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ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF FISH SCALE DERIVED SCAFFOLD AND PLATELET RICH PLASMA FOR THE TREATMENT OF CORNEAL INJURIES IN DOGS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2018-11) JACOB, MELVIN V; SREENU, MAKKENA (MAJOR); HARIKRISHNA, N.V.V; SRINIVAS, MANDAThe present study on evaluation of fish scale derived scaffold and platelet rich plasma (PRP) for the treatment of corneal injuries was conducted to find the compatibility of the materials on healing of induced corneal injuries in rabbits and to treat corneal ulcers in dogs. Autologous platelet rich plasma was prepared by single step centrifugation with average two-fold increase in platelet concentration than whole blood. Decellularization and decalcification of the fish scales were done and loss of cellular contents was confirmed by Haematoxylin & Eosin staining. Twelve adult New Zealand White Albino rabbits were induced moderate to deep stromal ulcers using 50% ethanol and manual scraping. The platelet rich plasma eye drops were applied 4 times a day in one group and fish scale derived acellular scaffold was grafted to the lesion and the cornea was observed on 3,7,14,21 and 28th post-operative days. Twelve dogs with corneal lesions were subjected to platelet rich plasma (6 dogs) and fish scale derived acellular scaffold grafting (6 dogs). There was a significant rise (P < 0.05) in the rectal temperature, respiratory and heart rate values in the initial postoperative days in the rabbits in both groups, which returned to normal during the period of observation. PRP treated rabbits showed visual function score 2 by day 7, while in grafted rabbits it was on 21st day of observation. The visual function score was 1 on 21st day of observation in all dogs. The cornea became clear by 21st day and 28th post-operative day respectively in PRP treated and grafted rabbits. The corneal clarity improved significantly by 21st and 28th day in PRP treated and grafted dogs respectively. Significant improvement was noticed in grafted canine corneas on day 14 onwards. Corneal melanosis was the major complication observed in Pugs in both the groups. The vascularisation of cornea was found to be increased in intensity and reached the peak by 21st day and then started regressing in PRP treated rabbit. The corneal neovascularisation was almost similar in grafted rabbits also. The vascularisation score reached peak on 21st day of observation in PRP treated dogs, while it was on 14th day in grafted canines. Fluorescein dye test was positive in all corneas following ulcer creation in all rabbits. The test was negative on all corneas on 21st day of observation in PRP treated rabbit corneas, while graft treated group became negative by 14th day of observation. All dogs received PRP drops became negative for fluorescein dye test on 21st day of observation and it was on day 14 post-grafting for all corneas. There was a significant increase (P < 0.05) in total leucocyte count on immediate post ulcer creation in rabbits which became normal during the period of observation. Histologically the sections showed inflammatory cells at the sub epithelial region. Severe inflammatory response was observed in grafted group but the leucocytes and neo capillaries not invaded the graft. Epithelial downgrowth at the border of the scaffold was observed on day 7 onwards. Autologous platelet rich plasma eye drops were effective for regeneration of cornea by enhancing the rate of healing. PRP has the advantage of being a nonsurgical procedure in addition to low cost and ease of access for practitioners by centrifugation of the blood. Fish scale derived acellular scaffold were well accepted by the host tissue and are ideal for corneal reconstruction and the novel scaffold is a promising biomaterial for corneal tissue engineering in terms of easy availability, high transparency and better biomechanical properties.ThesisItem Open Access DESIGNING AND EVALUATON OF ARTIFICIAL LIMB PROSTHESES IN DOGS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2018) THENNAVAN, A; SURESH KUMAR, R.V(MAJOR); VEENA, P; JAGAPATHI RAMAYYA, PABSTRACT: The present study was conducted on “Designing and evaluation of artificial limb prostheses in dogs”. Among a total of 1001 canine cases referred to Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary Science, Tirupati from January to December 2017, 202 cases were related to orthopaedic ailments