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ThesisItem Open Access COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF STAINLESS STEEL AND TITANIUM LOCKING COMPRESSION PLATES FOR REPAIR OF RADIUS AND ULNA SHAFT FRACTURES IN DOGS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2016-12) HANUMAN SAHEB, R; DHANA LAKSHMI, N(MAJOR); VEENA, P; RAJU, N.K.BABSTRACT: Dogs with unstable radius and ulna shaft fractures which were diagnosed by clinical signs, orthopaedic examination and survey radiography were taken as clinical material for the study. The incidence of breed, age, sex, body weight, etiology and type fracture was studied. Twelve selected cases of unstable radius and ulna shaft fractures were equally divided into two groups and the fractures were stabilized with indigenously made stainless steel Locking Compression Plates along with locking screws (group I) and titanium Locking Compression Plates along with locking screws (group II) following standard AO/ASIF procedures. Selection of appropriate size of plate and screws according to body weight and type of fracture (2.7 mm plate for dogs below 11 kg body weight and 3.5 mm plate for dogs above 11 kg body weight) provided good stability. In both the groups no technical difficulties were observed while application of stainless steel and titanium LCP for radius and ulna shaft fractures. The outcome of fracture stabilization and healing was evaluated with postoperative lameness grading, radiography and biochemical analysis. All animals diagnosed with unstable radius ulna shaft fractures were with grade 4 lameness before surgical management. Post operatively, all cases in both groups showed weight bearing with functional limb usage of grade 0 lameness and good joint mobility after four weeks. Early weight bearing of limb without complications was observed in titanium LCP stabilized cases. Postoperative complications of wound dehiscence and incisional infection were observed in two cases of stainless steel LCP stabilized cases. Postoperatively the radiographical healing time was same for both groups. The fractures showed radiographically excellent post operative healing by cortical union, absence of fracture lines with limited and also bridging callus in an average period of 7-11 weeks in both groups. Statistical analysis revealed a significant difference (P < 0.01) in increase of serum alkaline phosphatase and C-reactive protein values postoperatively in both the groups. The serum alkaline phosphotase and C-reactive protein values significantly increased from 0 day to 14th day and there after reached to normal values by 45th post operative day in both the groups. In conclusion, both stainless steel and titanium LCP were good for stabilization of unstable radius and ulna fractures in dogs for bone healing, however early limb ambulance and excellent clinical outcome without postoperative complications was observed with titanium LCP due to its biocompatibility, high corrosive resistance and lower modulus than stainless steel. Due to these advantageous properties, titanium LCP is preferred for repair of radius and ulna shaft fractures in dogs even though they are slightly expensive than stainless steel LCP.ThesisItem Open Access CLINICAL EVALUATION OF ETOMIDATE AND PROPOFOL ANAESTHESIA FOLLOWING ATROPINE, DIAZEPAM AND FENTANYL PREMEDICATION IN GERIATRIC DOGS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2016-11) HAREESH, A.U; VEENA, P(MAJOR); DHANA LAKSHMI, N; VEERABRAMHAIAH, KABSTRACT: Twelve dogs aged between 7-14 years of either sex presented to the college clinic with surgical conditions like pyometra, urethral calculi, fractures and mammary tumours were utilized to study the effect of etomidate and propofol after premedication with atropine sulphate, diazepam and fentanyl. The animals were divided into two groups of six animals each. Etomidate @ 0.3 mg/kg b.wt was given intravenously in group I dogs. Propofol @ 6 mg/kg b.wt. intravenously was given in group II dogs. Induction quality was excellent, smooth and attained sternal recumbency rapidly without struggling in all animals in both groups.Recovery from anaesthesia is smooth and excitement free in both groups. However, slightly prolonged recovery was a consistent observation in propofol group. No significant difference was noticed in RT, RR, PR and SpO2 values between the groups. Non significant decrease in heart rate was observed in dogs subjected to etomidate anaesthesia. A significant decrease in heart rate was observed in group II dogs subjected to propofol anaesthesia. ECG studies did not reveal any abnormality except increase in amplitude of QRS complex duration in both groups. The haematological parameters like Hb, PCV were differed significantly within the group and between the groups. However, all the fluctuations were within the normal physiological range. Changes in biochemical parameters like AST, ALT and AKP were significant between the groups and were within the normal physiological range in both groups. Etomidate with atropine, diazepam and fentanyl premedication provided better surgical anaesthesia with smooth induction and rapid, safe and smooth recovery in geriatric dogs.ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF PROPOFOL AND KETOFOL ANAESTHESIA FOLLOWING ATROPINE, DIAZEPAM AND FENTANYL PREMEDICATION IN DOGS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2016-10) THEJASREE, P; VEENA, P(MAJOR); DHANA LAKSHMI, N; VEERA BRAMHAIAH, KABSTRACT: Twelve dogs of either sex presented to the college clinic with surgical conditions like pyometra, urethral calculi, fractures and mammary tumours were utilized to study the effect of ketofol and propofol after premedication with atropine sulphate, diazepam and fentanyl. The animals were divided into two groups of six animals each. Ketofol (1:1) combination was given intravenously in group I dogs. Propofol @ 6 mg/kg b.wt. intravenously was given in group II dogs. Induction quality was excellent, smooth and attained sternal recumbency rapidly without struggling in all animals in both groups. Recovery from anaesthesia was smooth and excitement free in both groups. However, slightly prolonged recovery was a consistent observation in propofol group. No significant difference was noticed in RT, RR, PR and SpO2 values between the groups. Non significant increase in HR was recorded in group I dogs. A significant decrease in HR was observed in dogs subjected to propofol anaesthesia. ECG studies did not reveal any abnormality except increase in amplitude of QRS complex duration in both groups. The haematological parameters like Hb, PCV were differed significantly within the group and between the groups. However, all the fluctuations were within the normal physiological range. Changes in biochemical parameters like AST, ALT and ALP were significant between the groups and were within the normal physiological range in both groups. Ketofol with atropine, diazepam and fentanyl premedication provided better surgical anaesthesia with smooth induction and rapid, safe and smooth recovery in dogs.ThesisItem Open Access MANAGEMENT OF LONG BONE DIAPHYSEAL FRACTURES WITH MINIMALLY INVASIVE PLATE OSTEOSYNTHESIS TECHNIQUE USING LOCKING COMPRESSION PLATES IN DOGS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2016-08) RAVI, RAIDURG; DHANA LAKSHMI, N(MAJOR); VASANTH, M.S; SRILATHA, Ch.; RAJU, N.K.BABSTRACT: Twenty four dogs presented to the college hospital (SVVU/KVAFSU) with unstable long bone diaphyseal fractures which were diagnosed by clinical signs, orthopaedic examination and survey radiography were taken as clinical material for the study. The breed, age, sex wise incidence, etiology and type of fracture were studied. The dogs were equally divided into four groups viz; Group I (humerus), Group II (radius and ulna), Group III (femur) and Group IV (tibia and fibula) and the fractures were stabilized with minimally innasive plate osteosynthesis (MIPO) using locking compression plate following standard AO/ASIF procedures. Preoperative plan was prepared using Fracture Patient Assessment Score (FPAS) and following the AO/ASIF procedures. The minimally invasive surgical approach for long bones was successfully implemented in radial and tibial diaphyseal fractures. MIPO was not successful in humeral and femoral diaphyseal fractures and hence alternate Open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) was used for fracture repair. The outcome of fracture stabilization and healing was evaluated with postoperative lameness grading, radiography, ultrasonography and biochemical analysis. All the animals showed grade V lameness i.e. no weight bearing on limb at rest or while walking before surgery. Animals in group II (Radius Ulna) & group IV (Tibia) which underwent MIPO exhibited early limb usage (grade II lameness by 7th day and grade I lameness by 45th day) as compared to group I (Humerus) and group III (Femur) in which MIPO was unsuccessful (grade III lameness by 28th day and grade II lameness by 60th day). Radiographic healing (grade 1) was noticed in all the cases treated by MIPO of group II (Radius Ulna) and IV (Tibia) with obliterated fracture line and homogenous bone structure (callus) within 7 weeks, where as, group I (Humerus) and group III (Femur) where MIPO was unsuccessful showed grade 2 radiographic healing with barely discernible fracture line and massive bone trabeculae crossing fracture line (callus) by 7th week indicating slower fracture repair than MIPO. Ultrasonographic healing (grade 4 – Increasingly homogeneous, hyperechoic image of the tissue at the fracture site (acoustic shadow returns) was noticed in all the cases treated by MIPO of group II (Radius Ulna) and IV (Tibia) ,where as, group I (Humerus) and group III (Femur) where