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Start date: 2010 × End date: 2019 × Subject: Entomology ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    BIOLOGY, POPULATION DYNAMICS AND MANAGEMENT OF OKRA SHOOT AND FRUIT BORER, Earias vittella (FABRICIUS) 2932
    (JAU, JUNAGADH, 2019-08) SOJITRA KOMALBAHEN SURESHBHAI; M. F. Acharya
    Investigations were carried out on biology, population dynamics and management of okra shoot and fruit borer, Earias vittella (Fabricius), at Instructional Farm, College of Agriculture, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh during the year 2018. In GO-2 variety of okra, egg, total larval, pre-pupal, pupal, male and female adult periods, fecundity and sex ratio (Male: Female) of E. vittella (Fabicius) ranged from 2 to 5 days, 7 to 12 days, 1 to 2 days, 8 to 11 days, 6 to 12 days and 7 to 12 days, 29 to 37 number of eggs, 1: 1.25 to 1: 1.67 with an average of 3.36 ± 0.75 eggs, 9.16 ± 1.84 days, 1.44 ± 0.50 days, 8.92 ± 0.86 days, 8.48 ± 1.58 days and 9.88 ± 1.66 days, 33.1 ± 2.28 eggs and 1:1.45 ± 0.16 sex ratio respectively. Total life cycle of male and female of E. vittella on GO-2 variety ranged from 36 to 48 days and 37 to 48 days with an average 41.68 ± 3.43 days and 43.08 ±3.39 days, respectively. Pre oviposition, oviposition and post-oviposition periods of E. vittella on GO-2 varied from 1 to 3 days, 4 to 8 days and 1 to 7 days with an average 1.56 ± 0.71 days, 5.96 ± 1.45 days and 4.24 ± 1.87 days, respectively. The length and width of egg on GO-2 varied from 0.48 to 0.56 mm and 0.47 to 0.56 mm with an average of 0.51 ± 0.02 mm in length and 0.53 ± 0.03 mm in width respectively. The average length of first, second, third and fourth instar larvae were 1.93 ± 0.16 mm, 2.70 ± 1.94 mm, 6.73 ± 0.42 mm and 14.13 ± 1.18 mm, respectively, while width were 0.32 ± 0.03 mm, 0.40 ±0.06 mm, 1.18 ± 0.04 mm and 3.36 ± 0.60 mm, respectively. The length and width of pupa on GO-2 varied from 9.36 ± 0.75 mm, 3.32 ± 0.18 mm, respectively. The length and width of male shoot and fruit borer on GO-2 varied from 8.88 to 10.94 mm and 20.16 to 22.67 mm with an average 10.08 ± 0.54 mm and 21.58 ± 0.93 mm, respectively. The average length and width of female shoot and fruit borer on GO-2 varied from 9.36 to 13.02 mm and 20.64 to 23.66 mm with an average of 11.92 ± 1.09 mm and 22.27 ± 1.19 mm, respectively.The E. vittella population on okra crop occurred during second week of August with a mean density of shoot infestation (0.66% in 32nd SMW) and fruit infestation (3.32% in 34th SMW). The number of shoot and fruit borer steadily increased till fourth week of September with a mean density of shoot and fruit infestation to the tune of 28.00 and 39.20 percent, respectively. The correlation between the population and the physical factors revealed that number of larva of E. vittella per plant had highly significant positive correlation with bright sunshine hours (r = 0.795) but maximum temperature (r = 0.539) and evaporation (r = 0.559) had significant positively correlation while, minimum temperature (r = -0.596) and evening relative humidity (r = -0.616) had significant negative correlation, while, wind speed (r = -0.865) had highly significant negative correlation with number of larva of E. vittella per plant.. Morning relative humidity(r = -0.477) and rainfall (r = -0.184) had negative non-significant correlation. In shoot infestation, maximum temperature (r = 0.561) and evaporation (r =0.620) had positive significant correlation, while bright sunshine hours (r = 0.838) had positive highly significant correlation. Evening relative humidity had highly significant negative correlation (r = -0.651), while minimum temperature had negative significant correlation (r = -0.579), morning relative humidity (r = -0.511) and rainfall (r = -0.295) had negative non-significant correlation, Wind speed (r = -0.838) had highly significant negative correlation. In fruit infestation, maximum temperature (r = 0.616) had positive significant correlation, while evaporation (r = 0.717) and bright sunshine hours (r = 0.858) had positive highly significant correlation, Evening relative humidity (r = -0.696) had negative highly significant correlation. Minimum temperature (r = -0.545) and morning relative humidity (r = -0.556) had significant negative correlation, while rainfall (r = -0.413) had negative non -significant correlation, Wind speed (r = -0.788) had highly significant negative correlation with fruit infestation. Investigations on bio-efficacy of insecticides against E. vittella on okra under field condition indicated that emamectin benzoate 0.004 per cent, thiodicarb 0.15 per cent, flubendiamide 0.0144 per cent and profenofos + cypermethrin 0.044 per cent gave very good control of E. vittella in okra and prove to be the most effective treatments. However, significantly highest fruit yield was obtained from the crop treated with emamectin benzoate 0.004 per cent followed by thiodicarb 0.15 per cent, flubendiamide 0.0144 per cent and profenofos + cypermethrin 0.044 per cent. Economics of different insecticidal treatments showed that, the highest net realization was observed in the treatment emamectin benzoate 0.004 per cent followed by thiodicarb 0.15 per cent and flubendiamide 0.0144 per cent. The highest ICBR (1: 29.0) was obtained with the treatment profenofos + cypermethrin 0.044 per cent followed by chlorpyriphos + cypermethrin 0.055 per cent and lambda-cyhalothrin 0.006 per cent. The terminal residues of emamectin benzoate 0.004 per cent and thiodicarb 