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ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF COTTONSEED MEAL BASED DIETS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF CULTIVABLE FISH(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2010-09) PAVAN KUMAR, B; CHAMUNDESWARI DEVI, B (MAJOR); RAVINDRA KUMAR REDDY, D; BALASUBRAMANIAN, AFish nutrition has advanced dramatically in recent years with the development of new, balanced commercial diets that promote optimal fish growth and health. Feed accounts for a major part (30-70%) of the total operation cost of an average fish farm. Traditionally, animal protein sources, particularly fishmeal have been the major ingredient of aqua feeds. Fishmeal is one of the most expensive ingredients in formulated fish feeds. Due to increasing demand, decreasing supply and the high cost of fish meal, fish nutritionists have concentrated their efforts to find alternative protein sources to substitute fish meal in the diet of fish. Thus, cottonseed meal (CSM), a by-product of the cotton fibre and cottonseed oil industries, has been used to replace fish meal partially or totally in fish diets. The present studies were conducted on “Effect of cottonseed meal based diets on the performance of cultivable fish” at College of Fishery Science, Muthukur. Cottonseed meal was used in the diets at four different levels 5%, 10%, 15% or 20%. Control diet was prepared with soybean meal (SBM), groundnut cake (GNC) and deoiled rice bran (DOB). All the formulated diets were isonitrogenous with 30% crude protein. Proximate composition and mineral composition of diets were analyzed by AOAC (1995) methods. Each diet was fed to catla and rohu in triplicate aquaria twice daily at 5% average body weight of the fish for three months for determination of growth response and survivability. Fortnightly sampling was done for the estimation of the water quality parameters and growth parameters [growth, percentage of survival, feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and condition factor (K)]. Specific growth rate (SGR) and Hepatosomatic index (HSI) were estimated at the end of the experiment. Histopathological studies on liver of experimental fishes were conducted at the end of the experiment. Fishes were analyzed for proximate and mineral composition at the beginning as well as at the end of the experiment Significant difference was observed in growth, FCR, PER and K in both rohu and catla. Mortality was observed in catla. However, no mortality was observed in survival of rohu. Inclusion levels of CSM at 15 or 20% resulted in histopathological changes in the liver of both rohu and catla. Carcass composition was observed to be better at CSM10 and CSM5 in rohu and catla respectively. Better growth performance was observed at 5% CSM level of inclusion in catla. However, no significant differences were observed in the growth, survival and condition factor at inclusion level of 5% and 10% CSM in catla. Better performance was observed at 10% CSM level in rohu. Hence, it can be recommended that CSM can be included at 10% level in the diets of catla and rohu. Further inclusion of CSM results in growth depression.ThesisItem Open Access A STUDY ON SHEEP PRODUCTION PRACTICES IN GUNTUR DISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESH(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2011) SIREESHA, K; PRASAD, R.M.V(MAJOR)ABSTRACT : A study was undertaken to study various sheep production practices followed by the shepherds and to record the physical parameters of sheep in Guntur district. A total of 240 farmers selected at random from three divisions of the district were interviewed by a questionnaire schedule and required information was collected. Out of the total farmers studied, 92.5% were illiterates and 7.5% were literates. Among all the shepherds, 44.58% belonged to BC community, 20% to SC community, 15% to ST community and 20.42% to other communities. It was further recorded that out of the total farmers studied, 52.5 % were landless, 37.92 % were marginal, 7.08 % were small and 2.50 % were large farmers. It was observed that all the farmers in the area were rearing sheep extensively, 95% of the farmers studied were providing housing to their sheep and out of which 60.70% of the shepherds housed their sheep nearer to their houses. 