MIPO was unsuccessful showed (grade 3 - Evidence of bridging of the fracture gap with inhomogeneous tissue (mix of hypoechoic and hyperechoic areas) by 5th week. Vascularization was not detectable by use of power Doppler ultrasonography by 9th week in all the group. No major intraoperative complications like implant instability or loosening of screws were seen in MIPO group (Radius Ulna and Tibia), however, Dog no 1(Radius Ulna) and Dog no 3 (Tibia) showed lateral angulation of distal limb. Statistical analysis revealed increase (P<0.05) in the serum alkaline phosphatase values significantly from 0 day to 7th day in all the groups and there after the levels decreased reaching normal at 45th day. Serum Calcium values were also increased significantly from 0 day to 14th day in all the groups. Serum phosphorus level showed significant difference on the day 0, 7, 14 and 28 days in all the groups. Based on present study, it was concluded that successful MIPO technique for long bone fracture repair can be done clinically for faster healing in radial and tibial fractures, whereas for Femoral and Humeral long bone fractures, it was difficult due to more instability and unsuccessful alignment due to strong musculature and bone configuration. As the MIPO technique has a “learning curve”, it can be successful once the surgeon gains dexterity in MIPO and can be attempted for complex fracture where alignment may be possible due to loss of bone.ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF COMPLICATIONS FOLLOWING OVARIOHYSTERECTOMY IN BITCHES(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2015-04) SIVA PRASAD, K; DEVI PRASAD, V(MAJOR); DHANA LAKSHMI, N; VEERA BRAMHAIAH, KABSTRACT: In the present study, the complications following ovariohysterectomy in twenty four adult post pubertal bitches belonging to different breeds for a period of one year were recorded and analyzed. The estrous, pregnant and animals with genital pathologies were excluded. By adopting standard operative procedure and meticulous postoperative care, usual complications like fatal haemorrhage, wound dehiscence etc were not at all observed. Change in body weight, behaviour, hormonal and biochemical parameters; specific complications in a period of one year were recorded. Increased food intake and obesity were observed in 20 out of 24 animals (83.33%). Up to 9 months following ovariohysterectomy, no change was recorded in the aggression of any of the dogs. After nine months the overall reactivity and aggression of the ovariohysterectomized bitches was found to be increased. The preoperative mean value of oestradiol 17 was found progressively and significantly (P<0.05) decreased from 3rd month to 12th month postoperatively. There were no changes in the concentrations of progesterone values. The preoperative mean values of serum cholesterol and alkaline phosphatase were found progressively and significantly (P<0.05) elevated from 3rd to 12th month postoperatively. These values were well within the physiological ranges. The preoperative mean values of serum calcium and phosphorus were progressively and significantly (P<0.05) elevated 3rd to 12th month postoperatively. Incidence of specific complications like ovarian remnant syndrome, stump granuloma, osteopenia and venereal granuloma was very low (i.e. @ 4.17 percent each; n= 24). The remnants of the ovarian bursa were resected surgically. The sections revealed ovarian follicles to a minor extent, fibrous tissue interspersed between the altered connective tissue elements. A stump granuloma was diagnosed by a palpable swelling in the caudal abdomen by Tran abdominal B mode ultrasonography and plain radiography. Exploratory surgery was performed and the stump granuloma was resected. Histopathology revealed severe inflammatory cell infiltration with glandular proliferation. Radiographs obtained randomly revealed osteopenia in only one animal, in which cortical thinning with decreased radio-opacity of the pelvic bones was observed. Urinary incontinence in two cases was successfully treated by following routine treatment for cystitis. A single case of vaginal granuloma was diagnosed three months after ovariohysterectomy. Microscopically, there were several oval or spherical cells with high rate of mitosis. Based on the above observations it can be recommended that, the owners must be advised to restrict the feeding to their pets and give them proper exercise in order to avoid weight gain. They must be informed that, their pet may become more reactive and aggressive and hence, appropriate measures should be taken to control them through training. Occasional blood profiles and routine abdominal ultrasonography may be indicated to avoid dangerous consequences. Further studies with longer experimental time and more animal materials were required in order to make firm conclusions in order to associate these