0.15 per cent were below the BDL at time of harvest i.e. 3 day and 5 days after last application of insecticides. Application of emamectin benzoate 0.004 per cent and thiodicarb 0.15 per cent do not pose any residue problem if fruit are harvested on or after the 3 rd and 5th day after the application.Emamectin benzoate 0.004 per cent were persisted for fourteen days and exhibited 5.82 per cent mortality and thiodicarb 0.15 per cent and quinalphos 0.0500 per cent were persisted for twelve days and exhibited 14.36 per cent, 7.73 per cent and 3.59 per cent mortality were persisted, respectively. The E. vittella mortality recorded at different intervals after the application, clearly indicated that there was continuous decline in effectiveness of various insecticides as the exposure of the insecticides was prolonged. Considering the RPT values, it can be seen that emamectin benzoate 0.004 per cent (1.995) and thiodicarb 0.15 per cent (1.822) were comparatively more effective in controlling the E. vittella population than other insecticides under test, both in respect of mortality as well as their prolonged persistances. Taking the RPT values into consideration, they can be arranged in descending order as follows: emamectin benzoate ˃ thiodicarb ˃ flubendiamide ˃ profenophos + cypermethrin ˃ chlorantraniliprole ˃ chlorpyriphos + cypermethrin ˃ chlorfenapyr ˃ lambda cyhalothrin > quinalphos.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    POPULATION DYNAMICS, VARIETAL SCREENING AND MANAGEMENT OF THRIPS, Thrips tabaci Lindeman INFESTING Bt COTTON 2915
    (JAU, JUNAGADH, 2019-08) PATEL KAUSHIKBHAI RAMUBHAI; K. D. Shah
    Investigations on population dynamics, varietal screening and management of thrips, Thrips tabaci Lindeman infesting Bt cotton were carried out under field condition during Kharif 2018 at Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh. For the management of thrips, different ten varieties /genotypes were screened and different combinations of nitrogenous fertilizer doses and soil as well as foliar application of insecticides were evaluated. The incidence of thrips, T. tabaci was commenced from 3 rd week of July and continued till third week of November having a single peak (27.96 thrips /three leaves) during 3rd week of August. Thrips population had negative significant impact due to maximum temperature [r = -0.570*] and significant positive correlation to rainfall [0.768*], morning relative humidity [0.562*] as well as evening relative humidity [0.574*]. Bright sunshine hours were negatively, wind speed, and minimum temperature were positively correlated with the incidence of thrips population but results were not significant. The lowest thrips incidence was recorded in GJHV-541 (3.57 thrips /3 leaves) and GJHV-540 (4.41) genotypes of Bt cotton and was categorized as resistant (R). The highest thrips population was recorded in G.Cot.-460 (11.84), G.Cot.-18 (12.40) and G.Cot.-12 (13.55) variety and it was categorised into susceptible (S) against the pest.….....………….……………………………………………………….………….Abstract Based on both the sprays and pooled over periods, thrips can be effectively managed by nitrogenous fertilizer application of 240 kg /ha and soil and foliar application of fipronil 0.3 G + spinetoram 11.7 SC. Interaction of fertilizer to insecticidal application was found effective in treatment combination [(240 kg N /ha) + (fipronil 0.3 G + spinetoram 11.7 SC)] followed by [(240 kg N /ha) + (carbofuran 3 G + spinetoram 11.7 SC)]. While, [(360 kg N /ha) + (fipronil 0.3 G + spinosad 45 SC)] and [(360 kg N /ha) + (carbofuran 3 G + spinosad 45 SC)] treatments performed less in giving satisfactory protection to Bt cotton crop against thrips. The highest {2906 kg /ha} seed yield was harvested in the plots treated with [(240 kg N /ha) + (fipronil 0.3 G + spinetoram 11.7 SC)] followed by [(240 kg N /ha) + (carbofuran 3 G + spinetoram 11.7 SC)] {2831}. As far as the per cent increase of yield over control concerned, maximum yield loss can be avoided with spray application of [(240 kg N /ha) + (fipronil 0.3 G + spinetoram 11.7 SC)] {92.09}, followed by [(240 kg N /ha) + (carbofuran 3 G + spinetoram 11.7 SC)], [(300 kg N /ha) + (fipronil 0.3 G + spinetoram 11.7 SC)], [(240 kg N /ha) + (fipronil 0.3 G + spinosad 45 SC)] and [(240 kg N /ha)+ (carbofuran 3 G + spinosad 45 SC)]. The highest Incremental Cost Benefit Ratio (ICBR) was calculated from the plots treated with [(240 kg N /ha) + (fipronil 0.3 G + spinosad 45 SC)]. But in overall effectiveness of nitrogenous fertilizer and insecticides application [(240 kg N /ha) + (fipronil 0.3 G + spinetoram 11.7 SC)] found most effective (first rank) followed by N1I1 [(240 kg N /ha) + (carbofuran 3 G + spinetoram 11.7 SC)] > N1I4 [(240 kg N /ha) + (fipronil 0.3 G + spinosad 45 SC)] > N2I2 [(300 kg N /ha) + (fipronil 0.3 G + spinetoram 11.7 SC)] > N2I4 [(300 kg N /ha) + (fipronil 0.3 G + spinosad 45 SC)] > N2I3 [(300 kg N /ha) + (carbofuran 3 G + spinosad 45 SC)] > N2I1 [(300 kg N /ha) + (carbofuran 3 G + spinetoram 11.7 SC)] > N1I3 [(240 kg N /ha) + (carbofuran 3 G + spinosad 45 SC)] > N3I4 [(360 kg N /ha) + (fipronil 0.3 G + spinosad 45 SC)] > N3I1 [(360 kg N /ha) + (carbofuran 3 G + spinetoram 11.7 SC)] > N3I2 [(360 kg N /ha) + (fipronil 0.3 G + spinetoram 11.7 SC)} and N3I3 [(360 kg N /ha) + carbofuran 3 G + spinosad 45 SC)] against T. tabaci.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    SEASONAL INCIDENCE, FERTILIZER EFFECT AND MANAGEMENT OF SUCKING PEST COMPLEX IN SUMMER SESAME 2908