91.70% of the farmers grazed their animals for duration of 8-10 h, while the grazing distance ranged from 2-4 km (67.90 %) to 4-6 km (32.10%). Flock mating commonly followed and flushing was not at all practiced by the shepherds. June – August and January – March were found to be the breeding seasons for the sheep in the area. From the study it was observed that the marketing of meat was done mainly through middlemen (87.08%). The average body length observed in different age groups of male sheep were 45.69 ± 0.66, 67.13 ± 0.90, 74.04 ± 0.39, 76.54 ± 0.54, 77.32 ± 0.49 and 78.23 ± 0.47 cm for 0-3 month, 4-12 month, 2 teeth, 4 teeth, 6 teeth and full mouth animals, respectively while the corresponding values for female sheep were 44.14 ± 0.80, 62.75 ± 0.60, 70.03 ± 0.37, 70.78 ± 0.41, 71.19 ± 0.36 and 70.29 ± 0.42 cm, respectively. The mean body height of male sheep in different age groups were 50.71 ± 0.79, 69.14 ± 0.85, 77.15 ± 0.43, 81.09 ± 0.54, 83.47 ± 0.43 and 82.80 ± 0.43 cm for 0-3 month, 4-12 month, 2 teeth, 4 teeth, 6 teeth and full mouth animals, respectively while the corresponding values for female sheep were 49.49 ± 1.13, 65.24 ± 0.59, 73.42 ± 0.31, 75.48 ± 0.38, 76.55 ± 0.44 and 77.97 ± 0.37 cm, respectively. It was further observed that the mean body girth measurements of male sheep in Guntur district were 52.01 ± 1.01, 70.86 ± 0.92, 81.60 ± 0.46, 85.64 ± 0.64, 89.97 ± 0.52 and 88.84 ± 0.60 cm for 0-3 month, 4-12 month, 2 teeth, 4 teeth, 6 teeth and full mouth animals, respectively while the corresponding values for females were 48.82 ± 1.05, 67.28 ± 0.62, 77.02 ± 0.31, 79.36 ± 0.36, 81.86 ± 0.38 and 83.46 ± 0.63 cm, respectively. The study revealed that the mean body weights of male sheep in Guntur district were 11.05 ± 0.55, 22.13 ± 0.77, 34.96 ± 0.50, 38.57 ± 0.50, 43.14 ± 0.33 and 44.56 ± 0.76 kg for 0-3 month, 4-12 month, 2 teeth, 4 teeth, 6 teeth and full mouth animals, respectively whiles the corresponding values for females were 9.60 ± 0.64, 19.92 ± 0.55, 27.36 ± 0.22, 30.20 ± 0.39, 32.91 ± 0.28 and 34.37 ± 0.36 kg, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access A STUDY ON THE PERFORMANCE OF JERSEY X SAHIWAL CROSSBRED COWS IN PROGENY TESTING IMPLEMENTED AREAS OF CHITTOOR DISTRICT(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2011-08) REDDY VARA PRASAD, A; RAGHUNANDAN, T(MAJOR); KISHAN KUMAR, M; GNANA PRAKASH, MABSTRACT: Data on 1411 crossbred cows were collected from Progeny Testing Programme of the State Animal Husbandry Department in Chittor district of Andhra Pradesh. The effects of season of birth and batch were signiticant on age at sexual maturity and age at first calving. 'The age at sexual maturity had a significant influence on age at first calving. The overall least-squares mean age at sexual maturity, gestation period, age at first catving, FLMY and lactation length were 770.25 * 0.72,276.89 * 0.38, 1133.77 * 6.22 days, 2 154.07 * 16.88 ltrs and 300.16 .t 0.06 days, respectively. Cows born during rainy and winter seasons matured at significantly earlier age while the lowest age at first calving was observed in cows born in winter season. Cows with early sexual maturity had the shortest AFC. Among the 190 farmers interviewed, 35.26 per cent had dairying as main occupation. Majority was holding 4.5 to 9 acres of land and was growing perennial non-legume fodders. The family size ranged from 2 to 12 with an average of 4.58. Jersey X Sahiwal cows were prevalent in the study area and 39.62 per cent were in milk while 12.91 percent were dry. It is observed that 25.79 and 56.32 per cent of farmers were feeding green fodder ad libitum and limited amount, respectively. Majority of the farmers were feeding dry fodder ud libitum and restricted concentrate feed. Regular feeding of mineral mixture was practiced by 63.68 perccnt of the farmers. All the farmers were aware of heat detection and A1 and 2.43 inseminations were required for each conception. Most of the fanners (91.58) provided kutcha housing to anitnnls and average hygiene levels were observed in most cases. All the dairy farmers allowed suckling and followed regular twice a day full hand milking twice a day. Weaning way not followed. Mastitis, theileriasis, foot and mouth, repeat breeding, anoestrus and retained placenta were the major health and reproductive problem faced. Most of the farmers (88.95%) are vaccinating the animals by the vaccines provided by the Guvernment. None of the farmers followed recommended vaccination and deworming schedule. Cows maintained by farmers whose primary occupation was dairying matured and calved significantly earlier (17.80 + 1.09 and 27.68 * 1.08 months). Significantly longer dry period (82.41 * 2.95) was observed in cows from larger herds while significantly shorter service period was noted in cows owned by dairy farmers. Cows suppkemented with mineral mixture recorded higher lactation milk yield (2392.68 + 109.86 liters). Cows which were housed in pucca houses had longer lactations (334.84 .t 8.79 d). Constraints faced by the farmers are low sale price for milk, high cost and non availability of feed ingredients, lack of grazing land, non availability of v::ccines in time, non availability of adequate medicines in hospitals.