findings with ovariohysterectomy.ThesisItem Open Access FEMUR SHAFT FRACTURE STABILISATION USING INTRAMEDULLARY PINNING AND STACK PINNING IN DOGS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2016-11) RAMESH CHANDRA, T. S.; HARI KRISHNA, N.V.V(MAJOR); RAGHUNATH, M; VAIKUNTA RAO, VABSRACT: The present study was conducted on clinical cases with femur fractures presented to the department clinics. In the present study, highest incidence was observed in femur (33.92%) out of total fracture cases and in femur 52.50% were diaphyseal. The cases selected were grouped into two groups of six each. In group I, the fracture was stabilised with IM pin and in group II with “stack pinning” using two IM pins, filling only 70-80 % of medullary cavity. Cerclage wires were used as ancillary fixation in required cases. Lateral and cranio-caudal radiographs of the fractured bone were taken for confirmatory diagnosis, implant selection and surgical approach. Craniolateral approach was used to expose the fracture fragments and reduction under isoflurane anaesthesia. Retrograde technique followed in both the groups was satisfactory. The dogs were evaluated by radiography, serum biochemistry and lameness grading on 0, 15th, 30th and 60th post-operative days. The fracture healed by secondary healing in both the groups with development of bridging periosteal callus. There was no significant difference between the groups and intervals with regard to serum calcium and phosphorus. Elevation of ALP from 0 to 60th postoperative day was observed in both the groups. All the animals regained normal return to weight bearing early (within one month). The IM pin was removed on 60th postoperative day. Seroma and pin migration were observed in three cases. To conclude, intramedullary pinning was an easy, most economic, less time consuming and least traumatic technique for the stabilisation of femur fracture in dogs with good outcome. However, stack pinning provided no advantage of increased torsional stability. The technique resulted in early weight bearing and good functional limb out come.ThesisItem Open Access FEMUR SHAFT FRACTURE STABILISATION USING INTRAMEDULLARY PINNING AND STACK PINNING IN DOGS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI – 517 502. (A.P) INDIA, 2016-11) RAMESH CHANDRA, T.S; HARI KRISHNA, N.V.V; RAGHUNATH, M; VAIKUNTA RAO, VABSTRACT: The present study was conducted on clinical cases with femur fractures presented to the department clinics. In the present study, highest incidence was observed in femur (33.92%) out of total fracture cases and in femur 52.50% were diaphyseal. The cases selected were grouped into two groups of six each. In group I, the fracture was stabilised with IM pin and in group II with “stack pinning” using two IM pins, filling only 70-80 % of medullary cavity. Cerclage wires were used as ancillary fixation in required cases. Lateral and cranio-caudal radiographs of the fractured bone were taken for confirmatory diagnosis, implant selection and surgical approach. Craniolateral approach was used to expose the fracture fragments and reduction under isoflurane anaesthesia. Retrograde technique followed in both the groups was satisfactory. The dogs were evaluated by radiography, serum biochemistry and lameness grading on 0, 15th, 30th and 60th post-operative days. The fracture healed by secondary healing in both the groups with development of bridging periosteal callus. There was no significant difference between the groups and intervals with regard to serum calcium and phosphorus. Elevation of ALP from 0 to 60th postoperative day was observed in both the groups. All the animals regained normal return to weight bearing early (within one month). The IM pin was removed on 60th postoperative day. Seroma and pin migration were observed in three cases. To conclude, intramedullary pinning was an easy, most economic, less time consuming and least traumatic technique for the stabilisation of femur fracture in dogs with good outcome. However, stack pinning provided no advantage of increased torsional stability. The technique resulted in early weight bearing and good functional limb out come.ThesisItem Open Access A CLINICAL STUDY ON DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES AND SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF NEOPLASMS IN BOVINES(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P) INDIA, 2016-01) PRASANNA SWAMY, B; HARI KRISHNA, N V V(MAJOR); RAGHUNATH, M; NAGAMALLESWARI, YABSTRACT: The present study was conducted on clinical cases presented to the Department of Veterinary Surgery & Radiology, NTR College of Veterinary Science, Gannavaram and the Veterinary dispensaries in the Coastal region of Andhra Pradesh. Incidence, diagnosis, different treatment protocols, surgical efficacy and recurrence were studied in detail. Detailed history was collected and the animals were