    (JAU, JUNAGADH, 2019-07) RAM ANANDKUMAR ARJANBHAI; K. P. Baraiya
    Investigations were carried out on seasonal incidence, fertilizer effect and management of sucking pest complex in summer sesame at Instructional Farm, College of Agriculture, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh during 2018. Incidence of thrips, Thrips tabaci, jassid, Orosius albicinctus, whitefly Bemisia tabaci and aphid, Aphis gossypii was recorded standard week wise throughout the course of investigation. Thrips population commenced from the 10th SMW and its peak population (6.82 /3 leaves) was recorded in the 13th SMW. Relationship between thrips and weather factors indicated significant positive correlation with maximum temperature (r = 0.681). However, the whitefly population showed non significant positive correlation with minimum temperature (r = 0.219) and non significant negative correlation with bright sunshine hours (r = -0.448), evening relative humidity (r = -0.366), wind velocity (r = -0.290) and morning relative humidity (r = -0.253). Jassid population commenced from the 11th SMW. The population of the jassid increased chronologically and reached the peak population (6.10 /3 leaves) in the 15th SMW. Relationship between jassid and weather factors indicated that there was highly significant positive correlation between jassid and maximum temperature (r = 0.812**). While, jassid having significant positive correlation with minimum temperature (r = 669*). Jassid having non significant positive correlation with morning relative humidity (r = 0.156) and wind velocity (r = 0.057). Bright sunshine hours (r = -0.278) and evening relative humidity (r = -0.118) have non significant negative correlation with jassid. Whitefly population initiated from the 10th SMW. The peak population of whitefly (6.70 /3 leaves) recorded in the 13th SMW. The correlation matrix indicated that the population of whitefly exhibited the significant positive correlation with maximum temperature (r = 0.676*). While, whitefly having non significant positive correlation with minimum temperature (r = 0.196). Evening relative humidity (r = -0.497), wind velocity (r = -0.334), morning relative humidity (r = -0.331) and bright sunshine hours (r = -0.330) were negatively correlated with whitefly population. Aphid population commenced from the 11th SMW. The highest population of aphid (2.44 aphid index /plant) reported in the 15thAbstract SMW. Relationship between aphid and weather factors indicated that there was significant negative correlation between aphid population and bright sunshine hours (r = -0.714*). While, aphid having non-significant positive correlation with maximum temperature (r = 0.399) and minimum temperature (r = 0.060). Wind velocity (r = - 0.377), evening relative humidity (r = -0.325) and morning relative humidity (r = - 0.131) have non significant negative correlation with aphid. Sucking pest (thrips, jassid, whitefly and aphid) incidence was increased with increasing level of nitrogen fertilizer and decreasing level of phosphorus. Lower level of nitrogen (25 kg N /ha) and higher level of phosphorus (40 kg P2O5 /ha) recorded significantly less incidence of sucking pest. While, higher level of nitrogen (75 kg N /ha) and lower level of phosphorus (10 Kg P2O5 /ha) recorded significantly more incidence of sucking pest. The population of sucking pest positively correlated with level of nitrogen fertilizer and negatively correlated with level of phosphorus fertilizer. Yield of sesame positively correlated with both level of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer. Interaction effect of nitrogen and phosphorus was non significantly affecting the sucking pest population. Treatment spinosad 45 SC @ 0.0135 per cent and fipronil 5 SC @ 0.01 per cent were found most effective for control of thrips. Treatment dinetofuran 20 SG @ 0.008 per cent, acetamiprid 20 SP @ 0.008 per cent and imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 0.005 per cent were found most effective against jassid. Treatment diafenthiuron 50 WP @ 0.05 per cent and spiromesifen 240 SC @ 0.24 per cent were found superior in management of whitefly. Treatment flonicamid 50 WG @ 0.015 per cent and imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 0.005 per cent were found highly effective in reducing aphid population. The highest yield 900 kg /ha obtained from the plot treated with dinetofuran 20 SG @ 0.008 per cent which was statistically at par with fipronil 5 SC @ 0.01 per cent, diafenthiuron 50 WP @ 0.05 per cent and flonicamid 50 WG @ 0.015 per cent with 876.39 kg /ha, 861.08 kg /ha and 840.65 kg /ha respectively. Maximum yield loss could be avoided with dinetofuran 20 SG @ 0.008 per cent (90.53 %), fipronil 5 SC @ 0.01 per cent (85.53 %), diafenthiuron 50 WP @ 0.05 per cent (82.29 %) and flonicamid 50 WG @ 0.015 per cent (77.96 %). The highest (47038.88 Rs. /ha) net realization was obtained in the treatment dinetofuran 20 SG @ 0.008 per cent followed by fipronil 5 SC @ 0.01 per cent (44441.66 Rs. /ha), diafenthiuron 50 WP @ 0.05 per cent (42757.53 Rs. /ha), flonicamid 50 WG @ 0.015 per cent (40510.18 Rs. /ha). The application of acetamiprid 20 SP @ 0.008 per cent (1:21.44) proved to be the most economically viable treatment While, imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 0.005 per cent (1:17.22) and dinetofuran 20 SG @ 0.008 per cent (1:13.83) emerged as second and third treatment respectively in term of economics.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    BIOLOGY, SEASONAL ABUNDANCE AND MANAGEMENT OF LEAF WEEVIL, Cyrtozemia dispar PASCOE [COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE] INFESTING GROUNDNUT 2811