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON CHARACTERIZATION AND PERFORMANCE OF VIZIANAGARAM SHEEP OF NORTH COASTAL ANDHRA PRADESH(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2010-04) GANGARAJU, GOLLAMOORI; SARJAN RAO, K(MAJOR); JAGADEESWARA RAO, S; RAGHUNANDAN, T; GNANA PRAKASH, MABSTRACT: A study was undertaken on the a) distribution of local Vizianagaram sheep b) biometric and morphological characters of the breed c) productive and reproductive performance of the breed and d) managemental practices being followed by farmers of Vizianagaram breeding tract in north coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh comprising of Srikakulam, Vizianagaram and Visakhapatnam districts. Based on nlultistage stratified random sampling technique, the study was carried out in 7 mandals each from every district and from each mandal 7 villages were selected. From each village 2-3 sheep farmers maintained local Vizianagaram sheep with an average flock size of 60-75 were selected for the study resulted in a sample size of 775. 1244 and 153 Vizianagaram sheep from Srikakulam, Vizianagaram and Visakhapatnam districts. The data recorded from farmers flocks were compared with the data of LRS, Garividi. The chest girth, body length and keight at withers (cm) were 35.2w0.33, 29.46M.37 and 40.3M.32 for ram lambs of below 1 year and 73.0W0.71. 60.91*0.82 and 68.84*0.62 for rams of 10-12 months. respectively. Significant (PThesisItem Open Access POSTPARTUM INDIGESTION WITH REFERENCE TO HEPATIC INSUFFICIENCY AND ITS THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT IN BUFFALOES(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2011-12) PRAVEENA, G; PADMAJA, G(MAJOR); TIRUMALA RAO, D.S; GOPALA REDDY, AABSTRACT: The present investigation on postparturient indigestion (PPI) with hepatic insufficiency was under taken to study the incidence, clinical and biochemical findings, therapeutic efficacy of certain drugs in the treatment of PPI in buffaloes associated with hepatic insufficiency. Out of 181 recently calved (zero to two months after calving) buffaloes with the history of reduced feed intake and decreased milk yield presented at Ambulatory clinic, Mylardevpally, Campus Veterinary Hospital, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar and a few periurban dairy farms located in and around Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, 64 (35.36%) buffaloes were found suffering with PPI. On detailed clinical examination and urine analysis of cases of PPI, it was observed that 30 (46.87 %) buffaloes had hepatic insufficiency. PPI with hepatic insufficiency of 30 buffaloes were divided in to three groups II, III and IV for conducting therapeutic trails. Ten apparently healthy postparturient buffaloes (group I) were subjected to clinical observations and biochemical investigations, and they served as healthy control group. The most common and consistent symptom observed in buffaloes suffering with PPI associated with hepatic insufficiency was reduction in feed intake and decreased milk yield. Scanty dung was observed in few cases. There was no significant difference in the values of temperature, pulse and respiratory rate of PPI animals associated with hepatic insufficiency before and after treatment, which indicated that PPI associated with hepatic insufficiency had no significant effect on the above parameters. All the animals during the treatment regained the appetite and milk yield was increased. Ruminal motility was increased significantly (P<0.01). Urine analysis was normal in all the groups after the treatment. Buffaloes of group II were treated with inj. Intalyte 0.5 g/kg b.wt i/v for one day and inj. Tribivet 10 ml i/m for 5 days. The mean serum glucose, total protein and albumin levels were increased significantly (P<0.01). There was a significant (P<0.01) increase in milk yield, improvement in milk yield was 46% and recovery in days was 3.60 ± 0.16. Buffaloes of group III were treated with inj.Intalyte 0.5 g/kg b.wt i/v for one day and inj.Catosol 5 ml/100kg b.wt i/m for 5 days. The mean serum glucose, total protein and albumin levels were increased significantly (P<0.01). The mean serum AST and GGT levels were decreased significantly (P<0.01). There was a significant (P<0.01) increase in milk yield, improvement in milk yield was 55% and recovery in days was 2.50 ± 0.17. The comparative means of above parameters revealed that the treatment given to group III animals was more effective. Buffaloes of group IV were treated with inj. Intalyte 0.5 g/kg b.wt i/v for one day and inj. Toxol 10 ml i/m for 5 days. The mean serum glucose, total protein and albumin levels were increased significantly (P<0.01). There was a significant (P<0.01) increase in milk yield, improvement in milk yield was 38.28% and recovery in days was 4.70 ± 0.15. Therefore, it can be concluded that the combination of inj. Intalyte for one day and inj. Catosal given for 5 days found to be more effective in the treatment of PPI with hepatic insufficiency.ThesisItem Open Access TOXICOPATHOLOGY OF λ-CYHALOTHRIN AND ITS AMELIORATION WITH N-ACETYL CYSTEINE IN RATS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2011-12) PALLAVI, G; ANAND KUMAR, A(MAJOR); MADHURI, D; REDDY, M.RABSTRACT : The present experimental