wherein, 14 cases were not suitable for surgical management and required amputation as a salvage procedure. Based on inclusion and exclusion criteria six animals were utilized for the study. Detailed clinical, orthopaedic and neurological examinations were carried out on the cases included in the study. The animals had crush injuries with loss of muscle, bone, cutaneous tissue, open wound and neoplasia. In all the animals, amputation or disarticulation was performed as per the case. Biochemical parameters like calcium, phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase were estimated at 0, 7, 14 and 21 days post surgery. The calcium and phosphorus values showed nonsignificant changes whereas, alkaline phosphatase levels showed significant change in the present study. Skiagrams taken provided information about types of fractures, bones involved and level to which amputation or disarticulation to be performed. After amputation or disarticulation measurements were taken on contralateral limb to prepare prosthetic limb. Various steps like measurement recording, contouring of the angulation, identification of pressure points, negative casting, filling the cast, moulding with HDPE pipe, padding with ethylene foam and preparation of edges with Velcro and belt were carried out. The prepared prosthetic limbs were applied to the animals after complete healing. Outcome of the prosthetic limb usage was characterized by its acceptance, functioning, loosening or break of the material. The owners were advised to practice the adaptation of the prosthetic limb to the animal at regular interval for better outcomeThesisItem Open Access COMPREHENSIVE STUDY ON ASCITES IN DOGS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2017-12) SREEHARI, M; SURESH KUMAR, R.V(MAJOR); VEENA, P; JAGAPATHI RAMAYYA, PABSTRACT: The present investigation entitled “Comprehensive study on ascites in dogs” was carried out to study comprehensive information on ascites in dogs. 18 dogs of either sex were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria divided into three groups of six animals each in one group. Based on clinical and ultrasonographic examination cases were allotted. Group I animals were given medical treatment group II animals received medical treatment and underwent abdominocentesis. Group III animals received medical treatment, abdominocentesis and dialysis procedures. In all the groups various clinical symptoms, changes in physiological, biochemical and haematological parameters were studied. Radiological, ultrasonographic and peritoneal fluid analysis were carried out to differentiate the possible etiological agent for appropriate therapy. Incidence was found to be more in males compared to females. Clinical symptoms like anorexia, weight loss, abdominal distension, lethargy, vomitions were recorded in all the three groups. Medical treatment was carried out using antiemetics, diuretics, antibiotics, protein supplement, hepatoprotective drugs as supportive therapy. Abdominocentesis was adopted in group II in addition to medical treatment whereas abdominocentesis and peritoneal dialysis was adopted in group III. No significant changes were noticed in physiological parameters except fluctuations in respiratory rate and depth. Girth circumference in cm ranged from 20 to 40. Sinus arrhythmias, Tall R-wave and increased R-R interval were few ECG findings recorded in the study. Peritoneal fluid collected from samples showed exudate, moderate exudate and transudate nature. Ground glass appearance was a prominent radiographic feature in all the groups however cardiomegaly, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly were also observed. Ultrasonographic features all the groups included, hyper-echoic floating internal organs in anechoic fluid which were useful in differentiating causative agents and aided in fluid collection. Peritoneal fluid cytological smears examination of samples in the present study revealed more no of neutrophils, mesothelial cells and few erythrocytes. Biochemical and haematological values showed non-significant either increase or decrease in values at different periods of observation. Though satisfactory result was obtained in group I further recurrence was noticed. Abdominocentesis and peritoneal dialysis group II and III revealed good results without much accumulation. One animal in group II and III were reported to be dead. Based on the above study it is concluded that clinical and ultrasonographic