    (JAU, JUNAGADH, 2019-06) BANSIBEN BATHANI; Y. H. Ghelani
    Investigations on biology of groundnut leaf weevil, Cyrtozemia dispar Pascoe were carried out under laboratory condition in Department of Entomology while, study of seasonal abundance and management of this pest was carried out at Instructional farm, College of Agriculture, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh during Kharif, 2018. For the management of leaf weevil, different combinations of soil application and foliar application of insecticides were evaluated against this pest. The average incubation period, hatching percentage, first instar, second instar, third instar, fourth instar, fifth instar, total grub period and pupal period of C. dispar were 5.03 ± 0.77, 92.94 ± 3.91, 6.15 ± 0.89, 5.60 ± 0.60, 4.50 ± 0.73, 4.08 ± 0.71, 5.08 ± 0.54, 25.40± 2.00 and 3.08 ± 0.41 days, respectively. The longevity of adult male and female leaf weevil was 17.70 ± 2.67 and 21.85 ± 3.13 days, respectively. The pre-oviposition, oviposition and post-oviposition periods of the insect were 6.80 ± 1.03, 11.10 ± 1.47 and 4.30 ± 0.54 days, respectively. The fecundity was observed to be 314.00 ± 62.36 eggs /female. Sex ratio to male: female was found to be 1:1.29. The total life period (from egg to the death of adult leaf weevil) of female was varied from 45.5 to 59.0 days (av. 55.35 ± 4.40). While, in male it was varied from 46.0 to 54.0 days (av. 51.23 ± 3.21 days).The incidence (1.91 weevils /plant) was started from 4th week of August (34th SMW) and showed its peak (3.04 weevils /plant) during 1st week of September (36th SMW). In subsequent weeks, the abundance was decreased and reached to 0.05 weevils /plant during 2nd week of October (41st SMW). The association between leaf weevil abundance and weather factors indicted that there was negative significant impact due to maximum temperature [-0.719* ] whereas, relative humidity [RH1 0.666* and RH2 0.633* ] and rainfall [0.644* ] were positively significantly correlated with the abundance of leaf weevil. Among the different insecticide combinations, leaf weevil can be effectively managed by soil application of carbofuran 3G @ 1 kg a.i./ha at 30 DAS + foliar application of chlorpyriphos 20 EC @ 0.04% followed by carbofuran 3G @1 kg a.i./ha at 30 DAS + acephate 75 SP @ 0.075%, carbofuran 3G @ 1 kg a.i./ha at the time of sowing + chlorpyriphos 20 EC @ 0.04% and control + chlorpyriphos 20 EC @ 0.04%. While, carbofuran 3G @ 1 kg a.i./ha at the time of sowing + acephate 75 SP @ 0.075% and control + acephate 75 SP @ 0.075% were moderately effective. Carbofuran 3G @ 1 kg a.i./ha at 30 DAS + control and carbofuran 3G @ 1 kg a.i./ha at the time of sowing + control combinations performed less in giving satisfactory protection to groundnut crop against leaf weevil. The highest (2238.00 kg /ha) pod yield harvested in the plots treated with carbofuran 3G @ 1 kg a.i./ha at 30 DAS + chlorpyriphos 20 EC @ 0.04% followed by carbofuran 3G @ 1 kg a.i./ha at 30 DAS + acephate 75 SP @ 0.075% (2102.00). The per cent increase of yield over control was obtained in combination of carbofuran 3G @ 1 kg a.i./ha at 30 DAS + chlorpyriphos 20 EC @ 0.04% (84.81%) followed by carbofuran 1 kg a.i./ha at 30 DAS + acephate 0.075% (73.58%). The highest Incremental Cost Benefit Ratio (ICBR) was calculated from the combination of control + chlorpyriphos 20 EC @ 0.04% (1:21.19). But in overall effectiveness of insecticide combinations, carbofuran 3G @ 1 kg a.i./ha at 30 DAS + chlorpyriphos 20 EC @ 0.04% found most effective followed by carbofuran 3G @ 1 kg a.i./ha at 30 DAS + acephate 75 SP @ 0.075% > carbofuran 3G @ 1 kg a.i./ha at the time of sowing + chlorpyriphos 20 EC @ 0.04% > control + chlorpyriphos 20 EC @ 0.04% > carbofuran 3 G @ 1 kg a.i./ha at the time of sowing + acephate 75 SP @ 0.075% > control + acephate 75 SP @ 0.075% > carbofuran 3G @ 1 kg a.i./ha at 30 DAS + control and carbofuran 3G @ 1 kg a.i./ha at the time of sowing + control against C. dispar
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    POPULATION DYNAMICS, RELATIVE TOXICITY AND INSECTICIDAL MANAGEMENT OF POLLEN BEETLE, Oxycetonia versicolor (Fabricius) INFESTING OKRA 2809
    (JAU, JUNAGADH, 2019-06) PATEL MEET M.; K. D. Shah
    Investigations on population dynamics and management of pollen beetle, Oxycetonia versicolor Fabricius infesting okra were carried out under field condition at the Instructional farm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh during kharif, 2018. The toxicity trial was studied under laboratory conditions in the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh. For the management of pollen beetle different combination of soil and foliar application of insecticides were evaluated against the pollen beetle. In order to study the bioassay of pollen beetle, O. versicolor different insecticides viz., profenophos + cypermethrin 44 EC @ 0.044 per cent, lambda-cyhalothrin 2.5 EC @ 0.0025 per cent, deltamethrin + triazophos 36 EC @ 0.036 per cent and chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 0.005 per cent were used. The incidence of pollen beetle, O. versicolor was commenced from second week of August and continued till last week of September which was ranges from 8.77% to 55.15% [per cent infestation by O. Versicolor]. Pollen beetle population had significant negative impact due to maximum temperature (-0.726* ). However, Morning Relative humidity (RH1 0.791* ) and rainfall (0.704* ) were positively significantly correlated with the population of pollen beetle. Whereas, bright sunshine hours (-0.425), wind speed (-0.015) and minimum temperature (-0.135) were negatively and as well as evening relative humidity (RH2 0.575) was positively ….....