study was undertaken to study the pathology of experimentally induced λ-cyhalothrin toxicity in rats. A total of 32 healthy female Sprague dawley rats were procured for the present experimental study and the experiment was carried out according to the guidelines and prior approval of Animal Ethics Committee. Animals were divided into four groups consisting of 8 in each group. The experimental study was designed as follows: Group 1-Control, Group 2-λ-cyhalothrin – toxic control @ 2mg / kg body wt. orally every alternative day for 4 weeks. Group 3- N-acetyl cysteine control @ 300 mg/kg.b.wt per day orally for 4 weeks, Group 4- λ-cyhalothrin @ 2 mg/kg body weight every alternative day for 4 weeks + N-acetyl cysteine control @ 300 mg/kg.b.wt per day orally for 4 weeks. At the end of 2nd week, 2 rats from each group and at the end of 4th week remaining rats were sacrificed; blood and serum were collected for haematological and biochemical studies, tissue samples of liver, kidney, brain, heart and muscle were collected for histopathopathological studies in 10% neutral buffered formalin. Tissues of brain liver, heart and kidney were collected and stored at -200 C for further estimation of oxidative parameters. The effects of λ-cyhalothrin were assessed by studying the various parameters viz., clinical signs, haemato-biochemical, pathomorphological alterations and oxidative stress. During the experiment, rats in group 2 showed reduced feed and water intake, hyperesthesia, mild salivation, incordination of movements. No significant clinical signs were observed in group 3. Haematological studies revealed that overall means of TEC, Hb and PCV were significantly (P<0.05) reduced in group 2 in comparison to other groups. The biochemical assays showed a significant (P<0.05) increase in CPK, LDH, ALT, Serum creatinine and decrease in total protein in group 2. The tissue enzymes assays revealed a significant (P<0.05) increase in TBARS, Protein Carbonyles and significant (P<0.05) decrease of GSH, GST, Na+ K+ ATP ase activities in group 2.The ameliorative group showed mild to moderate improvement in all parameters in comparison to group 2. The gross pathological changes in the group 2 animals included atrophy and necrotic foci on liver, atrophy and medullary congestion of kidney. In group 2, histopathologically liver revealed marked central vein congestion, bile duct hyperplasia, centrilobular necrosis, marked nuclear changes. Kidney revealed marked congestion, disrupted tubular and glomerular architecture, shrunken / atrophied glomeruli marked degenerative changes in tubules with marked intertubular hemorrhages and casts. Brain revealed vacuolation, congestion, neuronal degeneration and chromatolysis. Heart revealed severe disruption, separation, degeneration, necrosis of muscle fibres. Muscle revealed marked disruption, loss of striations and mild hemorrhages. In group 4 animals, liver revealed mild to moderate central vein congestion, dilatation of sinusoidal spaces, degenerative changes in the hepatocytes, kidney showed mild to moderate degenerativ e changes, heart revealed moderate range of degeneration and disruption of muscle bundles. The study indicated that exposure to λ-cyhalothrin result in neurotoxicity and cytotoxicity. Further NAC supplementation provided protective action and improvement in histological, haematological, biochemical and oxidative parameters.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF FIBROLYTIC ENZYMES SUPPLEMENTATION ON NUTRIENT UTILIZATION AND RUMEN FERMENTATION PATTERN IN SHEEP FED STOVER BASED DIETS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2011) VIJAY BHASKER, TEKULAPALLY; NAGALAKSHMI, D(MAJOR); SRINIVASA RAO, D; RAGHUNANDAN, TABSTRACT : The present study was conducted to develop a suitable fibrolytic enzymes cocktail comprising cellulase, xylanase, β-D-glucanase for maize stover and sorghum stover by in vitro studies and to evaluate the effect of these fibrolytic enzyme combination by in vivo studies in sheep in terms of nutrient utilization and rumen fermentation pattern. The fibrolytic enzymes cellulase, xylanase and β-D glucanase, investigated had an activity of 10, 00,000, 16, 00,000 and 10, 00,000 IU/g, respectively. For in vitro studies the required quantity of the enzyme was manually mixed with stover which was ground through 1mm screen. At first, cellulase and xylanase were added individually to both the stovers at an increasing dose rates viz., 0, 100, 200, 400 , 800, 1600, 3200, 6400, 12800, 25600, 32000, 38400, and 44800IU/g DM and screened for in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and in vitro total sugar release (mg/g DM). The IVDMD% was not affected with cellulase supplementation to sorghum stover from100 to 1600 IU/g DM, beyond which (32000-44800 IU/g), it gradually increased (P < 0. 001) in dose dependant manner and highest (P < 0. 01) IVDMD was observed for concentration of 44800 IU/g. Significant increase (P < 0. 