examination are essential to differentiate conditions from ascites. Treatment based on etiological agent is better for obtaining good results.ThesisItem Open Access COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF ROPIVACAINE, ROPIVACAINE – DEXMEDETOMIDINE AND ROPIVACAINE – CLONIDINE COMBINATIONS FOR EPIDURAL ANALGESIA IN CATTLE(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2017-12) CHANDRA SEKHAR, K; VEENA, P(MAJOR); SURESH KUMAR, R.V; JAGAPATHI RAMAYYA, PABSTRACT: Eighteen cattle of either sex presented to the clinic with different surgical conditions like urolithiasis, tumors in perineal region and tail injuries were utilized to study the effects of ropivacaine, ropivacaine – dexmedetomidine and ropivacaine – clonidine combinations for epidural analgesia. The animals were divided into three groups of six animals each. Group I received ropivacaine (0.75%) @ 0.25 mg/kg b.wt at sacrococcygeal space. Group II animals received ropivacaine (0.75%) @ 0.25 mg/kg b.wt and dexmedetomidine @ 5 μg/kg b.wt in the sacrococcygeal space. Group III animals received ropivacaine (0.75%) @ 0.25 mg/kg b.wt and clonidine @ 2 μg/kg b.wt at sacrococcygeal space. The fastest onset of analgesia was produced by ropivacaine –dexmedetomidine combination followed by ropivacaine – clonidine. Profound analgesia was observed in animals following ropivacaine – dexmedetomidine epidural injection. Animals in group II showed rapid abolition and prolonged reappearance of all reflexes followed by group III and group I animals. Rectal temperature showed non significant decrease in all groups during post epidural analgesia. A non significant increase in respiratory rate was observed in cattle following ropivacaine and ropivacaine – clonidine epidural analgesia. Whereas, a non significant fall was noticed in respiratory rate during ropivacaine – dexmedetomidine combination. A non significant increase in heart rate was recorded after epidural administration of ropivacaine in group I animals. Group II and III animals showed a non significant decrease in heart rate throughout the period of study. ECG studies did not reveal any abnormalities except sinus arrhythmia in all animals. In group I and III, non significant increase in Hb and PCV values were observed in the present study. Non significant decrease in Hb and PCV values were recorded in animals subjected to ropivacaine – dexmedetomidine analgesia. A non significant increase in AST, ALT levels was noticed in all groups of animals. The study suggests that dexmedetomidine is a better adjuvant than clonidine in producing epidural analgesia as far as cardio – respiratory and haemato – biochemical parameters are concerned. Therefore, ropivacaine – dexmedetomidine combination can be recommended for safe epidural analgesia in cattleThesisItem Open Access ETIOPATHOGENESIS, DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF EXTRA OCULAR DISEASES IN RUMINANTS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2017-12) ERESHA, CHAKALI; RAMBABU, K(MAJOR); SURESH KUMAR, R.V; JAGAPATHI RAMAYYA, PABSTRACT: The present investigation was carried out to study etiopathogenesis, diagnosis and management of extra ocular diseases in ruminants. Out of a total of 1286 surgical cases, 7.62 per cent (98) of extra ocular affections over a period of 12 months from October 2016 to September 2017 were reported in ruminants. Methodical physical, clinical and ophthalmological and other investigations were carried out to diagnose extra ocular affections. Different extra ocular affections affecting eyelids, conjunctiva, third eyelid cornea and sclera in ruminants were diagnosed by detailed ophthalmic examination by Schirmer tear test, Fluorescein dye test, Rose Bengal test and IOP methods. In the study highest incidence was recorded in cattle (38.77 %) than other ruminants. Gender wise incidence was higher in females i.e 63.27 per cent compared to males 36.73 per cent. As per anatomical location, the highest incidence of extra ocular affections was recorded in Conjunctiva i.e 43.90 per cent. The highest percentage of prevalence for eyelid (18), conjunctiva (43), third eyelid (11), cornea and scleral (26) affections were recorded in eyelid tumors (27.78 per cent), subconjunctival abscess (30.23 per cent), third eyelid tumors (27.27 percent) and corneal opacity (23.07 percent) respectively. The age group of 1 to 5 years had the highest incidence of 52.04 per cent. Highest incidence was recorded in Left eye (OS) i.e 48.98 per cent than right eye (OD). Subconjunctival abscess, Subconjunctival haematoma, Chemosis, Acute conjunctivitis, third eyelid tumours and ocular coenurus cyst were recorded and suitable medical management and surgical procedure were done. To diagnose extra ocular affections in ruminants detailed physical examination, ophthalmic examination were carried out and the cases were treated effectively by meticulous preparation of the patient, medical management and good surgical techniques or both appropriately for successful recovery.ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF ANTIBIOTIC IMPREGNATED IMPLANTS AND BEADS FOR STABILIZATION OF LONG BONE DIAPHYSEAL COMPOUND FRACTURES IN DOGS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2017-11) PHANEENDRA, M.S.S.V.; DHANA LAKSHMI, N(MAJOR); RAGHUNATH, M; RAJU, N.K.B.; ADILAXMAMMA, KABSTRACT: The study was undertaken in 30 dogs with compound long bone diaphyseal fractures presented to Veterinary Clinical complex, Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, Tirupati. The detailed history and signalment including sex, breed, age, weight, time since injury and limb involved were collected from the owner and incidence was analyzed. The cases were divided into two groups, in which 24 dogs with various compound long bone diaphyseal fractures were stabilized by Locking compression plates or intramedullary pins along with local antibiotic (gentamicin) + biodegradable bone cement (hydroxyapatite or Poly D,L lactide) (Group I) and 6 dogs with various compound long bone diaphyseal fractures were stabilized by Locking Compression Plates or intramedullary pins without local antibiotic therapy as control group (Group II). The outcome was evaluated by clinical, radiographical and biochemical analysis in both the groups. In Group I, 18 dogs out of 24 cases were stabilized by using antibiotic bone cement impregnated Locking Compression Plates and 6 dogs of humerus and femur fractures were stabilized using intramedullary pinning with local application of antibiotic bone cement beads. Post-operatively, the operated limb was supported by Robert- jones bandaging and systemic antibiotics were given in both the groups. Clinical evaluation was routinely carried out at periodical intervals for the signs of swelling, exudation, weight bearing and stability of the fixation in all the dogs. Post-operative swelling was not much in Group I compared to Group II. The degree of lameness was graded from I to V on 1st, 7th, 14th, 28th, 45th and 60th day of the surgery in all the cases and thereafter every two weeks until implant removal in case of plating. All the dogs showed grade V lameness preoperatively. In Group I, all dogs with radius-ulna and tibia compound fractures stabilized by antibiotic impregnated Locking Compression Plating (LCP) technique showed grade I lameness by 14th post-operative day except for two cases in which grade I lameness was seen by 19th and 21st post-operative day whereas all dogs in control group (Group II) stabilized with LCP showed complete weight bearing only after 45th post-operative day. In case of humerus and femur compound fractures in Group I, which were stabilized with intramedullary pinning with placement of a local antibiotic bead, full weight bearing with paw touching on the ground associated with normal gait was observed on 25th postoperative day. On 45th day, all the cases showed no lameness (grade I) whereas all dogs in control group (Group II) showed grade I lameness by 60th post-operative day. Medio-lateral and anterio-posterior radiographs of the operated bones were obtained immediately after surgery and on 3rd, 5th, 7th and 9th week postoperatively and whenever needed on later dates in all the cases for assessing alignment of fragments and implant position to assess the progress of bone healing. Radiographs showed progressive healing of the fractures. In case of plating in Group I, obliteration of the fracture line with the bony callus bridging the fracture area was observed on 7th post-operative week and by 11th post-operative week in all cases of Group II. In case of Intramedullary Pinning in Group I, on 6th post-operative week remodeling of the callus with obliteration of the fracture line was observed in all the cases whereas in the same Intramedullary Pinning cases of Group II postoperative healing was observed by 9th postoperative week. Physiotherapy of the limb was advised after two weeks of surgery for 10-15 