extract (3.46) followed by ethanol (0.56) and water (0.07) extracts and ascorbic acid content (mg/100g f.w.b.) in carrot was highest in water extract (4.92) followed by ethanol (1.86) and acetone (0.83) extracts. Chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b contents (mg/g f.w.b.) in coriander were highest in DMSO : acetone (1:1) extract (1.50 and 0.48) followed by ethanol extract (1.43 and 0.42), DMSO : ethanol (1:1) extract (1.40 and 0.40), DMSO extract (1.34 and 0.38), DMSO : water (1:1) extract (0.30 and 0.13), acetone extract (0.19 and 0.10) and water extract (0.02 and 0.02), respectively. All solutions were prepared as v/v basis. DPPH free radical scavenging activity (%) increased with increase of concentration levels. In carrot, it ranged from 8.5-67.9 (IC50 15.8 mg/mL) in water extract, 3.1-65.1 (IC50 34.4 mg/mL) in ethanol extract and 2.0-50.3 (IC50 47.4 mg/mL) in acetone extract, at concentration levels 1-50 mg/mL. In coriander, it ranged from 8.3-81.7 (IC50 1.6 mg/mL) & 6.9-78.6 (IC50 1.7 mg/mL) in acetone extracts, 6.5-75.4 (IC50 2.3 mg/mL) & 5.4-74.0 (IC50 2.5 mg/mL) in ethanol extracts and 2.3-57.0 (IC50 4.0 mg/mL) & 1.6-54.2% (IC50 4.4 mg/mL) in water extracts of varieties DH-5 and DH-36, respectively at concentration levels 0.25-5 mg/mL. Antioxidant activity (%) by β-carotene bleaching method in carrot was highest in water extract i.e. 53.5 followed by 52.1 in ethanol extract and 41.4 in acetone extract whereas in coriander it was highest in acetone extracts (70.7-72.6) followed by ethanol extracts (63.1-65.9) and water extracts (48.2-50.6). Among carrot and coriander, coriander contained higher amounts of total phenolics and flavonoids and also showed higher antioxidant activity. Hence, coriander is a better source of antioxidants in comparison to carrot.