01) in IVDMD was observed with xylanase supplementation to sorghum stover at concentration of 25600-44800 IU/g compared to control and highest IVDMD was observed for xylanase concentration of 44800 IU/g. The in vitro total sugar release from sorghum stover increased gradually in a dose dependant manner with increase in concentration of cellulase and xylanase supplementation from 0 to 44800 IU/g. Based on the in vitro studies the concentration of cellulase and xylanase selected for studying the combination (cellulase and xylanase) effect for sorghum stover were 32000, 38400 and 44800 IU/g of cellulase and 25600, 32000, 38400 and 44800 IU/g of xylanase. The in vitro sugar release was higher with enzyme supplemented singly or in all combinations (range: 35.78 – 57.66 mg/g DM) compared to un-supplemented stover (14.5 mg/g DM). The combination of cellulase-xylanase that gave higher IVDMD for sorghum stover than 38400-25600 (40.30%) followed by 32000 -38400 (42.50%), 44800-25600 (41.89%), 44800-44800 (40.89%), 44800- 32000 (40.82%) and 38400-32000 IU/g (40.30%). Except for combination 44800 cellulase-44800 xylanase, all other 5 combinations were selected to synergistic effect of β-D glucanase supplemented at 0, 100, 200 and 300 IU/g. In case of sorghum stover, no significant effect of β-D glucanase (100-300 IU/g) supplementation to selected cellulase-xylanase combinations were observed on IVDMD. The highest IVDMD was observed for cellulase-xylanase- β-D glucanase combination 44800-32000-0 followed by 44800-25600-0 IU/g. while the in vitro sugar release was higher in all enzyme supplemented stover (range: 48.46 to 56.77 mg/g DM) compared to un-supplemented stover (14.57 mg/g DM) and the increase in sugar release was according to concentration of enzymes. No correlation between IVDMD and in vitro sugar release was observed for the enzymes combinations. Based on IVDMD the best enzyme combination selected for in vivo studies in sheep was 38400 cellulase-25600 xylanase-0 β-D glucanase for sorghum stover. Similarly, for the maize stover, the IVDMD was affected by supplementing cellulase and xylanase up to 3200 and 800 IU/g respectively. The in vitro sugar release increased gradually with increase in cellulase or xylanase concentration. The highest IVDMD was observed for cellulase concentration 25600 IU/g (23.74%) followed by 12800 (21.99%), 32000 (21.66%) and 6400 (20.79%) IU/g. Similarly the IVDMD was highest for xylanase concentration of 25600 (24.48%) and 32000 (25.14%), followed by 38400 (23.77%), 44800 (23.97%) and 12800 (23.49%) IU/g. These above doses of cellulase and xylanase were selected for investigating the combination effect of these enzymes for maize stover. The ranking of cellulase-xylanase combination for maize stover based IVDMD was 12800-12800 IU/g (49.98%), followed by 25600-25600 (48.55%), 32000-25600 (46.00%) and 25600-12800 IU/g DM (45.89%). For cellulase-xylanase combination, at all cellulase concentration tested (6400, 12800, 25600 and 32000 IU/g), the amount of sugar release (P < 0. 001) with increasing in xylanase concentrations. No correlation between IVDMD and in vitro sugar release was observed, Hence based on the IVDMD, the enzyme combination selected for further in vitro studies with β-D glucanase (100-300 IU/g) was above 3, except the combination 32000 cellulae-25600 xylanase IU/g. Similar to that of sorghum stover, no beneficial effect of β-D glucanase was observed on IVDMD and the enzyme combination 12800 cellulase -12800 xylanase- 0 β-D glucanase was selected for maize stover for in vivo studies in sheep. The in vivo experiment in sheep with the selected exogenous fibrolytic enzyme (EFE) from in vitro studies for sorghum stover and maize stover was conducted by incorporating both these stovers as sole roughage source in total mixed ration (TMR) in roughage concentrate ratio of 50:50. The appropriate amount of enzyme required for each stover in TMR was added to concentrate mixture of TMR diet and later mixed with chopped stover in a large tub manually for about 10 minutes before feeding to sheep daily. The experiment was conducted on 24 ram lambs ( 6-8 months) 20.24 ± 1.442 kg body weight (BW) which were randomly allotted to 4 dietary groups i.e., sorghum stover based total mixed ration (TMR), sorghum stover based TMR supplemented with EFE , maize stover based TMR and maize stover based TMR supplemented with EFE . The lambs were fed with respective diets for a preliminary period of 21 days followed by 7 days collection period. The organic matter, crude protein, ether extract, crude fibre, nitrogen free extract, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre and cellulose contents were 87.52, 10.49, 2.47, 30.53, 44.02, 74.50, 47.11 and 35.76 % for sorghum stover based TMR and for maize stover based TMR, the corresponding values were 86.77, 10.84, 2.82, 28.25, 44.85, 74.43, 43.24, 31.19 % respectively. No effect of EFE supplementation was observed on