subjected to thorough clinical, haemato-biochemical, diagnostic and radiographic examination. Confirmation was done by histopathology. Radiography of lateral thorax and affected portion, in feasible cases, were taken to identify metastasis and to study the structures involved. Diagnostic protocol included FNAC and impression smear cytological analysis. Out of 805 animals screened, 56 were found to have space occupying lesions and among these 21 were identified as neoplasms. Out of 21 cases, 16 were buffaloes (71.43 per cent) and 5 were cattle (28.57 per cent). Highest incidence was recorded in 7-9 years old animals (38.10 per cent). Females outnumbered males with highest incidence of neoplasms (76.19 per cent). High incidence of neoplasms was reported in Graded Murrah buffaloes (71.43 per cent) and lowest in nondescript cattle (4.76 per cent). The size of the tumours ranged from peanut to foot ball size with different shape, color, consistency, contour and location with varied symptoms. Thoracic radiography was very useful in identifying the metastasis and radiography of the affected portion helped to know the extent of involvement. FNAC and impression smear cytology were good diagnostic tools for diagnosis and to identify malignancy and to adopt a suitable treatment protocol. The cases were subjected to different treatment modalities like horn amputation, extirpation of eye, tail amputation, wide margin excision, cryotherapy and autohaemotherapy as per the need and recurrence was observed for a period of 6-9 months after surgery. Cryotherapy was performed as an adjunct to surgical excision in three malignant cases with metastasis and proved beneficial in preventing the recurrence. Autohaemotherapy performed in a case of papilloma gave encouraging results. Histopathologically different types of tumours like squamous cell carcinoma, fibroma, basal cell carcinoma, myxoma, melanocytoma, trichoepithelioma, neurofibroma, haemangiopericytoma, adenoma, papilloma and leiomyoma were diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma as predominant type (33.33 per cent) followed by fibroma (19.05 per cent). Recurrence was recorded in one case of SQCC of horn after one month.ThesisItem Open Access STUDY ON ANAESTHETIC SPARING EFFECT OF BUTORPHANOL ACEPROMAZINE ATROPINE (BAA) AND TRAMADOL ACEPROMAZINE ATROPINE (TAA) PREMEDICATION ON INDUCTION AND MAINTENANCE ANAESTHESTIC PROTOCOLS FOR ORTHOPAEDIC SURGERIES IN DOGS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P) INDIA, 2016-02) NITHIN, C J; HARI KRISHNA, N V V(MAJOR); RAGHUNATH, M; VENKATA NAIDU, GABSTRACT: The present study was conducted to assess the anaesthetic sparing effect of butorphanolacepromazine- atropine and tramadol-acepromazine-atropine pre-medication on induction and maintenance anaesthetic protocols in dogs operated for orthopaedic surgeries. The study was conducted on 18 dogs presented to the Department of Veterinary Surgery & Radiology, NTR College of Veterinary Science, Gannavaram for different orthopaedic surgeries. The animals were randomly divided into three groups of six animals of either sex in each group (n=6). Group-I received butorphanol, acepromazine and atropine @ 0.1, 0.03 and 0.02 mg/kg b.wt. and group-II received tramadol, acepromazine and atropine @ 4, 0.03 and 0.02 mg/kg b. wt. and group-III received acepromazine and atropine @ 0.03 and 0.02 mg/kg b.wt., respectively given IM 30 min. prior to induction with ketamine-diazepam administered IV ‘to effect’ and maintained with isoflurane in oxygen. The changes in body temperature, cardiovascular, pulmonary, haeamatobiochemical parameters were studied. Butorphanol group had good sedation and the quality of induction compared to tramadol group. The mean dose of ketamine and diazepam used for induction was significantly low in the butorphanol and tramadol group compared to the control group. The mean vaporizer setting for maintenance, total quantity of isoflurane consumed were significantly low in butorphanol group and tramadol compared to control group. Among butorphanol and tramadol groups, butorphanol had significantly lower values. Hb, PCV, TEC and TLC showed non-significant changes in all the three groups. The cardiovascular and respiratory parameters showed significant reduction following pre-medication in all the three groups and increased following induction and maintenance of anaesthesia. The time of extubation was significantly low in butorphanol group compared to other two groups. In all the animals recovery was smooth. The serum cortisol level showed a significant decrease after pre-medication and during surgical anaesthesia in the butorphanol and tramadol group indicating lower stress response to surgery. Butorphanol group showed better sparing effect than tramadol group in dogs induced with ketamine-diazepam followed by isoflurane maintenance in canine orthopaedic surgeries.