minutes thrice a day to retain normal joint movement for 6- 8 weeks. Haematological studies showed neutrophilia, leucocytosis and high erythrocyte sedimentation rates persisted for upto 14th post-operative day and 28th post-operative day in Group I and Group II (control group) respectively. Blood biochemistry showed serum alkaline phosphatase values significantly increased from preoperative day to 14th day and there after the levels decreased reaching normal by 60thday in both the groups. CRP values in Group II were higher compared to Group I, owing to prolonged post-operative inflammation in Group II. Swab samples were taken from the wound at fracture site on the preoperative day and on 12th postoperative day, which were assessed for microbial load. The microbial load values in Group I on 12th day was in the range of 3.73±0.84×102 to 3.92±1.27×103 CFU/ml and in Group II was ranging from 4.97±0.97×106 to 3.52±0.86×107 CFU/ml. The use of poly-(D,L)-lactide bone cement was limited to three cases as it turned about to be less cost effective, which was replaced by the use of another high efficiency biodegradable hydroxyapatite bone cement. The implants were well tolerated in all the cases except in one case of intramedullary pinning in Group II, which showed slight pin migration resulting in seroma formation. In the present clinical study, the technique of improvised use of antibiotic impregnated implants and beads along with biodegradable bone cement for stabilization of long bone diaphyseal compound fractures in dogs resulted in favorable functional limb outcome and bone healing. The infection was controlled by adding gentamicin and the bone healing was facilitated by the use of biodegradable bone cements like hydroxyapatite and poly-(D,L)-lactide. Unnecessary long term systemic antibiotic usage for open and infected fractures in dogs may be avoided by using antibiotic biodegradable impregnated implants in future.ThesisItem Open Access COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF STAINLESS STEEL AND TITANIUM LOCKING COMPRESSION PLATES FOR REPAIR OF RADIUS AND ULNA SHAFT FRACTURES IN DOGS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2016-12) HANUMAN SAHEB, R; DHANA LAKSHMI, N(MAJOR); VEENA, P; RAJU, N.K.BABSTRACT: Dogs with unstable radius and ulna shaft fractures which were diagnosed by clinical signs, orthopaedic examination and survey radiography were taken as clinical material for the study. The incidence of breed, age, sex, body weight, etiology and type fracture was studied. Twelve selected cases of unstable radius and ulna shaft fractures were equally divided into two groups and the fractures were stabilized with indigenously made stainless steel Locking Compression Plates along with locking screws (group I) and titanium Locking Compression Plates along with locking screws (group II) following standard AO/ASIF procedures. Selection of appropriate size of plate and screws according to body weight and type of fracture (2.7 mm plate for dogs below 11 kg body weight and 3.5 mm plate for dogs above 11 kg body weight) provided good stability. In both the groups no technical difficulties were observed while application of stainless steel and titanium LCP for radius and ulna shaft fractures. The outcome of fracture stabilization and healing was evaluated with postoperative lameness grading, radiography and biochemical analysis. All animals diagnosed with unstable radius ulna shaft fractures were with grade 4 lameness before surgical management. Post operatively, all cases in both groups showed weight bearing with functional limb usage of grade 0 lameness and good joint mobility after four weeks. Early weight bearing of limb without complications was observed in titanium LCP stabilized cases. Postoperative complications of wound dehiscence and incisional infection were observed in two cases of stainless steel LCP stabilized cases. Postoperatively the radiographical healing time was same for both groups. The fractures showed radiographically excellent post operative healing by cortical union, absence of fracture lines with limited and also bridging callus in an average period of 7-11 weeks in both groups. Statistical analysis revealed a significant difference (P < 0.01) in increase of serum alkaline phosphatase and C-reactive protein values postoperatively in both the groups. The serum alkaline phosphotase and C-reactive protein values significantly increased from 0 day to 14th day and there after reached