chemical composition of diets. Supplementing EFE to sorghum stover or maize stover based TMR had no effect on DM, OM and hemicellulose digestibilities. The NFE digestibility improved (P < 0.05) by EFE supplementation to sorghum stover based diet, while such effect was not observed for maize stover based TMR. Though non significant, the EE and CF digestibility improved by EFE supplementation 7.35 and 8.32% by to sorghum based TMR and 5.82% and 5.76% The cellulase digestibility increased (P < 0.05) with addition of EFE for sorghum stover based TMR but not for maize stover TMR. The NDF and ADF digestibility increased by 8.57 and 6.14 % with EFE supplementation to sorghum stover based TMR. The TDN, DE and ME content significantly increased (P < 0.05) with EFE supplementation to sorghum stover based TMR which was a reflection of higher CF, NFE and EE digestibility, while no effect of EFE supplementation was observed for nutritive value of maize stover based TMR. Lower CP digestibility with EFE supplementation reduced the DCP content of sorghum stover based TMR. All the lambs of various dietary groups were on positive nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus balances. No effect of EFE supplementation was observed on nitrogen and phosphorus balance while calcium balance increased (P < 0.05) with EFE supplementation. The rumen pH values decreased (P < 0.05) with increase in TVFA concentration (P < 0.01) with EFE supplementation, irrespective of roughage source in TMR. The total nitrogen was not affected with EFE addition, while ammonia nitrogen concentration in rumen liquor increased (P < 0.05) in lambs fed on rations supplemented with EFE. Irrespective of the roughage source and EFE supplementation in diet, the peak TVFA, total nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen concentration in rumen was observed at 4h post feeding. From the present study, it could be concluded that supplementation of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes comprising cellulase, xylanase and β-D glucanase developed from in vitro studies to sorghum stover based TMR improved the nutrient digestibility, ruminal ammonia nitrogen and TVFA concentration in sheep and also nutritive value of ration but such effect was not pronounced on maize stover based TMR, when β-D glucanase was zero it may be removed.ThesisItem Open Access A STUDY ON TRAINING NEEDS OF PARAVETERINARIANS IN NALGONDA DISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESH(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2011-12) SURESH NAIK, A; SRINIVASA REDDY, A(MAJOR); THAMMI RAJU, D; RAGHUNANDHAN, TABSTRACT: An ex post facto research design was followed to study the soc~o psychological profile and training needs in A.H knowledge. skills and attitude of Paraveterinarians. A total sample of 105 respondents comprising of 75 Paraveterinarians and 30 VASs were selected based on proportionate random sampling method from four divisions of Nalgonda district of Andhra Pradesh. The data was collected by pre structured interview schedule and questionnaire by personal interview method and analyzed by using appropriate statistical techniques. Categorization of Paraveterinarians by their dependant variables indicated that majority belonged to medium category with respect to training needs in Animal Husbandry knowledge (50.67%), skill (49.33%) and attitude (48.00%) towards training. Majority of the respondents were in the medium categories of age. education, experience, training received, guidance and supervision, mass media exposure, innovativeness. risk preference, rational decision making ability. achievement motivation, job satisfaction and scientific orientation. Out of 12 independent variables age and experience were negatively and significantly related with the knowledge training needs of Paraveterinarians where as innovativeness, risk preference. rational decision making ability. achievement motivation and scientific orientation showed a positive and significant relationship and the rest of the variables were found to be non significant with the knowledge training needs of Paraveterinarians. It was found that the variables age, experience and training received were negatively and significantly related with the skill training needs of Paraveterinarians where as innovativeness, risk preference, rational decision making ability, achievement motivation and scientific orientation showed a positive and significant relationship and the rest of the variables were found to be non significant with the skill training needs of Paraveterinarians. The variables age and experience were negatively and significantly related with the attitude of Paraveterinarians towards training where as innovativeness, risk preference, rational decision malung ability and achievement motivation showed a positive and significant relationship with the attitude and the rest of the variables were found to be non significant with the attitude of