………….……………………………………………………….………….Abstract correlated with the incidence of pollen beetle population but the relationship was non significant. In the toxicity of different insecticides against pollen beetle (O. versicolor), lambda-cyhalothrin 2.5 EC is found most toxic and highly effective insecticide against this pest with the least LC50 value (0.003 %) as compared the other insecticides after 24 hrs of application. Variability in toxicity of insecticides was found in the range of 0.003 to 0.047 per cent. Deltamethrin + triazophos 36 EC (0.044 %) and profenophos + cypermethrin 44 EC (0.047 %) was found less toxic when they were compared with other tested insecticides. Based on the spray of insecticides and pooled over period, pollen beetle can be effectively managed by soil application with carbofuran 3G. In case of foliar application, profenophos + cypermethrin 44 EC @ 0.047 EC was found effective against the pest. Combination of soil application and foliar application was found effective in treatment carbofuran 3G + (profenophos + cypermethrin 44 EC @ 0.047) followed by carbofuran 3G + lambda-cyhalothrin 2.5 EC @ 0.003. While, cartap hydrochloride 4G + (deltamethrin + triazophos 36 EC @ 0.044) and cartap hydrochloride 4G + chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 0.007 treatment combination found least effective in controlling pollen beetle. The highest (11981.37 kg /ha) fruit yield was harvested in the plots treated with carbofuran 3G + (profenophos + cypermethrin 44 EC @ 0.047) followed by carbofuran 3G + lambda-cyhalothrin 2.5 EC @ 0.003 (11114.85). Similarly, maximum yield increased over control, maximum yield loss can be avoided in the plots treated with carbofuran 3G + (profenophos + cypermethrin 44 EC @ 0.047) (91.2%) followed by chlorpyriphos 10G + lambda-cyhalothrin 2.5 EC @ 0.003 (77.4), carbofuran 3G + (deltamethrin + triazophos 36 EC @ 0.044) (60.3%). The highest incremental cost benefit ratio (ICBR) was obtained from the plots treated with chlorpyriphos 10G + (profenophos + cypermethrin 44 EC @ 0.047) (1:25.91). But in overall effectiveness of insecticides, carbofuran 3G + (profenophos + cypermethrin 44 EC @ 0.047) found the most effective (first rank) followed by carbofuran 3G + lambda-cyhalothrin 2.5 EC @ 0.003. Whereas, cartap hydrochloride 4G + (deltamethrin + triazophos 36 EC @ 0.044) and cartap hydrochloride 4G + chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 0.007 failed to provide satisfactory protection against O. versicolor infesting okra and economic point of view as this treatment stood last in the ranking.Investigations on population dynamics and management of pollen beetle, Oxycetonia versicolor Fabricius infesting okra were carried out under field condition at the Instructional farm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh during kharif, 2018. The toxicity trial was studied under laboratory conditions in the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh. For the management of pollen beetle different combination of soil and foliar application of insecticides were evaluated against the pollen beetle. In order to study the bioassay of pollen beetle, O. versicolor different insecticides viz., profenophos + cypermethrin 44 EC @ 0.044 per cent, lambda-cyhalothrin 2.5 EC @ 0.0025 per cent, deltamethrin + triazophos 36 EC @ 0.036 per cent and chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 0.005 per cent were used. The incidence of pollen beetle, O. versicolor was commenced from second week of August and continued till last week of September which was ranges from 8.77% to 55.15% [per cent infestation by O. Versicolor]. Pollen beetle population had significant negative impact due to maximum temperature (-0.726* ). However, Morning Relative humidity (RH1 0.791* ) and rainfall (0.704* ) were positively significantly correlated with the population of pollen beetle. Whereas, bright sunshine hours (-0.425), wind speed (-0.015) and minimum temperature (-0.135) were negatively and as well as evening relative humidity (RH2 0.575) was positively correlated with the incidence of pollen beetle population but the relationship was non significant. In the toxicity of different insecticides against pollen beetle (O. versicolor), lambda-cyhalothrin 2.5 EC is found most toxic and highly effective insecticide against this pest with the least LC50 value (0.003 %) as compared the other insecticides after 24 hrs of application. Variability in toxicity of insecticides was found in the range of 0.003 to 0.047 per cent. Deltamethrin + triazophos 36 EC (0.044 %) and profenophos + cypermethrin 44 EC (0.047 %) was found less toxic when they were compared with other tested insecticides. Based on the spray of insecticides and pooled over period, pollen beetle can be effectively managed by soil application with carbofuran 3G. In case of foliar application, profenophos + cypermethrin 44 EC @ 0.047 EC was found effective against the pest. Combination of soil application and foliar application was found effective in treatment carbofuran 3G + (profenophos + cypermethrin 44 EC @ 0.047) followed by carbofuran 3G + lambda-cyhalothrin 2.5 EC @ 0.003. While, cartap hydrochloride 4G + (deltamethrin + triazophos 36 EC @ 0.044) and cartap hydrochloride 4G + chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 0.007 treatment combination found least effective in controlling pollen beetle. The highest (11981.37 kg /ha) fruit yield was harvested in the plots treated with carbofuran 3G + (profenophos + cypermethrin 44 EC @ 0.047) followed by carbofuran 3G + lambda-cyhalothrin 2.5 EC @ 0.003 (11114.85). Similarly, maximum yield increased over control, maximum yield loss can be avoided in the plots treated with carbofuran 3G + (profenophos + cypermethrin 44 EC @ 0.047) (91.2%) followed by chlorpyriphos 10G + lambda-cyhalothrin 2.5 EC @ 0.003 (77.4), carbofuran 3G + (deltamethrin + triazophos 36 EC @ 0.044) (60.3%). The highest incremental cost benefit ratio (ICBR) was obtained from the plots treated with chlorpyriphos 10G + (profenophos + cypermethrin 44 EC @ 0.047) (1:25.91). But in overall effectiveness of insecticides, carbofuran 3G + (profenophos + cypermethrin 44 EC @ 0.047) found the most effective (first rank) followed by carbofuran 3G + lambda-cyhalothrin 2.5 EC @ 0.003. Whereas, cartap hydrochloride 4G + (deltamethrin + triazophos 36 EC @ 0.044) and cartap hydrochloride 4G + chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 0.007 failed to provide satisfactory protection against O. versicolor infesting okra and economic point of view as this treatment stood last in the ranking.
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    SEASONAL ABUNDANCE, VARIETAL SCREENING AND MANAGEMENT OF WHITEFLY, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) INFESTING KHARIF OKRA, 2804
    (JAU, JUNAGADH, 2019-06) BHALU AVANI VINODBHAI; Y. H. Ghelani
    Investigations on seasonal abundance, varietal screening and management of whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) infesting kharif okra were carried out under field condition during 2018 at Instructional Farm, College of Agriculture, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh. For the management of whitefly, ten different varieties /genotypes were screened, different combinations of potash fertilizer and foliar application of insecticides were evaluated against the pest. The incidence of whitefly, B. tabaci was commenced from first week of August and continued till first week of October having a single peak (7.52 whitefly /leaf) during last week of September in okra crop. Whitefly population had significant positive relation with maximum temperature (r= 0.613*) and bright sunshine hours (0.802*). While, it had significant negative correlation with minimum temperature (- 0.700*), wind speed (-0.674*), morning relative humidity (-0.705*) and evening relative humidity (-0.733*). While, it had non significant negative correlation with rainfall (-0.377). The lowest whitefly incidence was recorded in HRB-108-2 (1.65 whitefly /leaf) and JOL-11-12 (1.94) genotypes of okra and was categorized as resistant (R). While, the highest whitefly population was recorded in Pusa Sawani (5.09) variety and it was categorized as susceptible (S). Absract Based on both the sprays and pooled over period over sprays, whitefly can be effectively managed by application of potash fertilizer dose @ 80 kg/ha followed by spray application of acetamiprid 20 SP @ 0.006%. Interaction of potash fertilizer and insecticidal spray was found effective in treatment of potash fertilizer @ 80 kg/ha + acetamiprid 20 SP @ 0.006% followed by potash fertilizer @ 80 kg/ha + triazophos 40 EC @ 0.04% and potash fertilizer @ 80 kg/ha + diafenthiuron 50 WP @ 0.05%. Whereas, potash fertilizer @ 60 kg/ha + acetamiprid 20 SP @ 0.006%, potash fertilizer @ 60 kg/ha + triazophos 40 EC @ 0.04% and potash fertilizer @ 60 kg/ha + diafenthiuron 50 WP @ 0.05% were found mediocre in their effectiveness. Potash fertilizer @ 50 kg/ha + acetamiprid 20 SP @ 0.006%, potash fertilizer @ 50 kg/ha + triazophos 40 EC @ 0.04%, potash fertilizer @ 50 kg/ha + diafenthiuron 50 WP @ 0.05%, potash fertilizer @ 80 kg/ha + control and potash fertilizer @ 60 kg/ha + control were found less effective. The highest fruit yield (13106 kg/ha) was harvested in the plots treated with potash fertilizer @ 80 kg/ha + acetamiprid 20 SP @ 0.006% followed by potash fertilizer @ 80 kg/ha + triazophos 40 EC @ 0.04% (12782) and potash fertilizer @ 80 kg/ha + diafenthiuron 50 WP @ 0.05% (12088). As far as the per cent increase of yield over control concerned, maximum yield was received with spray application of potash fertilizer @ 80 kg/ha + acetamiprid 20 SP @ 0.006% (67.40%) followed by potash fertilizer @ 80 kg/ha + triazophos 40 EC @ 0.04% (63.26%) and potash fertilizer @ 80 kg/ha + diafenthiuron 50 WP @ 0.05% (54.40%). The highest Incremental Cost Benefit Ratio (ICBR) was obtained from the plots treated with potash fertilizer @ 80 kg/ha + acetamiprid 20 SP @ 0.006% (1:27.66). While, in overall effectiveness of combinations, potash fertilizer @ 80 kg/ha + acetamiprid 20 SP @ 0.006% found most effective (first rank) followed by potash fertilizer @ 80 kg/ha + triazophos 40 EC @ 0.04% > potash fertilizer @ 80 kg/ha + diafenthiuron 50 WP @ 0.05% > potash fertilizer @ 60 kg/ha + acetamiprid 20 SP @ 0.006% > potash fertilizer @ 60 kg/ha + triazophos 40 EC @ 0.04% > potash fertilizer @ 60 kg/ha + diafenthiuron 50 WP @ 0.05% > potash fertilizer @ 50 kg/ha + acetamiprid 20 SP @ 0.006% > potash fertilizer @ 50 kg/ha + triazophos 40 EC @ 0.04% > potash fertilizer @ 50 kg/ha + diafenthiuron 50 WP @ 0.05% > potash fertilizer @ 80 kg/ha + control > potash fertilizer @ 60 kg/ha + control and potash fertilizer @ 50 kg/ha + control against B. tabaci in okra crop.