to normal values by 45th post operative day in both the groups. In conclusion, both stainless steel and titanium LCP were good for stabilization of unstable radius and ulna fractures in dogs for bone healing, however early limb ambulance and excellent clinical outcome without postoperative complications was observed with titanium LCP due to its biocompatibility, high corrosive resistance and lower modulus than stainless steel. Due to these advantageous properties, titanium LCP is preferred for repair of radius and ulna shaft fractures in dogs even though they are slightly expensive than stainless steel LCP.ThesisItem Open Access CLINICAL EVALUATION OF ETOMIDATE AND PROPOFOL ANAESTHESIA FOLLOWING ATROPINE, DIAZEPAM AND FENTANYL PREMEDICATION IN GERIATRIC DOGS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2016-11) HAREESH, A.U; VEENA, P(MAJOR); DHANA LAKSHMI, N; VEERABRAMHAIAH, KABSTRACT: Twelve dogs aged between 7-14 years of either sex presented to the college clinic with surgical conditions like pyometra, urethral calculi, fractures and mammary tumours were utilized to study the effect of etomidate and propofol after premedication with atropine sulphate, diazepam and fentanyl. The animals were divided into two groups of six animals each. Etomidate @ 0.3 mg/kg b.wt was given intravenously in group I dogs. Propofol @ 6 mg/kg b.wt. intravenously was given in group II dogs. Induction quality was excellent, smooth and attained sternal recumbency rapidly without struggling in all animals in both groups.Recovery from anaesthesia is smooth and excitement free in both groups. However, slightly prolonged recovery was a consistent observation in propofol group. No significant difference was noticed in RT, RR, PR and SpO2 values between the groups. Non significant decrease in heart rate was observed in dogs subjected to etomidate anaesthesia. A significant decrease in heart rate was observed in group II dogs subjected to propofol anaesthesia. ECG studies did not reveal any abnormality except increase in amplitude of QRS complex duration in both groups. The haematological parameters like Hb, PCV were differed significantly within the group and between the groups. However, all the fluctuations were within the normal physiological range. Changes in biochemical parameters like AST, ALT and AKP were significant between the groups and were within the normal physiological range in both groups. Etomidate with atropine, diazepam and fentanyl premedication provided better surgical anaesthesia with smooth induction and rapid, safe and smooth recovery in geriatric dogs.ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF PROPOFOL AND KETOFOL ANAESTHESIA FOLLOWING ATROPINE, DIAZEPAM AND FENTANYL PREMEDICATION IN DOGS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2016-10) THEJASREE, P; VEENA, P(MAJOR); DHANA LAKSHMI, N; VEERA BRAMHAIAH, KABSTRACT: Twelve dogs of either sex presented to the college clinic with surgical conditions like pyometra, urethral calculi, fractures and mammary tumours were utilized to study the effect of ketofol and propofol after premedication with atropine sulphate, diazepam and fentanyl. The animals were divided into two groups of six animals each. Ketofol (1:1) combination was given intravenously in group I dogs. Propofol @ 6 mg/kg b.wt. intravenously was given in group II dogs. Induction quality was excellent, smooth and attained sternal recumbency rapidly without struggling in all animals in both groups. Recovery from anaesthesia was smooth and excitement free in both groups. However, slightly prolonged recovery was a consistent observation in propofol group. No significant difference was noticed in RT, RR, PR and SpO2 values between the groups. Non significant increase in HR was recorded in group I dogs. A significant decrease in HR was observed in dogs subjected to propofol anaesthesia. ECG studies did not reveal any abnormality except increase in amplitude of QRS complex duration in both groups. The haematological parameters like Hb, PCV were differed significantly within the group and between the groups. However, all the fluctuations were within the normal physiological range. Changes in biochemical parameters like AST, ALT and ALP were significant between the groups and were within the normal physiological range in both groups. Ketofol with atropine, diazepam and fentanyl premedication provided better surgical anaesthesia with smooth induction and rapid, safe and smooth recovery in dogs.