Paraveterinarians towards training. The immediate five training needs of Paraveterinarians in A.H knowledge were in the rank order of knowledge on new or emerging livestock diseases and their preventive measures, latest trends in therapeutic use of drugs in veterinary practice, latest trends in animal breeding/feeding/reproductive managelnent, knowledge on the new technologies in A.H evolved by research stations and diagnosis of different disease of animals. The training needs in A.H skills wcre in the rank order of skill in diagnosis of different disease of animals, skill on the new technologies in A.H evolve by research institutions, skill in A.I. skill in pregnancy diagnosis and skill in identification and treatment of reproductive problems. Chi square test revealed that there is a significant association between the rankings of training needs of Paraveterinarians in A.H knowledge and A.H skills ' given by the two categories of respondents i.e Paraveterinarians and their superior officers. A large number of Paraveterinarians suggested that training should be given on new or emerging livestock diseases and their preventive measures followed by latest trends in therapeutic use of drugs. advance intimation of training programmes and sufficient accommodation at training centers. Majority of the superior officers suggested that special training should be imparted to Paraveterinarians in new or emerging livestock diseases followed by exposure visits to research stations, organisatio~a of special trainers training programmes. Another valid suggestion made by the superior officers that special and suff~cient budget must be provided for TA and DA to the participants. Based on the identified needs and suggestions, a strategy was framed which highlights that training programmes should be based on expressed needs and immediate requirements of Paraveterinarians. Course content and curriculum of training should be developed with more emphasis on latest trends in animal breeding, feeding, reproductive management and technique of artificial insemination. Paraveterinarians should be taken on study tours to various livestock research stations and other institutes engaged in Veterinary and Animal Husbandry research. Such tours should be conducted for 3-5 days in a calendar year. One day skill training programmes should be organised on preparation of ointments, lotions and stock solutions required for the institution by concerned Veterinary Assistant Surgeons to cover entire Paraveterinarians of the state. Special training should be given on collection and preservation procedures of samples and specimens, first aid procedures at divisional level with periodical intervals and special programmes should be organised on maintenance of technical and non technical registers, census work, house hold survey procedures at divisional level to cover all the Paraveterinarians of the state with in a specific period. Training should be imparted at district level to cater to the needs of the Paraveterinarians of the district and another at divisional level based on the local needs of the trainees. A state level training policy should be formulated so that each Paraveterinarian gets an opportunity to undergo need based training at regular intervals. Physical facilities at training institutes can be strengthened and sufticient budget provision can be made for TA/DA of the trainees well in advance. Pru and post evaluation of training programme can be obtained from all thc trainees so as to plan the future programmes more effectivelyThesisItem Open Access CLINICO-DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC STUDIES ON SUBCLINICAL FORMS OF CERTAIN PRODUCTION DISEASES IN CROSSBRED COWS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2011-11) AMBICA, G; TIRUMALA RAO, D.S(MAJOR); AMEER HAMZA, P; RAGHAVENDER, K.B.P; GOPALA REDDY, AABSTRACT: The present clinical investigation was undertaken to study the incidence, clinical and haemato biochemical findings, therapy and therapeutic efficacy of certain drugs and to evolve a suitable comprehensive therapeutic regimen in cows with subclinical forms of certain production diseases viz., hypocalcaemia, ketosis, hypophosphataemia and hypomagnesaemia. Out of 280 recently parturated (from day zero to two months post calving) cows presented to the Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, Campus Hospital, Rajendranagar; Dairy experimental station, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar and surrounding peri urban areas with the history of reduced feed intake and decreased milk yield during a study period of 14 months, 106 (37.86 per cent) were suffering from one or more than one of the above said subclinical production diseases. On detailed clinical examination, urine analysis and serum biochemistry, it was observed that 24 cows were positive for subclinical hypocalcaemia (group - I), 38 for subclinical ketosis (group - II), 8 for subclinical hypophosphataemia (group - Ill) and 5 for subclinical hypomagnesaemia (group - IV), which accounted the incidence of 22.64, 35.85, 7.55 and 4.72 per cent, respectively. The incidence of more than one of the above said deficiencies (mixed deficiencies, group - V) was recorded in 31 cows which accounted for 29.24 per cent, out of that the incidence of subclinical hypocalcaemia along with 'ketosis; subclinical hypocalcaemia along with ketosis and hypomagnesaernia; subclinical hypocalcaemia along with hypophosphataemia; and subclinical hypocalcaemia along with hypomagnesaemia was observed in 17, 4, 7 and 3 cows, respectively with a corresponding incidence of 16.04%, 3.77%. 