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    POPULATION DYNAMICS, VARIETAL SCREENING AND BIO-EFFICACY OF NEWER INSECTICIDES AGAINST PEST COMPLEX OF SUMMER GREEN GRAM (Vigna radiata L.) 2815
    (jau,junagdh, 2019-06) G. R. HITHESH; Dr. B. B. Kabaria
    Experiments were carried out on population dynamics, varietal screening and bio-efficacy of newer insecticides against pest complex of summer green gram (Vigna radiata L.) at Instructional Farm, College of Agriculture, JAU, Junagadh during summer 2018. Study on seasonal incidence of jassid in green gram revealed that the pest population initiated from 2nd WAS i.e first week of March with 0.86 jassids/ 3 leaves/ plant. The population of the pest increased during 5th to 7th WAS and reached at peak (6.10 jassids/ 3 leaves/ plant) in the 7th WAS that is second week of April. Thereafter, it was found to decline drastically and reached 0.95 (jassids/ 3 leaves/ plant) coincided with the time of harvest of the crop. The correlation matrix indicated that the population of jassids showed significant positive correlation with maximum temperature (r = 0.635)*. It was positive correlated with minimum temperature and wind speed while, negative association with morning relative humidity, evening relative humidity and mean bright sunshine hours but non significant. The whitefly population appeared from 1st WAS i.e the fourth week of February and remained active throughout the crop period. The pest population increased gradually and reached at the first peak level of 7.18 whiteflies/ 3 leaves/ plant during the 7th WAS that is second week of April. Later on, it was found to decline drastically and reached 1.92 whiteflies/ 3 leaves/ plant at the time of harvest. The population of whitefly exhibited significant positive correlation with maximum temperature (r = 0.639)* and positive correlation with minimum temperature and wind speed but non significant. It was negatively correlated with morning relative humidity, evening relative humidity and mean bright sunshine hours but non significant. Abstract The thrips population started from 4th WAS that is 3rd week of March with 0.35 thrips/ 3 leaves/ plant which gradually increased up to the 7th WAS that is second week of April with a peak level of 7.27 thrips/ 3 leaves/ plant. The population declined gradually during the successive weeks and reached at 0.96 thrips/ 3 leaves/ plant at the time of harvest. The correlation studies indicated that the thrips population exhibited significant positive correlation with maximum temperature (r = 0.644)*. While, positive non-significant correlation exhibited between pest population, minimum temperature, morning relative humidity and wind speed. Whereas, correlation between thrips population, evening relative humidity and mean bright sunshine hours was negatively non-significant. The results revealed that larval population of spotted pod borer was found from 5th WAS i.e. fourth week of March (0.75 larvae/ plant) which increased during each successive week and reached at the peak level (3.57 larvae/ plant) at 7th WAS that is second week of April. Thereafter, the pest population suddenly decline at minimum level of 0.45 larvae/ plant during 12th WAS. Thus, it indicated that the pest was active from last week of March to second week of May. Correlation coefficient values stated that the larval population of spotted pod borer exhibited significant positive correlation with maximum temperature (r = 0.637)* and positive correlation with minimum temperature but non significant. It was negatively correlated with morning relative humidity, evening relative humidity, mean bright sunshine hours and wind speed but non significant. Among the ten cultivars of green gram screened for their susceptibility to whitefly population under field conditions, the cultivar, Meha, IPM 205-7 (Virat) and VMS-6 (GM-5) were found comparatively less susceptible to whitefly population. Among the ten cultivars of green gram screened for their susceptibility to thrips population under field conditions, the varieties viz.; IPM 205-7 (Virat), Meha and VMS-6 (GM-5) were found comparatively resistant to thrips population. Testing the bio-efficacy of insecticides, thiomethoxam + lambda cyhalothrin 0.007 per cent, imidacloprid 0.006 per cent and triazophos 0.1 per cent successfully checked the incidence of jassids. While in case of whitefly, the treatments of thiomethoxam + lambda cyhalothrin 0.007 per cent, imidacloprid 0.006 per cent and triazophos 0.1 per cent effectively manage the incidence of whitefly. The application of imidacloprid 0.006 per cent, thiomethoxam + lambda cyhalothrin 0.007 per cent and triazophos 0.1 per cent proved effective in controlling the thrips population. While in case of spotted pod borer, the treatments of chlorantraniliprole 0.006 per cent, spinosad 0.0135 per cent and profenophos + cypermethrin 0.044 per cent were found effective. Considering the yield and economics of insecticides, the highest grain yield (1485 kg/ ha) was recorded from the treatment of imidacloprid 0.006 per cent which was statistically at par with spinosad 0.0135 per cent and chlorantraniliprole 0.006 per Abstract cent which recorded 1416 and 1291 kg/ ha, respectively. The economics of different insecticidal treatments revealed that application of imidacloprid 0.006 per cent proved to be the most economically viable treatment with maximum incremental cost benefit ratio (1:33.07). While, profenophos + cypermethrin 0.044 per cent ranked as second treatment with incremental cost benefit ratio (1:20.8). The other treatments, profenophos 0.05 per cent (1:18.56), triazophos 0.1 per cent (1:17.66), thiomethoxam + lambda cyhalothrin 0.007 per cent (1:16.19), lambda cyhalothrin 0.0025 per cent (1:14.6) and chlorantraniliprole 0.006 per cent (1:7.17) appeared next in order. Considering the residual toxicity, it can be seen that thiomethoxam + lambda cyhalothrin 0.007 per cent, imidacloprid 0.006 per cent and triazophos 0.1 per cent were proved comparatively more effective in controlling the whitefly population than other insecticides under test, for respect of mortality as well as their prolonged persistances. Taking the RPT values into consideration, they can be arranged in descending order of imidacloprid ˃ thiomethoxam + lambda cyhalothrin ˃ triazophos ˃ flonicamid ˃ lambda cyhalothrin ˃ profenophos + cypermethrin ˃ chlorantraniliprole ˃ spinosad ˃ profenophos. Considering the residual toxicity, it can be seen that, imidacloprid 0.006 per cent and thiomethoxam + lambda cyhalothrin 0.007 per cent were found comparatively more effective in controlling the thrips population than other insecticides under test, for respect of mortality as well as their prolonged persistances. Taking the RPT values into consideration, they can be arranged in descending order of imidacloprid ˃ thiomethoxam + lambda cyhalothrin ˃ triazophos ˃ flonicamid ˃ lambda cyhalothrin ˃ profenophos + cypermethrin ˃ chlorantraniliprole ˃ spinosad ˃ profenophos.
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    POPULATION DYNAMICS AND MANAGEMENT OF GROUNDNUT DEFOLIATORS, 2748
    (JAU, JUNAGADH, 2018-09) LUNA KHIMANAND SAMRABHAI; G. M. Parmar
    An investigation was carried out on population dynamics and management of groundnut defoliators during the kharif season of the year 2017 at College of Agriculture, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh. Studies on population dynamics of the groundnut defoliator revealed that the incidence of H. armigera commenced from the 4 th week of July indicating 0.12 larvae/plant, which gradually increased and attained a first peak of 1.53 larvae/plant during the 3rd week of August. Later on, it started to decline slightly. But during 1st week of September, the pest population increased and formed second peak of 1.73 larvae/plant and then continuously decreased with 0.16 larvae/plant in the 2nd week of October and then disappeared. Population of H. armigera exhibited a non significant positive correlation with morning relative humidity, evening relative humidity, mean relative humidity and minimum temperature, significant negative correlation with maximum temperature and mean temperature. Whereas, pest population showed a non significant negative correlation with maximum temperature, mean temperature, wind speed, mean bright sun shine hours, evaporation rate, rainfall and rainy days. The incidence of S. litura commenced from the 4 th week of July indicating 0.24 larvae/plant, which gradually increased and attained a first peak of 1.78 larvae/plant during the 3rd week of August. Later on, it started to decline slightly. But during 1st week of September, the pest population increased and formed second peak of 1.35 larvae/plant and then continuously decreased with 0.26 larvae/plant in the 2nd week of October and then disappeared. Population of leaf eating caterpillar exhibited a non significant positive correlation with morning relative humidity, evening relative humidity, mean relative humidity and minimum temperature. Whereas, pest population showed a non significant negative correlation with maximum temperature, mean temperature, wind speed, mean bright sun shine hours, evaporation rate, rainfall and rainy days. Significantly the highest pod (2410 kg/ha) and fodder (4473 kg/ha) yield as well as CBR of 1:15.52 was obtained in the plot treated with insecticides. The avoidable yield loss due to groundnut defoliators was recorded to the tune of 42.12 per cent in pod and 41.25 per cent in fodder in untreated plot. The data on per cent in yield increase in protected plots revealed that 72.76 per cent in pod and 70.21 per cent in fodder yield was increased over unprotected plot. Spinosad 0.01 per cent and quinalphos 0.05 per cent were found most effective in reducing the larval population of H. armigera and S. litura. Among the bio-pesticides, the B. bassiana 0.007 per cent and Bacillus thuringiensis 1.1 kg/ha were found most effective. Whereas, the treatments of L. lecanii 0.007 per cent, M. anisopliae 0.007 per cent, azadirechtin 0.000375 per cent, panchagavya 3 per cent and pongamia oil 1 per cent were found less effective for control of both pests. Considering the pod yield, the treatment with spinosad 0.01 per cent gave the highest pod yield of 2500 kg/ha and found at par with quinalphos 0.05 per cent which recorded 2430 kg/ha pod yield. In case of fodder yield, treatment with spinosad 0.01 per cent gave the highest fodder yield of 4687 kg/ha and was found statistically at par with quinalphos 0.05 per cent (4618 kg/ha). The highest per cent increase in pod (63.71 per cent) and fodder (73.65 per cent) yield of groundnut over control was recorded in the treatment of spinosad 0.01 per cent. Considering the economics of these insecticides, quinalphos 0.05 per cent gave the highest cost benefit ratio (1:22.69) followed by B. bassiana 0.007 per cent (1:13.05) and spinosad 0.01 per cent (1:10.77) may be need for the control of defoliators in groundnut.