6.60% and 2.83%, respectively. Each group was again subdivided into two subgroups viz., la, Ib; Ila, Ilb; Illa, Illb; IVa, IVb and Va, Vb to study and evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of oral and parenteral drugs. 10 apparently healthy postparturient cows (group - VI) were maintained as healthy control group. The clinical observations in cows suffering from subclinical form of production diseases revealed reduced feed intake and decreased milk yield. There was no significant difference in the values of temperature and pulse rate before and after treatment in all the groups, which indicated that subclinical form of production diseases had no significant effect. All the animals during the treatment regained the appetite and milk yield. Ruminal motility was increased significantly (Pe0.01) and urine analysis was normal in all the groups after the treatment. Group la and Ib cows were low in urinary and serum calcium levels. Animals belonging to group la has received Calup Gel @ 300 g orally OD for 3 days and Rumen-FS bolus @ 2 boli orally BID for 5 days and group Ib animals were administered Inj. 25% lntacal @ 450 ml iv OD for 3 days and Inj. Tribivet @ 10-1 5 rnl im OD for 3 days. Among haematological parameters the mean Hb level was increased significantly (Pc0.05)in group la, where as in group Ib mean Hb, TLC and granulocyte percent were increased significantly (Pc0.05). Among serum parameters increased mean serum calcium and magnesium were significant at 1% (Pc0.01) and increased phosphorus and total protein and decreased serum glucose and AST were signficant at 5% (Pc0.05) in group la, where as in group Ib increased calcium and decreased serum glucose. magnesium and AST were significant at 1% (Pc0.01) and increased total protein and albumin at 5% (Pc0.05). The comparative means of serum glucose, calcium, magnesium and AST of healthy, group la and Ib revealed that the treatment given to group Ib was more effective. Group Ila and Ilb animals were found positive for urinary ketones. Animals belonging to group Ila were administered Ketonil Gel orally @ 1 tube/day for 2 days, followed by half of the tube for next 2 days and Liq. €-Booster @ 200 ml orally BID for 2 days followed by 100ml BID for next 2 days, where as group Ilb cows were administered Inj. Wocktrose-25 @ 540 ml iv OD for 3 days, Inj. Ketocort @ 1Omg total dose im for 3 days and Inj. Tribivet @ 5 ml im for 3 days. Among haematological parameters the mean TLC was increased significantly at 1% (P<0.01) and mean Hb, monocytes, granulocytes percent, MCH and MCV were increased significantly at 5 OO/ (P~0.05i)n group Ila cows, while in group Ilb mean Hb, TLC, monocytes and granulocytes Oh were increased significantly at 1 % (PcO.01) and mean PCV, TEC, MCH and MCV were increased significantly at 5% (Pc0.05). Among serum parameters, significantly increased mean serum glucose, calcium, total protein and albumin and decreased AST levels at 5% (Pc0.05) in groups Ila, where as in group Ilb increased mean serum glucose and calcium and decreased AST were significant at 1% (P-=0.01) and increased serum total protein and albumin was at 5% (Pc0.05) level. Though there was an improvement in both the groups, the comparative means of serum glucose, calcium and AST of healthy, group Ila and Ilb revealed that the treatment given to group Ilb was more effective. Group llla and lllb cows were low in serum phosphorus. Cows belonging to group llla were administered Sodaphos powder @ 30-60 g orally OD for 5 days and Ferritas bolus @ 2 boli orally OD for 5 days. while group lllb animals were administered Inj. Urimin @ 10-15 ml im OD for 3 days and Inj. Ferritas @ 1 rnll 50 kg body weight im once. Among haematological parameters the mean Hb, PCV, TEC and MCV increased significantly (Pc0.05) in group Illa; and in group lllb mean Hb, PCV and TEC were increased significantly at 1% (Pc0.01) and mean lymphocytes, MCV and MCH were increased significantly at 5% (Pc0.05). Among serum parameters decreased serum glucose and ALP and increased calcium were significant at 1% (PcO.01) and increased phosphorus and magnesium and decreased AST at 5% (Pc0.05) in group llla and in group lllb decreased serum glucose, AST and ALP and increased calcium and phosphorus were significant at 1% (P
